Statistical Package For Social Studies Research Articles

Lycopene for Hypertension and Factors Affecting Its Use: A Survey of Pharmacy Students

Purpose To better understand and assess the potential obstacles to the adoption of lycopene for treating high blood pressure. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted by administering a survey to 42 Howard University College of Pharmacy students. Descriptive statistics and risk estimates were calculated using statistical package for social studies (SPSS) software. Results Only 33.3% of students had ever heard of lycopene, and lycopene knowledge score was poor among 88% of respondents. NonD.C. residence, dietary supplement use and the belief that dietary supplements such as lycopene interact with prescription drugs and should be used cautiously, were all correlated with a lesser risk of having poor lycopene knowledge. Annual income >$40,000 was correlated with a greater risk of being in the poor lycopene knowledge group. Despite this data, 59.5% report that will incorporate more lycopene into their diet. Conclusion Lycopene knowledge is generally poor among the observed cohort; however, this does not seem to be a great obstacle in the path of adoption.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to tobacco smoking in undergraduate students in a selected university of Bangladesh

Background: Tobacco smoking is one of the leading causes of preventable morbidity and mortality in the world, and is responsible for many premature deaths. The prevalence of smoking and smoking-related mortality are still high in developing and low-income countries. This survey was aimed to determine knowledge, perception and practices of tobacco smoking behavior in the undergraduate students of Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Bangladesh.Methods: A descriptive type of cross-sectional study was conducted among the Health Sciences students during January 2018. A self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection from 260 undergraduate students. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25 (Statistical Package for Social Studies).Results: The prevalence of overall current tobacco smokers was 12.3% (21.2% for males and 0.9% for females). Nonsmokers had a better knowledge than smokers regarding smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer (98.4%; versus 92.9%; p=0.038), association between second hand smoke and serious illness (94.2% versus 82.9%; p<0.001) and likelihood of dying earlier than nonsmokers (84.2% versus 61.4%; p<0.001). In general, students had positive antismoking perception.Conclusions: Despite having a good understanding of the detrimental effects of tobacco smoking, smoking prevalence among students at Bangladesh University of Health Sciences is high. To reduce smoking among university students, effective smoking prevention and cessation intervention programs are necessary.

Analysis of the Effect of Service Quality, Product Quality and Brand Image on Customer Satisfaction and Its Implications on Consumer Loyalty PT. Sharp Electronics Indonesia (case study at Karawang Sharp Direct Service Station)

This study aims to determine whether there is an influence between service quality, product quality and brand image on customer satisfaction and its implications for consumer loyalty at PT. Sharp Electronics Indonesia (study case in Karawang’ s Sharp Direct Service Station). The research method used was a survey method by distributing questionnaires to 182 respondents who had purchased 32 inch Sharp television LCD products residing in the Karawang’ s Sharp Direct Service Station area and recorded in the Sharp Customer Care Center database. The tool used to analyze data is the Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS) program ver.22. The result in this study are (1) Service Quality has positive and significant effect on Customer Satisfaction, (2) Product Quality has positive and significant effect on Customer Satisfaction, (3) Brand Image has positive and significant effect on Customer Satisfaction, (4) ) Service Quality has positive and significant effect on Consumer Loyalty, (5) Product Quality has positive and significant effect on Consumer Loyalty, (6) Brand Image has positive and significant effect on Consumer Loyalty, (7) Customer Satisfaction has positive and significant effect on Consumer Loyalty at PT. Sharp Electronics Indonesia especially at Sharp Direct Service Station (SDSS) Karawang. Positive correlation coefficient with a strong level of interpretation.

Perception and attitude of medical and paramedical students of Umm Al-Qura University regarding urolithiasis: a crosssectional study

Background: Urolithiasis encompasses a common emergent problem that needs medical and surgical intervention. Therefore, our study focuses on determining the level of attitude concerning urolithiasis among medical and paramedics students at Umm Al-Qura University. Methods: An electronic survey was distributed among participants online in June 2022. We utilized convenient sampling methods to stratify students according to their college. After data collection, appropriate statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Studies. Results: This study enrolled a total of 360 students from the department of medicine and paramedics at Umm Al-Qura University. The mean age was 22.2 (SD, 1.66). Most kidney stones generally show excellent and positive attitudes among students except for the incurability of kidney stones, which demonstrated a negative attitude. Furthermore, a significant association was found between the importance of calcium intake and stones analysis in preventing kidney stones and students' departments (p-value, 0.007 and 0.003, respectively). Conclusion: Detecting kidney stones is vitally crucial in minimizing their recurrence risk. Our finding indicates a negative attitude toward the curability of kidney stones. Thus, education and awareness programs should be employed in health-related departments to maximize the benefit.

