Statistical Package For Social Sciences Research Articles

MANAJEMEN LABA : PERENCANAAN PAJAK, KUALITAS AUDIT DAN KEPEMILIKAN INSTITUSIONAL

The purpose of this study is to measure and analyze tax planning, audit quality and institutional ownership of earnings management. This research uses a sample of manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017 - 2021. The method for determining the sample for this research is a purposive sampling method using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25.0 for data analysis. The type of research in this research is quantitative with descriptive methods, 17 companies were obtained as research samples with observations for 5 (five) years, so the total observation was 85 annual report data. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. The findings in this research are (1) Tax Planning has an effect on Profit Management, (2) Audit Quality has no effect on Profit Management, (3) Institutional Ownership has no effect on Profit Management, (4) Tax Planning, Audit Quality and Institutional Ownership have an effect significant to Earnings Management. The implication of this research is that it is hoped that the results of this research will not only contribute to manufacturing companies but also all companies listed on the IDX, so that they can increase insight and knowledge of tax avoidance so that management is able to design company mechanisms well and not carry out tax avoidance illegally and must be appropriate. with laws established by the government.

Factors Influencing Customer Satisfaction in Online Shopping Among Non-Resident Students of UiTM Cawangan Terengganu

People nowadays prefer to do their purchasing online. Customers like to purchase on the internet because it is more convenient than traditional shopping, which is often associated with anxiety, crowdedness, traffic jams, limited time, and parking space, among other things. In Malaysia, the number of internet users has increased, and online shopping has become a growing trend. Therefore, this study will look into the elements that influence customer satisfaction with online buying among university students. Product quality, brand, and shopping experience are three aspects that contributed to this study. The survey approach was utilized in this study, and 364 respondents answered questionnaires. Questionnaires were distributed to non-resident university students to determine the elements that influence their decision to shop online. The researcher employed both the online survey and manual method to obtain data. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel were used to analyze the data gathered. According to the findings, product quality, brand, and shopping experience all have a significant impact on non-resident university students' satisfaction with online shopping at UiTM Cawangan Terengganu. In summary, the findings of this study are essential for building a successful, sustainable, and competitive business. They provide actionable insights that can lead to improved customer retention, increased revenue, and a stronger brand reputation.

Demographic and Clinical Characters of the Patient of Condylar Fracture Treated under the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in a Tertiary Level Hospital

Introduction: Mandible is the only mobile bone of the facial skeleton which plays an important role in mastication, speech and deglutition. Being a prominent bone of the facial skeleton, it is one of the most common facial bone to be fractured. Fracture in the mandible causes severe loss of function and disfigurement. Objective: The aim of this paper was to investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients of condyle fracture treated under the oral and maxillofacial department of a tertiary level hospital of Bangladesh. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional descriptive type of study was conducted at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Dhaka Dental College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during June, 20 23 to December, 2023. A consecutive sampling technique was used and a series of 120 cases of condyle fracture aged 17-65 years of both sex were retrospectively enrolled in this study. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version-23.0. Results: A series of 120 cases of condyle fracture patients were enrolled in this study. Among the patients, the most frequent age group was 30-39 years which includes 62(51.25%) patients. The mean age of the patients was 41.10±10.21 years. A significant gender disparity was observed, with 87(72.5%) of the patients being male. Most of the patients were service holder 63(52.5%). The major cause of injury of the patients was road traffic accident 75(62.5%).Among the study patients, 111(92.5%) had third molar teeth present. Of them, the most frequent 75(67.56%) patients had erupted third molar condition and 36(32.43%) patients had impacted third molar condition. According to distribution of type of impacted teeth, 21(50%) cases, had oriented vertically and followed by mesioangular 11(25%), disto-angular 4(10.7%), and horizontal 6(14.3%). According to distribution of condylar fracture, the most frequent 73 (6.25%) patients had non-displaced injuries. followed by displaced 36(30%) and dislocated 11(8.75%). Conclusion: This study investigated that road accident is the principal factor of condylar fracture and third molar teeth and its position has a significant impact on condylar fracture and at the same time the male are the more prone to condylar fracture than the female in Bangladesh

