Minitab Statistical Software Research Articles

Design Optimization of a 4-Poled 1500 rpm 25 kVA SG to Obtain the Desired Magnetic Flux Density Distributions by using RSM

In this study design optimization for 4-poled 1500 rpm 25 kVA synchronous generator (SG) is performed. The aim is to determine the optimum factor levels for the design parameters namely slot opening width (Bs0), height, and width to keep the responses namely ‘pole-body flux density’ and ‘air-gap flux density’ distributions in a desired range. The target values are determined as 1.75 Tesla and 0.9 Tesla for the ‘pole-body flux density’ and ‘air-gap flux density’ respectively. For this purpose, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is used for optimization. Numerical simulations are performed in the Maxwell environment and the optimization by RSM is performed by Minitab statistical package. Desired goals were achieved and optimum factor levels were determined with RSM. Then the results of RSM are compared by Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO), and Modified Social Group Optimization (MSGO) algorithm. These methods are evaluated together in terms of advantages and disadvantages. The comparisons indicate that using RSM provides acceptable results without performing coding effort and also provides users to understand the relations visually between the factors and the responses by the aid of ‘Minitab Response Optimizer Module’.

Protective Action of Phosphorus 6CH in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Induced Pathogenecity in Gallus-gallus Embryo

Introduction: In the search of effective medicines against Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) besides the conventional mode of treatment many medicines belonging to alternative therapeutics claimed to be effective in this disease. In homeopathy-a branch of alternative medicine some medicines are claimed to be effective in COVID-19 after human trials. Aim: To study whether ultradiluted preparation of Phosphorus 6CH (centesimal (C) dilutions, using Hanhemann's (H) dilution method) can protect damaging action of Delta Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) in Gallus gallus embryo in relation to their gross appearances, histopathological changes and cytokine changes. Materials and Methods: An in-vivo fertilized chick embryo model experimental analysis was carried out at the Genetic Research Laboratory of Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The whole experimental study was done in a time period of November 2021 to January 2022 and the data collected were analysed using statistical software Minitab. About 14 days old Gallus gallus embryonated eggs were inoculated with the antigen along with the vehicle alcohol controls. The Phosphorus 6CH was used to see whether it can prevent or cure the damaging action of the spike protein in the embryo in different experimental sets. Results: The notable finding in this experiment is the remarkable elevated expression of Interleukin (IL)-10 gene in the curative, preventive sets as well as in the medicine control sets in comparison to antigen and alcohol control sets. In case of Transforming Growth Factor, (TGF) β1 there was enhanced expression of TGF β1 gene in the alcohol 6C set and antigen set which gets ameliorated with Phosphorus 6CH. The morbid anatomy of the embryo and the histopathological picture of the liver of the embryo also reflected similar findings in these two experimental sets. After statistical analysis it was found that there was significant correlation in between Interferon (IF) γ and IL-10 in these experimental results which appears very important. Conclusion: The homeopathic medicine phosphorus 6CH is capable of maintaining cytokine balance in Delta SARS-CoV-2 spike protein RBD induced pathogenecity in Gallus gallus embryo.

Sexual Challenges Among Nigerians: An Online Survey

Sexual disorders can affect the general well-being of individuals including their relationships with their spouses/partners. This study was carried out to assess the frequency of sexual challenges among Nigerians with a view to increasing awareness and improving sexual health in the country. The study was an anonymous online survey carried out using Google Forms. Statistical analyses including rates and comparative analyses were carried out using MINITAB statistical software version 19. Of all respondents, 24% experienced sexual challenges of which 25.8% are female while 21.1% are male. Sexual challenges were significantly more common (p = 0.005) among women who had previously terminated a pregnancy for non-medical reasons (56.3%) compared to those who had not (19.6%). Lack of interest was the commonest sexual challenge reported by respondents occurring in 62.5% of all those who had sexual challenges and 81.3% of female respondents who had sexual challenges. Premature ejaculation (75%) was the most common sexual challenge reported by the male respondents. Only 12.5% sought care from a health facility and the most common reason for not seeking care from a health facility was lack of awareness about where to get care (18.1%). Sexual challenges are common among Nigerians and negatively impact their well-being, particularly their relationships with their spouses/partners. There is a need to increase awareness about sexual challenges and improve the quality of available services.