Prevalence of burnout among KSU medical students

Background and aims: Burnout in medical students shows interest that has grown significantly over the last few years. This study’s aim is to know the prevalence of burnout in medical students which will help us to determine if this syndrome is common among medical students and if it needs intervention. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with all medical students who were enrolled in the 2019/2020 year at King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Socio-demographic, burnout level (Maslach Burnout Inventory-General survey for students) data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Studies, Chi-square test was used for categorical variables and univariate logistic regression was used to assess the associated factors with burnout. Results: In this study, 337 students were involved, the response rate was (79.2%). The mean age of the participants was 21.5 ±1.46 years, of whom males were (64.99%) while the females were (35.01%). The level of high burnout founded as (9.8%, n=33), while (25.5%, n=86) of students had high levels of emotional exhaustion, (29.4%, n=99) had high levels of cynicism and (34.4%, n=116) had a low level of professional efficacy. Conclusion: Prevalence of burnout was found to be less than estimated documented studies in the region. Academic year was significantly associated with the level of burnout, especially the third academic year, no statistical significance to the association of burnout with gender and age was found. There is a gap in the literature need to be fulfilled to gain more knowledge about causes and effect of burnout.

Awareness about total knee replacement among Saudi population.

Introduction:The purpose of this study is to identify the knowledge of the general population about knee osteoarthritis and its surgical interventions in the management of knee osteoarthritis. Knee osteoarthritis is a prevalent disease. A lack of knowledge about the nature of the disease may delay seeking medical advice until the advanced stage of the disease.Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted among 486 participants (≥18 years) who were sampled randomly from an osteoarthritis awareness campaign located within a shopping facility located in Riyadh in 2020. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire, which included six domains; demographic information, causes, symptoms, treatment, complications, and general questions. Data for this study were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS 22; IBM Corp., New York, NY, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables were expressed as percentages. The t-test and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used for continuous variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess the associated factors with a low level of knowledge. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:Most of the participants in our study were males (56.8%) and Saudi nationals (89.7%). (83.74%). Consider that surgical intervention is the best treatment when non-surgical options do not work. The mean questionnaire score for the 486 participants was found to be 20.85 ± 5.29 out of 35 points. In comparing the male to female total scores, we found the mean female total score to be statistically significant and higher than that of the males with a P value of 0.036. Furthermore, we found that the non-Saudis had a total score higher than the Saudis with a P value of 0.016. On the other hand, the difference in the total scores between the city and rural area residents and different educational levels were statistically insignificant.Conclusions:Our results demonstrate that the majority of the community has satisfactory awareness about the treatment options of knee osteoarthritis. It also demonstrates the domains that require more effort for increased public awareness of knee osteoarthritis.

A mega health camp at a rural municipality of Eastern Nepal: a cross-sectional study revealing the state of health among the population served

Background: Health camps are usually targeted to underprivileged people of rural places. They help in the awareness, preventive and curative services to those people. A mega health camp was conducted in Yangwarak rural municipality of Panchthar district of Eastern Nepal. All the services including medicines, consultation charges, laboratory services and imaging were free of cost.Methods: It’s a prospective cross-sectional study comprised of all consecutive patients attending the camp in Yangwarak rural municipality of Panchthar district in Eastern Nepal. All the patients attending the free camp were taken as a case. Necessary information was deducted and enrolled in this study. The data was entered into the Microsoft excel software and analysed using statistical package for social studies (SPSS) software 23.0 version.Results: A total of 1656 people were directly benefitted with consultation of a dozen of department. 58.7% were female and rest were male. Majority of people had gastrointestinal issues. The knowledge, attitude and practice to health was poor.Conclusions: Keeping in mind the findings of the camp, this only represents the tip of iceberg. There are many such places with needy people who need the help of health professionals and proper address by the government. The preventive approach to health should be magnified even more.