Frequency & Predictors of Depression in Patients of Chronic Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)

Background: Clinically significant depression is estimated to occur in a significant portion of chronic heart failure (CHF) patients and increases sharply with increase in heart failure severity. However, the frequency and predictors of depression in this group of patients are underreported. This study was designed to assess frequency & predictors of depression in patients of chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was performed in the department of Cardiology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, during the period from October’2018 to Septemeber’2019. One hundred and fifty-two CHF patients with reduced ejection fraction (<40%) either admitted in the department of Cardiology or attended Cardiology OPD, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka who fulfilled the selection criteria were included into the study. A translated and validated Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Bengali was used to assess depression level in CHF patients in this study. Informed written consent was taken from each patient. Approval for the study was taken from Ethical Review Committee (ERC) of Dhaka Medical College before commencement of the study. After compiling data from all participants, statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 22.0 for windows. Results: Mean age of the patients was 58.68±9.40 years, ranging from 36 to 75 years. Male predominance was noted (72% vs 28%). Overall, frequency of depression was 56%. Among the depressed patients (n=85), majority (40%) had minimal depression while 27%, 19% and 14% had mild, moderate and severe depression. respectively. Among the different risk factors, DM and sedentary lifestyle were significantly associated with depression (p<0.05). Age >65 years, sedentary lifestyle, and H/O past MI were independently associated with depression among chronic HErEF patients. Widowed patients, diabetes, hospital readmission in last 2 months before study inclusion and NYHA class III/IV were also significantly associated with depression among patients with chronic HFrEF (p<0.05). Conclusion: More than half of the patients with chronic HFrEF had concurrent depression of varied severity. Proper care of depression along with HF may improve the survival and quality of life of these patients. Bangladesh Heart Journal 2024; 39(2): 74–84

Seroprevalence of transfusion transmissible infections (TTIS) among blood donors in SOS hospital Heliwa, Somalia

BackgroundA transfusion-transmissible infection (TTI) refers to any infection that can be spread from one person to another through the injection of blood or blood products. The prevalence of these infections varies across countries, influenced by the disease burden within each population. To assess the severity of TTIs, the World Health Organization (WHO) has mandated pre-transfusion blood tests for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and syphilis. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and trends of TTIs among blood donors at SOS Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia, from 2016 to 2022. MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional analysis was performed by examining SOS Hospital's blood bank records spanning from 2016 to 2022. The research included all blood donors screened for transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) during this period. Data obtained was input and analyzed utilizing Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) v.25.0 and Microsoft Excel 2010. Frequencies and percentages were calculated as part of the descriptive statistics. To analyze trends, Chi-square analysis was applied, and statistical significance between variables was determined using the p-value. ResultsThere was a total of 36,296 people donated blood during study period. The majority of blood donors were males (99.8 %), primarily aged between 25 and 44 years (80.4 %) with family donors constituting 80.8 % of the participants. Among 36,296 donors, 1087 (2.99 %) tested positive for transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs), declining from 4.27 % in 2016 to 1.98 % in 2022. The Chi-Square test confirmed a highly significant reduction in TTIs from 2016 to 2022 (X2 = 57.625, p < 0.0001), indicating a decreasing trend over the seven-year period. Conclusion and recommendationsThis study uncovers a moderate prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections, indicating a notable decrease over time. Additionally, the findings underscore a gender disparity in blood donation, with replacement donors being predominant. It is imperative to conduct multi-center research endeavors to precisely identify the factors influencing transfusion-transmitted infections among blood donors.

Factors Influencing Students to Consume Ready-to-Eat (RTE) Meals Cases of UiTM Terengganu

The development of Ready-to-eat (RTE) foods in Malaysia is gaining popularity. Ready-to-eat (RTE) foods refer to food items that have limited or no additional cooking or preparation by customers. RTE foods are available in various types of foods and forms of packaging that make these products popular, especially among university students. These meals are commonly found in supermarkets, mini markets or convenience stores and offer quick and hassle-free options. This study examined factors influencing university students to consume Ready-to-Eat (RTE) meals. A total of 361 UiTM Terengganu students are involved as respondents. This study utilised quantitative methodology by distributing online questionnaires. The data were then interpreted using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Interestingly, findings indicated that convenience, time-saving, packaging and family background influenced respondents to consume RTE meals with family background scored as the influential factor. Suggestions for future research were given to enhance RTE meal development further.