Effects of roof angle, inlet gap size and dryer height on temperature and relative humidity in a chimney-dependent solar crop dryer

A chimney dependent solar crop dryer (CDSCD) was developed and studied. Design of Experiment (DOE) was employed using statistical three level non randomized factorial experimental design in Minitab statistical software version 19.0. The study of effects of roof angle, inlet gap size and dryer height on dryer temperature revealed that the height at which the drying tray is positioned (A) and the inlet gap (C) influences the highest temperature difference, 30.4 °C. It was concluded that dryer temperature is high when the inlet gap is small (range of inlet area to exit area ratio of 1.8128:1 to 1.0877:1) and the maximum ratio of height of dryer to drying tray’s position is 2.18. Optimal values for achieving high temperature difference response greater than or equal to 32.6 °C are minimum roof height of 84 cm, inlet to outlet area ratio of 1.0877:1 and minimum roof angle of 81°. The effect of the three parameters on relative humidity revealed that the combined effect of roof angle and inlet gap (AB) attained the highest standardized effect of 6.6. The optimal values for achieving low dryer relative humidity (when loaded with 1 kg of cassava) were roof angle of 64°, inlet to outlet area ratio of 2.5379:1 and minimum time of 19 hours. This could serve as effective tool for comparing different designs of CDSCD dryers for optimum humidity and drying performances and be used to subsequently refine solar crop dryer design.

Extraction of Lepidium sativum Seed Mucilage: Optimization of Extraction Process with Maximum Yield by using Full Factorial Design

Objective: The present investigation helps to isolate the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum by using an economic extraction process with utmost yield. Diligence effort was given to get the maximum yield of the mucilage with good flow properties without affecting the intrinsic properties of the extracted mucilage. The yield of the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum was optimized by using a quality by design approach. The full factorial design was used using three variables (pH of extract, water to seed ratio, and drying temperature) at two levels (high and low). Overall, ten formulation trials were generated through statistical software Minitab placing 2 center points, 1 replicate, and 1 block. All trials were executed to evaluate the percentage yield.
 Results: The extraction process was evaluated with different solvents (such as ethanol and acetone) and different techniques to monitor the yield of the process. The maximum yield was achieved by soaking Lepidium sativum seeds in water (1:30 ratio), maintaining an alkaline pH, blending by hand blender, and using acetone as a solvent. A factorial design was used to observe the responses like the yield of the isolated mucilage for different levels of all the independent variables. A polynomial equation was developed and model plots (contour plot and Pareto chart) were generated to study the impact of the critical variables on the response yield. ANOVA analysis of the model suggested that the independent variables had significantly affected (p < 0.05) in predicting the response (% yield) and the coefficient terms with a p-value less than 0.05 had a significant effect on the prediction efficacy of the model. Finally, the optimized parameter was established based on statistical evaluation obtained from the polynomial equation as well as the recommendation obtained from the response optimizer. The study indicates that the obtained linear regression equation has a linear relation with a regression coefficient of 0.9869 % for response % yield.
 Conclusion: A cost-effective extraction and isolation process was established to extract the seed mucilage of Lepidium sativum with maximum yield. The isolated mucilage was evaluated for flow properties and demonstrated that it is having good flow properties and can be used as an excipient or adjuvant in different pharmaceuticals and food industries. The applicability of factorial design was well demonstrated to optimize the yield by optimizing the critical factors.

Quality Improvement Initiative in the NICU for Improved Practice of Cuff Blood Pressure Measurements.

Extreme preterm infants face lengthy hospitalizations and are often subjected to painful stimuli. These stimuli may be related to routine caregiving that may negatively impact long-term developmental outcomes. Frequently obtained cuff blood pressure (BP) measurements are an example of a potentially noxious stimulus to preterm infants that may have a cumulating impact on development. The primary aim was to explore the frequency of cuff BP measurements obtained in hemodynamically stable extreme preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Our secondary aim was to reduce the number of cuff BP measurements obtained in hemodynamically stable extreme preterm infants in the NICU. Quality improvement methodologies per the Institute for Healthcare Improvement were used combined with a multidisciplinary approach. Participants were infants born less than 27 weeks of gestation and discharged home. The baseline period was 2015 through Q2-2018 and the intervention period was Q3-2018 through Q1-2020. The electronic medical record was used to collect data and Minitab Statistical Software was used for data analysis. A baseline of 5.0% of eligible patients received the desired number of cuff BP measurements and increased to 63.2% after the intervention period. Findings demonstrate that using quality improvement methodology can improve clinical care. Findings suggest the feasibility and safety of reducing the number of cuff BP measurements obtained on hemodynamically stable infants in the NICU. Future endeavors should aim to reduce the quantity of painful stimuli in the NICU. Long-term developmental outcomes should be correlated in these patients.