Insomnia, stress, and psychological coping among residents in a major tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background: Psychological distress is increasingly prevalent nowadays. Healthcare professionals (HCP) are highly vulnerable to stress, anxiety, and depression. Insomnia is the most frequent sleep disorder. Primary care physicians have higher prevalence rate of insomnia. Different psychological coping strategies have effective role to get rid of potential stressors.Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey study among residents that suffer from sleep disorders. Data for this study was collected via a questionnaire that ask how a person cope with stresses in his life. Statistical analysis: Data were analyzed statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Studies. Results: 48.07% of the residents have a severe mental disorder, 21.03% have a moderate mental disorder. The highest prevalence of severe mental disorders was reported among Anesthesia, adult ICU residents and neurology ones. Conclusion: A high prevalence of psychological distress and insomnia was among the participated residents. Moreover, the resident’s utilization for coping strategies was low.

DIABETIC RETINOPAHTY: KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder with a multisystemic involvement such as heart, blood vessels, kidneys, nerves including eyes where, hyperglycemia causes loss of pericytes and thus damages retinal capillaries leading to diabetic retinopathy. The aim of this study was to access knowledge, attitude and practice pattern in diabetes patients residing in Chitwan and neighboring districts. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out involving diabetes mellitus patients in three districts namely Chitwan, Nawalpur and Gorkha province along with patients who were referred to the hospital. Questionnaire were provided to the patients that accessing knowledge about the ocular complications, attitude and practice concerning diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. General systemic and ocular examinations were performed, including assessment of random blood sugar. The data was collected from March 2019 to June 2019. The collected data analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS) version 11 (Armonk, IBM, USA). Results: This study included 500 patients, ranging from 30-85years. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed at an average age of 60.52±11.47 years (32-89 years) who were mostly being treated with an oral-hypoglycemic agents. About 95.2% of the patients in the screening camp and 96.4% from hospital were aware regarding the ocular complication in diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy prevalence was observed in 28% of the patients out of which 26% were from screening camp and 14.8% were from hospital, in whom bilateral ocular involvement were frequently observed. Conclusions: The knowledge and attitude of the patient in our study were found to be adequate towards the diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. Nonetheless, this was not executed well in daily practice by the respondents.

Public Willingness and Hesitancy to Take the COVID-19 Vaccine in Afghanistan.

ABSTRACT.COVID-19 has been causing a global threat to almost all countries for more than one year. Vaccination of the majority of any country’s population is considered to be an effective way of controlling the spread and mortality of this infection. Therefore, it is important to assess the public’s willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19. In this study, we evaluated the public willingness and hesitancy to take the vaccine in Afghanistan, during December 2020 and January 2021. Sociodemographic data, awareness on vaccine production, vaccine availability, willingness and hesitancy to take the COVID-19 vaccine were collected. The Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS) version 25 was used for data analysis. A total of 806 complete responses were received. Majority of the respondents were ≤ 40 years old (89.8%) and male (72.7%). Less than two-thirds (509; 63%) of the participants reported willingness to take the vaccine when it becomes available, whereas almost one-third (297; 37%) of them were hesitant to take the COVID-19 vaccine. More female than male respondents were willing to take the vaccine (χ2 = 13.176, P value = 0.001). A significant portion of the public were not willing to take the COVID-19 vaccine. In a country like Afghanistan, which already has a low coverage of vaccination, this could pose a challenge for the vaccination program against COVID-19 to be effective. The Ministry of Public Health should work on public trust and change people’s mindset about vaccine reality and efficacy to prevent the rejection of this health intervention.

Histomorphological and Morphometric Evaluation of Microvessel Density in Nodal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Using CD34 and CD105.

Background Expression of angiogenic markers determined by microvessel density (MVD) could be used as a reliable predictor of prognosis and as a potential target for antiangiogenic therapy in different categories of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate MVD using immunohistochemical methods and computer-assisted quantitative image analysis in nodal NHL patients and compare CD34 and CD105 expression in lymph nodes of NHL patients. Materials and Methods The present study was conducted on 60 lymph node biopsies received in the Department of Pathology at our tertiary care center for histopathological examination. Representative paraffin-embedded tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin along with immunohistochemical stains for CD34 and CD105. MVDs were analyzed at 400× using automated image analyzer by two investigators independently. Statistical Analysis Data were calculated, tabulated, and statistically analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Studies) statistical program version 18. The values entered were mean of morphometric parameters. In all tests, p -values below 0.05 were regarded as significant. Results MVD was determined by CD34 and CD105 antibody highly correlated with different categories of NHL. Higher MVD was observed in cases of aggressive NHL as compared with indolent NHL and the difference was statistically significantly. MVD using CD105 was correlated more strongly as compared to CD34 with different categories of NHL. Conclusion The present study concluded that NHL exhibits potent angiogenic activity that increased significantly with increasing aggressiveness. The study also demonstrated that CD105 is more specific than CD34 as a marker of neoangiogenesis in NHL.