Association of Fragmented QRS Complex with Short Term Outcome in Patients with Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Background: Acute ST-elevated myocardial infarction is a life-threatening condition. Presence of fragmented QRS (fQRS) after acute STEMI is associated with alteration of myocardial activation due to myocardial scar and myocardial fibrosis. Previous studies have suggested that fQRS in acute STEMI is associated with increased mortality, morbidity, sudden cardiac death and recurrent adverse cardiovascular events. The study was designed to assess the association of fQRS complex with short-term outcome (in hospital and 30 days follow up) in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Cardiology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital among the STEMI patients who were thrombolysed. All patients underwent serial ECG at admission, within first 12 hours, at 24 hours and at 48 hours for detecting the presence of fQRS complex. Patients showing fQRS involving infarct territory within 48 h of admission were included in the “fQRS group” and those who did not develop fQRS within 48 h of admission were included in the “without fQRS” group. 114 patients had fQRS complex and 104 patients were without fQRS in their ECG. In-hospital outcomes such as: death, heart failure, significant arrhythmias (VT, VF AF, SVT, 20 AV block, CHB), cardiogenic shock were recorded. Among the study patients, sixteen patients were lost to follow up in 30 days of index hospitalization. Finally, 202 patients were tracked for follow up regarding death or re hospitalization information by personal contact or over telephone. Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) 21.0 software for windows. Results: Appearance of fQRS complex occurred at admission, within first 12 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours in 53.5%, 23.7%, 14.9% and 7.9% cases respectively. During index hospitalization, development of cardiogenic shock (27.19% vs 11.54%), heart failure (23.68% vs 9.62%) and significant arrhythmias were significantly higher in fQRS group (42.10% vs 11.53%, p&lt;0.05). Although mean duration of hospitalization was similar in both groups (p&gt;0.05), but in-hospital mortality was higher in fQRS group (11.40% vs 3.85%, p&lt;0.05). Rate of re-hospitalization was significantly higher in patients with fQRS complex (21.69% vs 7.29% p&lt;0.05). Overall mortality within 30 days of index hospitalization follow-up also differs significantly in presence of fQRS complex (19.81% vs 5.2%; p =0.006). Conclusion: Presence of fQRS complex is associated with adverse short-term outcome in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction. Hence, these patients need more aggressive and early invasive treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality. Bangladesh Heart Journal 2024; 39(2); 93-101

Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccines side effects among health care workers in Kirkuk City, Iraq

Frequent local and general side effects were revealed after vaccination with COVID-19 vaccine, which played a role in public confidence in and acceptance of the vaccine since the evidence source for the safety of the vaccines and their side effects were exclusively provided only from manufacturer-funded researches. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccines side effects among health care workers in Kirkuk City, Iraq. This cross-sectional study was done in governmental hospitals in Kirkuk City/Iraq from May 7, 2022 to August 15, 2022 among 373 healthcare workers (only those who were vaccinated with the COVID-19 vaccine). The data were analyzed through the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) program version 23.0. Total of 246 (66%) healthcare workers experienced at least one side effect following the COVID-19 vaccination. Reported side effects among females were higher (70.1%) than males (60.4%) and they were a little higher (67.2%) among participants with age ≤40 years. The most repeated side effects were general fatigue, injection site pain, and headache. In conclusion the majority of the reported side effects were mild to moderate in severity and not considered life-threatening. The rate of COVID-19 side effects was lower among the participants who received Sinopharm's COVID-19 vaccine in comparison to others vaccines.