Adolescent's Generational Practices, Parent-Child Relationship and Parenting Style of Mothers to their Adolescent Children

Adolescence is a critical period for brain maturation and is described as a stage of vulnerability. Today's adolescents belong to the generation called "Generation Z," also called "Gen Zers," which are people aged 22 and below. These people are identified as unique, unlimited, and ethical. This study assessed the adolescent's generational practices of parent-child relationships and mothers' parenting styles toward their adolescents. The study utilized the descriptive- correlational design conducted in Iligan City, with one hundred twenty mothers selected through purposive and snowball sampling. It used three researcher- made questionnaires, all validated and underwent pilot testing and reliability testing. The researcher gathered data, strictly followed the ethical considerations, and analyzed the data following statistical methods and techniques with the aid of statistical software Minitab: mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s r. The results then revealed that common generational practice in their generation is that adolescents are commonly interested in their phones and depend on them. In addition, the mother's parent-child relationships and parenting styles are found satisfactory. However, results show no significant relationship between the parenting style and the generational practices of adolescents in lifestyle practices and behavior/attitude and between the parent-child relationship and their parenting style. Keywords : behavior, gadget dependency, generation Z, genital stage, lifestyle

Stiff-Elongated Balance of PLA-Based Polymer Blends.

In this study, polymer blends with a mechanical property balance based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA), stiff polymer, and elongated polymer were developed. First, the binary blends PLA-elongated polymer [ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) or polyethylene], or PLA-stiff polymer [polystyrene or poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) (SMMA)] blends were studied using dynamic mechanic analysis (DMA) and analyzed using Minitab statistical software to determine the factors influencing the elongation or stiffness of the blends. Then, ternary blends such as elongation-poly(lactic acid)-stiff, were made from the binary blends that presented optimal performance. In addition, three blends [EVA–PLA–SMMA (EPS)] were elaborated by studying the mixing time (5, 15, and 15 min) and the added time of the SMMA (0, 0, and 10 min). Specifically, the mixing time for EPS 1, EPS 2, and EPS 3 is 5 min, 15 min, and 15 min (first EVA + PLA for 10 min, plus 5 min PLA-EVA and SMMA), respectively. Mechanical, thermal, rheological, and morphological properties of the blends were studied. According to DMA, the results show an increase in elongation at break (εb) and do not decrease the elastic module of poly(lactic acid). Nevertheless, EPS 3 excels in all properties, with an εb of 67% and modulus of elasticity similar to PLA. SMMA has a significant role as a compatibilizing agent and improves PLA processability.

Effect of statistical scatter in the elastic properties on the predictability of first ply failure of a polymer composite pressure vessel

Statistical variations in the elastic properties of composites are unavoidable. This work is concerned with the assessment of the probabilistic first ply failure of pressure vessel in response to the variations of elastic properties of T700 carbon/epoxy composite among the published literature. Initially, deterministic failure pressure is estimated using Finite Element Analysis software ANSYS. The uncertainties with respect to elastic properties are quantified by using Statistical software MINITAB. Then, the probability design system platform in ANSYS software has been utilized to perform probabilistic failure analysis by Monte Carlo simulations. The statistical results in terms of the mean and standard deviation of first ply failure pressure are computed. The probabilistic first ply failure pressure range determined is within 3 limits with 99.997% confidence level. It is helpful to the designers to assess the factor of safety in the case of anticipated variations in properties.

Telomere length in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and their age-matched naturally produced counterparts