Knowledge Sharing Strategies between Coffee Farmers and Coffee Research Institute

Knowledge sharing involves the exchange of knowledge in the form of expertise or skills among groups, friends, families, communities or organisations. This paper assesses the knowledge sharing strategies used by members of Gitwe Farmers’ Cooperative Society and Coffee Research in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to: establish the types of knowledge shared; examine the knowledge sharing methods; investigate the extent to which the knowledge shared is applied; analyse the factors that influence knowledge sharing between the farmers and the research institute; and to suggest measures to enhance knowledge sharing between them. The population of the study was 2181 consisting of coffee farmers, officials of Gitwe Farmers’ Co-operative Society and officers from the Coffee Research Institute. The study employed a mixed methods research approach. Qualitative data was collected through interviews while quantitative data was collected using questionnaires. Qualitative data was analysed thematically while quantitative data was analysed by descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS). The findings of this study if adopted are likely to improve the coffee farming methods by the farmers, improve coffee marketing strategies by the farmers and also manage coffee berry diseases among others.

Outcome of total laparoscopic hysterectomy in women with previous caesarean section

Aims: To assess the surgical outcome of total laparoscopic hysterectomy performed in women with previous caesarean section.&#x0D; Methods: This is a cross sectional analytical study conducted at Birat Medical College, Teaching Hospital from 1 May 2019 to 28 February 2020. One hundred thirty patients undergoing total laparoscopic hysterectomy were categorized in two groups with and without previous caesarean section. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed by using statistical package for social studies (SPSS 23.0).&#x0D; Results: The overall complication rate was 3.87% (5/130) with 4.61% (3/65) in previous cesarean section and 3.07% (2/65) without it. Urinary tract injury was the common injury. Mean operating time was slightly higher in previous cesarean section but was not statistically significant.&#x0D; Conclusions: Total laparoscopic hysterectomy can be performed in patients with previous caesarean section without any significant increase in intraoperative and immediate postoperative complications.&#x0D; Keywords: adhesion, caesarean section, hysterectomy, laparoscopic

Financial Management Practices and Growth of Public Hospitals in Nyeri County, Kenya

The provision of health care is among the social pillars in the vision 2030. The health sector has been characterized by many challenges ranging from recent strikes by health workers, poaching of workers by private hospitals and health workers looking for greener pastures outside the country because of poor management of the sector and poor infrastructure. Despite the support from the government, public hospitals in Nyeri County are straining to meet their financial obligations. Challenges ranging from inability to meet daily expenses, delayed payment of workers, delayed national government reimbursements and diminishing patient’s expectations. The objectives of the study were to investigate how budgeting, internal control systems, financial tracking, and waiver affect financial management practices and growth in government hospitals. The management and movement of funds as aligned to the budget is critical for a public hospital’s growth. But experience and exposure in finance management reveal that the financial management processes of public hospitals are generally weak and dominated by conditions of resource scarcity vis-a-vis the ever-increasing agenda of development activities on which such funds could be spent. The study used a descriptive survey design. The study targeted 202 respondents who were the employees of the four county public hospitals under study. Stratified simple random sampling was used, and a sample of 101 respondents was selected. The study used both primary and secondary data sources for data collection. Data was analyzed by the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS) computer software through frequencies, means, percentages, correlation coefficient as well as regression method. Tables and graphs were used for data presentation. The findings indicated that there has been an increase in the number of operational cost in majority of the hospitals. Majority of the public hospitals experience a lot of challenges and delays before budget is approved. The findings indicated that there are several steps that should be followed before authorization of any payment in hospital. The results presented poor control of revenue in the hospital and lack of proper coordination and monitoring. The study findings indicate that financial tracking procedures are hard to follow and that the procedures are not very clear to all the employees. Majority of the respondents argued that there is lack of management support when it comes to financial tracking in the public hospitals in Nyeri County. The relationship between audit practices and growth of public hospitals is strong and positive and the relationship between financial tracking and growth of public hospitals is weak negative and significant. The study concludes that the relationship between audit practices and growth of public hospital was positive and significant and that a positive change in audit practices would result to a positive change in the growth of public hospitals. The study recommended that sufficient funds to the public hospitals should be disbursed early enough to enable proper planning and budgeting. The study also recommended that employees working in the public hospitals in Nyeri County should consider financial tracking as a daily task and that there is need for the County officials to be trained on the audit requirements and audit procedures.&#x0D;