Consumer Adoption of Mobile Payment Systems: A Lens Into Smartphone‐Enabled Tourism

ABSTRACTThis research examines the factors influencing the success or failure of mobile payment systems (MPSs) in the travel sector. The research makes use of components from innovation resistance theory (IRT), coping theory (CP), and the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT 2). The data were gathered from 503 travelers in Malaysia, and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and SmartPLS were used to analyze the data. Usage, risk, and tradition barriers from IRT significantly influenced tourists' intention to use MPS. Furthermore, all direct hypotheses for CP components were supported, except for the mediating role of satisfaction. Additionally, effort expectancy, hedonic motivation, and habit (UTAUT 2) were identified as critical factors shaping tourists' intention to use MPS. These findings are crucial for tourist operators, banks, and governmental agencies to facilitate smooth and trackable financial transactions in the travel and tourism sector.

Perception of Student Readiness in Mastering Core Skills of the Malaysian Skills Certificate / Persepsi Kesediaan Penguasaan Pelajar Dalam Kemahiran Teras Sijil Kemahiran Malaysia

The Malaysian Skills Certification (SKM) is implemented as a formal certificate of recognition for individuals who demonstrate the ability acquired or practiced efficiently to perform a task. Among the aspects emphasized in Malaysian skills certification are core abilities. Therefore, this study aims to look at the perception of students' mastery readiness of core abilities among students of the Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education (FPTV), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey research design. Using a questionnaire instrument based on SKM level 3 core skills assessment module which consists of six elements namely effective communication, information technology awareness, leadership skills, workplace ethics, administrative skills and health, safety and environmental implementation awareness. The study sample consisted of 92 final year students from General Machining, Building Construction, Catering, Welding &amp; Metal Fabrication, Electrical &amp; Electronics, Creative Multimedia and Refrigeration &amp; Air Conditioning courses. The study's results underwent analysis via the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. This analysis encompassed both descriptive techniques, such as percentages, means, and standard deviations, as well as inferential methods, including T-tests and ANOVA. The study's findings indicate that FPTV students' perception of their readiness to master the core abilities required for Malaysian skills certification is notably high. Therefore, students who will take the SKM verification will be at a high level of mastery readiness. These skills are essential to create a highly skilled workforce that has mastered technical skills as well as core skills.

Exploring the Effects of Deforestation on Communities Living Style: A Sociological Study in Indus Riverine Areas of Dera Ghazi Khan

Deforestation is the eradication of trees, clearing of plants, or burning of forests on a large scale to accomplish all the local, regional, and global needs of the expanding population. Climate change has severely influenced both the development of human lifestyles and existence, together with food scarcity, wildlife destruction, and risky meteorological conditions problems. A total sample sizes of 225 citizens were selected from District Dera Ghazi Khan. In the first stage, 3 Tehsils of District Dera Ghazi Khan e.g. (Dera Ghazi Khan, Kot Chutta, &amp; Taunsa,) were selected. In the second stage, 3 riverside union councils were selected from each Tehsil through a convenient sampling technique. In the third stage, 25 citizens were selected from each union council. Data was collected through an interview schedule and examined by ‘The Statistical Package for Social Sciences’ (SPSS). Obtained results indicate that deforestation increases in the community (99.1%) and climate change also happens in the community (99.1%) deforestation is one of the major causes of climate change (99.6%) and climate change is due to deforestation (100%). It was concluded that negative impact of deforestation on the local ecosystem (95.6%); deforestation caused air and water pollution in the community (99.6%); deforestation increases the frequency and severity of natural disasters in the region (96%); deforestation changes in the landscape, such as soil erosion or changes in the flow of rivers (95.5%); the forests are mitigating in climate change and preserving biodiversity (96.4%). The bivariate analysis showed that more will be deforestation vs more will be climate change; more will be negative impact on the local eco-system. So, all the hypothesis results are accepted after the analysis of the data.

Fertility status and depression: A case-control study among women in Herat, Afghanistan.