There are controversial reports on the restoration of eroded telomere length in offspring produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in different animal species. To the best of our knowledge, no earlier studies report the telomere length in naturally produced or cloned animals in any of the camelid species. Therefore, the present study was conducted to estimate the telomere length in dromedary camels produced by SCNT, the donor cells, and their age-matched naturally produced counterparts by Terminal Restriction Fragment (TRF) length analysis and real-time Q PCR T/S ratio methods. Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood collected from 6 cloned animals and their age-matched counterparts. Using the southern blot technique, digested DNA was blotted onto a positively charged nylon membrane, and its hybridization was carried out using telomere (TTAGGG)n specific, DIG-labeled hybridization probe (Roche Diagnostics, Germany) at 42 °C for 4 h. Stringent washes were carried out at the same temperature, followed by a chemiluminescence reaction. The signals were captured using the Azure Biosystems C600 gel documentation system. A TeloTool program from MATLAB software with a built-in probe intensity correction algorithm was used for TRF analysis. The experiment was replicated three times, and the data, presented as mean ± SEM, were analyzed using a two-sample t-test (MINITAB statistical software, Minitab ltd, CV3 2 TE, UK). No difference was found in the mean telomere length of cloned camels when compared to their naturally produced age-matched counterparts. However, the telomere length was more (P < 0.05) than that of the somatic cells used for producing the SCNT embryos. A moderate positive Pearson correlation coefficient (r = 0.6446) was observed between the telomere lengths estimated by TRF and Q PCR T/S ratio method. In conclusion, this is the first study wherein we are reporting telomere length in naturally produced and cloned dromedary camels produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer. We found that telomere lengths in cloned camels were similar to their age-matched naturally produced counterparts, suggesting that the camel cytoplast reprograms the somatic cell nucleus and restores the telomere length to its totipotency stage.

Statistically Optimized Production of Saccharides Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles Using Liquid-Plasma Reduction Approach for Antibacterial Treatment of Water.

Various conventional approaches have been reported for the synthesis of nanomaterials without optimizing the role of synthesis parameters. The unoptimized studies not only raise the process cost but also complicate the physicochemical characteristics of the nanostructures. The liquid–plasma reduction with optimized synthesis parameters is an environmentally friendly and low-cost technique for the synthesis of a range of nanomaterials. This work is focused on the statistically optimized production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using a liquid–plasma reduction process sustained with an argon plasma jet. A simplex centroid design (SCD) was made in Minitab statistical package to optimize the combined effect of stabilizers on the structural growth and UV absorbance of AgNPs. Different combinations of glucose, fructose, sucrose and lactose stabilizers were tested at five different levels (−2, −1, 0, 1, 2) in SCD. The effect of individual and mixed stabilizers on AgNPs growth parameters was assumed significant when p-value in SCD is less than 0.05. A surface plasmon resonance band was fixed at 302 nm after SCD optimization of UV results. A bond stretching at 1633 cm−1 in FTIR spectra was assigned to C=O, which slightly shifts towards a larger wavelength in the presence of saccharides in the solution. The presence of FCC structured AgNPs with an average size of 15 nm was confirmed from XRD and EDX spectra under optimized conditions. The antibacterial activity of these nanoparticles was checked against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains by adopting the shake flask method. The antibacterial study revealed the slightly better performance of AgNPs against Staph. aureus strain than Escherichia coli.

Subcutaneous barbed suture, as an adjunct to staples, reduces post-operative wound drainage in total knee arthroplasty

BackgroundProlonged wound drainage (>72 h), has been associated with increased risk of surgical site infection and prolonged hospital admission. This study reviews the outcome in three different wound closure methods, following total knee arthroplasty. We also analysed the cost effectiveness of these methods. MethodsA total of 69 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty: 22 with stapled skin closure; 21 with tissue adhesive and stapled skin closure and 26 with subcutaneous barbed suture instead of a non barbed suture with stapled skin closure, were studied to review the number of dressing changes, prolonged wound drainage (>72 h), length of hospital stay and delayed discharge (>5 days). Statistical analysis was conducted using Minitab Statistical Software® and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. ResultsThe median hospital stay for the staples only group was 4 days (inter-quartile range [IQR] 3–5), for the adhesive group was 4 days ([IQR] 3–6) and for the barbed suture group was 3 days ([IQR] 3–4) (p = 0.009). The rates of prolonged wound drainage for the staples only group was 8 (36.4%), for the adhesive group was 4 (19.0%) and for barbed suture group was 0 (0%) (p = 0.004). ConclusionThe use of subcutaneous barbed sutures was associated with reduced number of wound dressing changes, reduced risk of prolonged wound drainage and shorter hospital stay, as well as conferring a saving of at least £236.60 per patient, compared to the other two skin closure methods.