Students' Emotional Intelligence and Self-efficacy towards Their Academic Performance: A Survey Study on Public Higher Learning Institution

Learning in higher institution is a challenging situation. Students may adapt well to the new academic environment or might experience failure in coping with the demand of real-life learning. In most of the time, they would be physically and emotionally drained. Hence, this study investigated students in public higher learning institution on managing their emotional intelligence and self-efficacy towards their academic performance in such setting. A total of 150 valid questionnaires were collected in a public university in Selangor, Malaysia using purposive sampling method. The Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (ASE) and Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) instruments were used. In order to achieve the study's objective, the data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS) for its descriptive analyses, t-test and Pearson correlation analyses. It was found that there is a significant relationship between students' emotional intelligence and academic performance, self-efficacy based on academic performance and there is a relationship between students' emotional intelligence and academic self-efficacy. It is vital to investigate this area of study as it would affect this tertiary students' performance in their studying years.

The Cruciality of Using Literature to Enhance Reading Comprehension Skills

This paper attempted to shade the light upon “The cruciality of teaching Literature to enhance reading comprehension skills”, is conducted to find out the role and importance of teaching literature in developing comprehension skills in tertiary level. The researcher adopted descriptive analysis method, the population of this study of (30) English language teachers from different Sudanese universities. Date was gathered by questionnaire. The researcher used a statistical package for social studies (SPSS package). The study comes up with followings: Teaching literature in language courses helps students to develop Reading Comprehension skills, teaching literature in reading lessons helps students to develop skimming and scanning techniques, literature presents valuable material to teach reading comprehension lesson, literature is a good way to practice acquiring quick information from the texts, and teaching literature develops students’ interpretative abilities.

Study of Dhat Syndrome in Men in West Bengal: A Clinic-Based Study

Background: Dhat syndrome is a culture-bound syndrome of the Indian subcontinent. Traditional and cultural teachings through generations, and myths and misconceptions about sex are its principal contributing factors. Although prevalent, there is scarcity in studies on Dhat syndrome, particularly from Bengal. Aims and objectives: 1. To study the phenomenology of Dhat syndrome in men attending the out patients department (OPD). 2. To study the comorbid sexual and psychiatric disorders associated with Dhat syndrome. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in the psychiatric OPD in a tertiary care medical college hospital in West Bengal. The duration of the study was 18 months. 122 patients were included in this study that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The diagnosis of Dhat syndrome was made as per International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, diagnostic criteria for research (DCR) criteria. A semi-structured pro forma was used to obtain sociodemographic variables along with numerous physical and sexual symptoms. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was applied for psychiatric comorbidities. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Studies 17 by SPSS Inc., Chicago. Results: 122 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Majority of patients were among age group of 20 to 30 years (60.7%). 56.6% were from the Muslim community and 43.4% were from the Hindu community. 54.1% population was unmarried and 39.3% were newly married. Routes of passage were night falls in 62.3% patients, and 52.5% patients pointed toward passage through urine. Many patients reported passage of semen more than one route. All patients (100%) complained about generalized weakness and thinning of semen. 66.4% had generalized body ache, 55.7% complain about headache, 60.7% decreased body glow, 50% had loss of appetite, 98.4% had decreased self-confidence, sleep disturbance was reported in 34.3% patients, 58.2% reported that their penis was becoming smaller, and 49.2% patients reported decreased sexual capability. The most common comorbid condition was sexual dysfunction (39.3%) followed by depressive disorders (27.9%). Premature ejaculation was found in 54.17% patients and erectile dysfunction in 33.33%. Conclusion: Dhat syndrome is a common culture-bound syndrome in Bengal. It is widespread in the Muslim community also. The importance of exploration of sexual comorbidities in Dhat syndrome is very much needed.