On a global scale, an estimated 17.5% of the reproductive-aged population experiences clinical infertility. Beyond its categorization as a reproductive health concern, infertility emerges as a substantial independent risk factor for the development of various mental health disorders. The current study aims to investigate the prevalence of depression among women experiencing infertility compared to fertile women in Herat city, Afghanistan. This hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Herat city, Afghanistan, during the latter half of 2023 on women aged 15-49. Sociodemographic and infertility data were gathered by a gynecologist using a structured questionnaire with 14 items. Assessment of depression employed the Dari-translated version of the Patient Health Questionnaire. The data were scored and categorized following the instrument's guidelines. To examine the association between categorical variables, a chi-square test was conducted, with a significance level set at 0.05 for all analyses. These statistical procedures were performed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 27. Our investigation revealed a statistically significant association (p < 0.001) between infertility and depression. Infertility was associated with a markedly increased risk of depression, as evidenced by a prevalence of 79.0% in infertile women compared to 44.4% in fertile women. The study found a link between depression, health, and nutritional status in both infertile and fertile participants. Notably, within the infertile group, the longer a woman struggled with infertility, the more likely she was to experience depression. Given the substantial prevalence and important correlates of depression among infertile women in Herat, Afghanistan, it is imperative for policymakers, mental health professionals, and gynecologists to specifically address the mental well-being of this vulnerable population.

The Role of Recast and Metalinguistic Feedback on Essay Writing: Pakistani Students Perspective

This study investigates the comparative study which concentrates on the impact of the two types of feedback: recast vs. metalinguistic, as an intervention in second language writing in English in Pakistan to reduce error essay writing. Written corrective feedback is a process which is introduced by educationists and psychologists which attracts the attention of the learner and stimulates him to improve his cognition by the direction given by teachers. Mixed method is used to evaluate the effect of these two types of feedback at intermediate level in Pakistan. Quasi experimental method was used to evaluate the development of the student in the destined writing by using test in the form of pre-test and post-test. The problems which are persisted in the text are exposed in the interviews that had paid little attention to the feedback comments. The collected data is analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The finding reveals an overall effect indicating the written corrective feedback has a potential to enhance the second language writing grammatical accuracy. The results of this study highlights that metalinguistic feedback is more efficacious than its near counterpart recast.

Household and Environmental Typhoid Fever Transmission in Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia: A Case-Control Study

Introduction: Typhoid fever is an endemic disease that causes substantial morbidity and mortality in low and middle-income countries. A case-control study was conducted to understand the risk factors for typhoid fever. Methods: A case-control method to compare past exposure between participants who had typhoid fever (cases) and participants who did not have typhoid fever (controls) after obtaining ethical approval (No. 244/KEPK-TJK/III/2023). We identified and surveyed patients with typhoid fever confirmed by blood culture. Control subjects were randomly selected neighbors of cases with no history of typhoid fever. Both cases and controls were interviewed at home. A structured observation of their living environment was performed. Multivariable analysis was applied using logistic regression and odds ratio to evaluate the relationship between exposure and risk of typhoid fever. Data collected was entered into Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) after being checked for completeness, edited, and coded. Results: The study found that typhoid fever was significantly associated with not washing hands with soap (Adjusted Odds Ratio [OR] = 6.08; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 2.43 - 15.21), eating unwashed raw vegetables (AOR=4.63; 95% CI 1.62 - 11.73); eating mobile food (AOR= 10.89; 95% CI 4.08 - 29.05); eating street food (AOR=3.28; 95% CI 1.27 - 8.45); no access to safe drinking water (AOR=6.08; 95% CI 2.11 - 17.52); no access to healthy latrines (AOR=3.59; 95% CI 1.47 - 8.78).Conclusions: The study found that typhoid fever was associated with inadequate food and personal hygiene, and poor housing.