Experimental investigation of µ-abrasive jet machining with dust collection mechanism

Micro abrasive jet machining process is an advanced machining process used for the production of micro holes, micro channels and machining of different type of brittle materials. It is a non contact type machining process, were highly pressurized air and abrasive particles are mixed using a mixing chamber and directed towards the work piece. The material is removed by means of mechanical erosion. During the machining time, there are lot of abrasive particles expelled out and it may cause environmental pollution. To avoid this problem an abrasive dust collector mechanism with liquid film is used in the current work. In this experiment the work piece is placed in the liquid chamber and three input process parameters such as mass flow rate, standoff distance, motor speed and there effects on the output responses such as material removal rate, radial overcut and area of frosted zone is discussed. The process parameters are optimized using Taguchi method and utility concept in Minitab statistical software.

OPTIMIZATION OF REMOVAL EFFICIENCY AND ABSORPTION CAPACITY OF DYESTUFFS BY ASPERGILLUS SP. USING MANOVA

Fungi is widely found on air, soil, water and organic substances in nature. Unlike single-celled bacteria, fungi form multicellular structures, sometimes even visible to the naked eye. In studies of Aspergillus sp. removal and dye removal in order to obtain information, examinations are made by painting. Basic dyes, when ionized, are charged with positive electricity. Basic dyes include malachite green, methyl violet, crystal violet, and basic fuchsin. The aim of this research is to determine the effects of different factors on the parameters of absorption capacity and the removal efficiency of malachite green, methyl violet, crystal violet and basic fuchsin from Aspergillus sp. The data analyzed using Minitab statistical software. MANOVA used as the statistical analysis. It is concluded that the temperature and initial concentration have significant effect on removal efficiency and absorption capacity.

Gamification in training and development processes: perception on effectiveness and results

PurposeGamification is the use of game elements in different contexts. It is also a tool with potential application in several areas, including training and development. From this reference, this study has a main objective to identify a perception of efficiency and the measurable results in the process of gamification in training and development actions.Design/methodology/approachThe quantitative stage of the research sought to investigate the perception of efficiency of professionals who have already undergone gamified training, collected through an online form with responses on a Likert scale and treated with the Minitab Statistical Software. The qualitative stage, on the other hand, identifies the perception of results through classification with professionals who develop gamified training, with the results found in the content analysis techniques.FindingsThe compiled results confirmed the presence of engagement and its influence on motivation as one of the advantage points for the application of gamification. It was also possible to find in these results the relevance of design care for the game/training interaction to work effectively.Originality/valueAmong the trends of greatest incidence found in the research, are the possibility of associating gamification with virtual reality and augmented reality, as well as with simulators to enhance the experience lived by the player during training.

Results and Elasticity of Gamification in Training and Development Processes

Gamification is the use of games elements in different contexts out of the games. It is a tool with potential application in several areas in management, like marketing and human resources, including training and development. Departing from this reference, this study has objective to identify the perception of efficiency and the measurable results in the gamification processes in training and development in a sample of the Brazilian market. This research is divided into two samples. The quantitative sample investigated the perception of efficiency of the professionals who already participated in the gamified training, the information was collected through an online form with Likert scale responses and treated with Minitab statistical software. The other sample was qualitative and sought to identify the perception of the professionals who developed the gamified training, and the results were submitted to the content analysis technique. The compiled results confirmed the presence of engagement and its influence on motivation as one of the advantage points for the application of gamification in training. It was also possible to find in these results the relevance of the design for the game / training interaction to work effectively. Among the trends of higher incidence found in this research are the possibility of associating gamification with virtual reality and augmented reality to enhance the experience lived by the player during training. As a secondary’s incidents, but also relevant and congruent with market trends, are the incidents of concision with relevance, interaction, applicability and the digital trail, items present in the concept of learning in micro-moments.

Statistical and Microstructural Analyses of Al-C-Cu Composites Synthesized Using the State Solid Route.

Aluminum powder with different C and C–Cu mixtures powders were fabricated by powder metallurgy, using high-energy mechanical milling as a pre-treatment of powders. To evaluate the combined effect of the C–Cu mixture and the process conditions, such as sintering temperature/time and milling time, on the yield stress and hardness, two experimental designs were carried out. The results were analyzed with Minitab Statistical Software using contour plots. From the results, better mechanical properties were found at a Cu/C ratio of 0.33 and samples with high C content (3 wt. %). In samples subject to long sintering time (3 h), the mechanism of precipitation of the second phase was mainly present, resulting in an improvement in mechanical properties. From the difference found between the elastic limit and the microhardness tests, it was found that there was an inefficient sintering process affecting the elastic limit test results. Additionally, X-ray analyses using the Rietveld program, were used for microstructural characterization and mechanical parameters of yield strength and ultimate tensile strength.