The Effect of Adopting Activity – Based Costing (ABC) on Maximizing Profitability in Jordanian Private Health Care Sector

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of adopting activity - based costing (ABC) On maximizing profitability in Jordanian private health care sector. Stating the role of (ABC) system in maximizing profitability in Jordanian private hospitals, showing the availability of infrastructure and capabilities of needed to adopt and apply the (ABC) in Jordanian private hospitals To achieve the Study objectives, the researcher distributed (110) of the employees in Jordanian private hospitals, to identifying the obstacles that facing Jordanian private hospitals in adopting and applying (ABC) system. to achieve the study objectives, a questionnaire was designed and distributed to survey sample of 110 respondents who worked in Jordanian private hospitals as accountants, financial managers and internal editors. (90) questionnaires were returned and the response rate of which was (81.8%). After using the statistical analysis program "Statistical package for social studies" (SPSS). The study concluded that adopting and applying (ABC) system in Jordanian private hospitals play very important role in reducing cost in a way that maximizing profitability the results also, reveal that the infrastructure and capabilities needed to apply the (ABC) system are available in the Jordanian private hospitals in a medium degree. In addition, the results of the study showed there are a set of obstacles that facing the adoption and application (ABC) system in Jordanian private hospitals related to management, salaries and difficulty in allocating treatment costs to direct and indirect costs. The study recommended attracted qualified and trained persons who can apply (ABC) system and connivance the management of Jordanian private hospitals of the visibility of apply (ABC) system.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF SERVICE QUALITY, PRODUCT QUALITY AND BRAND IMAGE ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON CONSUMER LOYALTY PT. SHARP ELECTRONICS INDONESIA (CASE STUDY AT KARAWANG SHARP DIRECT SERVICE STATION)

This study aims to determine whether there is an influence between service quality, product quality and brand image on customer satisfaction and its implications for consumer loyalty at PT. Sharp Electronics Indonesia (study case in Karawang’ s Sharp Direct Service Station). The research method used was a survey method by distributing questionnaires to 182 respondents who had purchased 32-inch Sharp television LCD products residing in the Karawang’ s Sharp Direct Service Station area and recorded in the Sharp Customer Care Center database. The tool used to analyze data is the Statistical Package for Social Studies (SPSS) program ver.22. The result in this study are (1) Service Quality has positive and significant effect on Customer Satisfaction, (2) Product Quality has positive and significant effect on Customer Satisfaction, (3) Brand Image has positive and significant effect on Customer Satisfaction, (4) ) Service Quality has positive and significant effect on Consumer Loyalty, (5) Product Quality has positive and significant effect on Consumer Loyalty, (6) Brand Image has positive and significant effect on Consumer Loyalty, (7) Customer Satisfaction has positive and significant effect on Consumer Loyalty at PT. Sharp Electronics Indonesia especially at Sharp Direct Service Station (SDSS) Karawang. Positive correlation coefficient with a strong level of interpretation.

Pattern of time utilization by multipurpose health workers male in district Sonipat, Haryana

Background: A multipurpose health worker is the key functionary in a sub centre. They associate with the community at grass-root levels. This study explores time utilization pattern of multipurpose health workers in the multifarious domains of their activities.Methods: A time motion study conducted among health workers (HWs) male of all subcentres of district Sonipat, Haryana. Participants self‑reported their daily activities on a time measurement workbook for one month. Data were entered in Excel and analyzed using statistical package for social studies software.Results: Time utilization patterns revealed that HWs spent nearly one third (31.5%) of their time on national vector born disease control programme. Documentation constituted nearly 16.3% of their time. Others activities include maternal and child health (7.4%), service for minor ailment (6.7%), revised national tuberculosis control programme (6.7%) and meetings (4.5%). They spent 13.9% of their time on non-productive activities. The proportion of time spent on field-based activities was 63.2% and on sub center based activities was 22.9% of the total working time. A negative correlation of field-based activities was found with age, job experience and residing in joint family.Conclusions: The study reflects the time spent by HWs male in various domains of activities in relations to their job responsibilities and the multipurpose nature of their works. Some of the health programmes were ignored by HWs and were also found to be spending significant time on non-productive works.