Structural Modeling of Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Food Handlers in Highway Tourist Stop-Over Food Service Establishments in Uganda

The study examines the socio-demographic characteristics, food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices of food handlers in highway tourist stop-over food service establishments in Uganda. The study further explores the relationship between the above factors using the Structural Equation Model (SEM). Understanding food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices of food handlers can inform future interventions toward food safety assurance in food service establishments. The study used a cross-sectional design and data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22 and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS). Approximately half of the respondents had adequate knowledge of food safety and good practices. The results from SEM confirmed that food safety knowledge significantly affected practices (β= 0.37 p&lt;0.05), attitude insignificantly, and negatively affected practices (β= -0.04 p&gt;0.05). Only 13.3% of the changes in practices were explained by the knowledge and attitudes of the respondents (R-squared 0.133). The majority of the food handlers were males, had experience of more than 2 years, attended food safety training, and had limited knowledge about Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP). The study is the first of its kind in Uganda. The findings suggest that future interventions should look beyond food safety knowledge and attitudes of the food handlers in food safety assurance efforts.

Mobile solution and chronic diseases: development and implementation of a mobile application and digital platform for collecting, analyzing data, monitoring and managing health care

BackgroundTechnological advances based on mobile health (mHealth), the field of digital health (eHealth) aimed at managing health services and care and their concomitant transformations, have become increasingly important in the 21st century. In this context, care for individuals diagnosed with Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (CNCDs) deserves to be highlighted. The aim of this study is to present the creation, development and implementation of the Telehealth Center of the Federal University of Viçosa (NUTELES - UFV), for the monitoring and management of health care for individuals with Arterial Hypertension (AH) and/or Diabetes Mellitus (DM).MethodsThis study, carried out in 2022 and 2023, involved 374 patients diagnosed with AH and/or DM in the health micro-region of Viçosa/MG, Brazil, comprising nine municipalities. The research aims to describe the creation, development and implementation of a software (NutelesApp) for the collection, storage, management and analysis of epidemiological research in public health, focusing specifically, on the monitoring and management of health care for individuals with AH and/or DM monitored by Primary Health Care (PHC). The parameters collected and analyzed were obtained through a questionnaire applied to patients, consisting of 70 questions, subdivided into 12 classes of questions. The epidemiological survey data was collected using mobile devices and analyzed using computer techniques based on statistical analysis. Once the field teams had completed their work, the files were transferred to servers for general analysis processing, using estimates of means, prevalence and respective standard errors, calculated using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) program, which takes into account the planning variables and includes the basic weights resulting from the sampling process. This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee and registered, prior to recruitment, by the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC), ID: RBR-45hqzmf (Last approval date: 11/30/2022).ResultsThe information obtained through data collection with subsequent exploratory analysis of epidemiological data using the NutelesApp software suggests that mobile applications intended for the purpose of monitoring and managing healthcare for people with AH and/or DM should address the variables necessary to support a process of understanding the health conditions and/or disease of the individual as a whole and provide short- and long-term learning. Regarding the results of the survey using the software, the variables of 374 people were analyzed. Majority are female (73.2%) and white (43.5%). Most patients are elderly (average 64 years), with blood pressure levels within the normal range for this population, BMI indicates overweight, AC increased risk for cardiovascular events and CC within the recommendation value. All biochemical parameters analyzed were above normal limits.ConclusionsThe description of the creation and development of the software includes practical examples of its implementation, the results collected and its applicability in real scenarios, presenting determining criteria that can provide assertive and timely interventions for monitoring and managing the health and/or disease parameters of patients with HA and/or DM. In addition, the beneficial consequences of using this application will extend to health units and their respective management, improving the services provided by PHC and enhancing strategies and actions for health promotion and disease prevention.

An Assessment of Psychological Distress among Fatherless Students in Secondary Schools in Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria

This study investigates the effects of psychological distress among fatherless secondary school students in Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi, Nigeria. Through a descriptive survey design, data was collected from a sample of fatherless senior secondary school students, considering factors such as anxiety, depression, and emotional stability. The findings suggest a significant effect of psychological distress among fatherless students in Birnin Kebbi Secondary Schools. The results underscore the need for targeted interventions to address the multifaceted challenges fatherless students face in this context. The study population consisted of 2595 people and a purpose-sampling technique was used to sample 413 respondents. The study used self-designed questionnaires tagged Psychological Stress Questionnaire (PDQ) to collect data. The content validity of the research instruments was done by experts in the field of Measurement and evaluation and the reliability of the instrument was obtained through the test-retest method hence reliability coefficient of 0.78. The study used descriptive statistics to answer research questions while the corresponding hypothesis was tested with Chi-square using the application of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21.0. The results of the analysis indicated, among others, that the level of psychological distress affects fatherless students psychologically and also can affect their well-being and their level of concentration in school. The study concluded that providing social support will improve their well-being and give them opportunities to improve their well-being and their concentration in school. Approaching the effect will have a great impact to our society.