Optimization of ground heat exchanger of the ground source heat pump system based on exergetic analysis using Taguchi technique

The present research work focuses on the optimization of the ground heat exchanger of the Ground source heat pump system for heating application based on exergetic analysis using the Taguchi method. For this work, we select four influencing factors such as the mass flow rate of water (A), the specific heat of water (B), inlet temperature (C) of water to and outlet temperature of water (D) from the ground heat exchanger at three levels. An L9 orthogonal array was selected for experimental trials and in each trial, we calculate the exergy destruction for the ground heat exchanger, thereafter using statistical software Minitab, we get signal to noise ratios based on smaller is better criterion. After analyzing the response table of Taguchi results, we get the optimum level of all the factors. The ANOVA technique was also applied for getting the most significant factors which affect the output results by calculating the percentage contribution of each factor. According to our results, the best combination of all the four factors for exergetic destruction of the ground heat exchanger was A3B1C1D3 and the most influencing factor was inlet water temperature with a contribution factor of 56.03%.

Enhancement of freshwater production of the seawater greenhouse condenser

Seawater greenhouse (SWGH) is a technology established to overcome issues related to open field cultivation in arid areas, such as the high ambient temperature and the shortage of freshwater. It adopts the humidification-dehumidification concept where evaporated moisture from a saline water source is condensed to produce freshwater within the greenhouse body. Various condenser designs are adopted to increase freshwater production in order to meet the irrigation demand. The aim of this study was to experimentally investigate the practicality of using the packed-type direct contact condenser in the SWGH to produce more freshwater at low costs, simple design and high efficiency, and to explore the impact of the manipulating six operational variables (inlet air temperature of the humidifier, air mass flowrate of the humidifier, inlet water temperature of the humidifier, water mass flowrate of the humidifier, inlet water temperature of the dehumidifier and water mass flowrate of the dehumidifier) on freshwater condensation rate. For this purpose, a direct contact condenser was designed and manufactured. Sixty-four full factorial experiments were conducted to study the effect of the six operational variables. Each variable was operated at two levels (high and low flowrate), and each experiment lasted for 10 min and followed by a 30-min waiting time. Results showed that freshwater production varied between 0.257 and 2.590 L for every 10 min. When using Minitab statistical software to investigate the significant variables that contributed to the maximum freshwater production, it was found that the inlet air temperature of the humidifier had the greatest influence, followed by the inlet water temperature of the humidifier; the former had a negative impact while the latter had a positive impact on freshwater production. The response optimizer tool revealed that the optimal combination of variables contributed to maximize freshwater production when all variables were in the high mode and the inlet air temperature of the humidifier was in the low mode. The comparison between the old plastic condenser and the new proposed direct contact condenser showed that the latter can produce 75.9 times more freshwater at the same condenser volume.

Quantitative characteristic of Indonesian native chickens at the age of 4 months

&lt;p class="MDPI17abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;Native chickens (Kampung, Sentul, and Merawang) have great potential to be developed as both meat and egg producers. Quantitative data about native chickens are not widely known. The purpose of this research was to determine the quantitative characteristics of Native Chickens aged 1 month, 2 months, 3 months and 4 months.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MDPI17abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The research material is native chickens. The method used was an 82 sample in each strain and a total of 246 samples. The data collected is of a quantitative traits. Quantitative traits are traits that are influenced by multiple gene pairs, can be measured, and are heavily influenced by environmental factors. Data collected were analyzed using the average difference test (t-test). The average value vector of body measurements of chicken lines was analyzed using the T2-Hotelling statistical test. Main Component Analysis statistical test to identify the shape and size characteristics of each chicken strain. Data processing was assisted by using Minitab statistical software version 18.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MDPI17abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The results of this study showed that body weight, weight gain and body size measurements of Kampung chicken were significantly different (P &amp;lt;0.05) higher than Sentul chicken and Merawang chickens. The identifier of the size of the Kampung chicken is the width of the chest, while the identifier of the shape is the length of the back. The identifier of Sentul chicken size is chest length, while the tibia is long. The characteristic of Merawang chicken is the length of the tibia, while the character of the shape is the wing length.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Quantitative characteristics (body weight, weight gain and body size measurements) at the age of 4 months Kampung chickens more heavily than Sentul chicken and Merawang chicken.&lt;/p&gt;