Effectiveness of Literacy and Numeracy Drive Application An Analytical Study Based on Teachers’ Perceptions and Students’ Learning Achievements in Punjab

The study’s objective was to discover head teachers’ and teachers’ perceptions about the role and students’ achievement trends in Literacy and Numeracy Drive (LND) data in mathematics and English except Urdu. LND as an application was a step taken by the Government of Punjab, Pakistan, which started in 2015 and continues in the government primary section schools for grade three students of the province. The population comprised all primary section heads and teachers in 53 boy’s public schools, consisting of 390 head teachers and teachers using a stratified sampling technique. The study’s nature was quantitative and involved a survey method for data collection. The achievements of students’ trends were analysed. The data collected were analysed using Mean as statistics with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The data revealed that head teachers and teachers have positive perceptions of English and mathematics, with high perceptions of mathematics. The students’ trends were also more positive in mathematics. It was recommended that mathematics in LND is more favourable than English. A study may be conducted for boys and girls separately by considering all three subjects of LND in Punjab province.

MENTAL HEALTH AND COVID-19 PANDEMIC: SURVEY ON URBAN ESTATE POPULATION OF PATIALA DISTRICT

Objective: This study aimed to assess the mental health of students, private employees, and government employees in Punjab, India during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this study can aid healthcare professionals and policymakers in creating effective policies that promote mental well-being in the general population.Abstract: This research aimed to assess the mental health status of students, government employees, and private employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. To achieve the purpose of the study calculated descriptive statistics, such as the mean and standard deviation. Following this, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to identify any disparities between the groups. Subsequently, a post-hoc test (Scheffe Test) was administered due to unequal group sizes. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Software Version-23 was utilized for all analyses, with a significance level set at 0.05. The study comprised 301 participants (N=301), consisting of 193 male and 108 female subjects. The participants were divided into three categories: government employees, private employees, and students. The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) 2008 was utilized for data collection through a questionnaire survey method. The researcher created a Google form and distributed it to the participants via email and other social media platforms. The collected data was meticulously recorded and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The study found that the mental health status of government employees, private employees, and students did not show significant variations. However, it was discovered that the COVID-19 pandemic had a more substantial impact on the mental health status of students compared to the well-being status of individuals in different professions. In conclusion that students were mostly affected due to the covid 19 lock down, so special considerations should be given towards the mental well-being status of students.

Impact of Pictorial Health Warnings on Cigarette Packs among Current Smokers of Sub-Metropolitan City of Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Pictorial health warning on cigarette packs is one of the strategies undertaken by Nepal Government as per the directive of World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control to control smoking. It has been more than a decade since the introduction of pictorial health warnings on cigarette packs in Nepal. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the pictorial warnings among current smokers of Dharan, Nepal.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among current smokers visiting local shops located near ward offices of Dharan after obtaining ethical approval from Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 204/080/01 -IRC). A structured and validated Nepali questionnaire was used to interview the smokers about the impact of the pictorial warnings based on their noticeability, behavioural and cognitive responses. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. The responses of the participants were tabulated in frequencies and percentages.Results: The pictorial warnings were noticed by 277 (98.93%) participants in past one month out of which 11 (3.93%) smokers had always read or looked closely at them. Smoking less frequently was the behaviour change reported by 70 (25%) participants and smoking less around others was reported by and 56 (20%) participants. In total, 189 (67.50%) smokers had thought about the harms of smoking and 160 (57.14%) had intention to quit smoking due to the pictorial warnings.Conclusions: The pictorial health warnings were not so effective in bringing about changes in smoking behaviour of smokers.