Statistical Package For Social Sciences Research Articles

Linear Programming and Product Mix of Paint Manufacturing Firms in Port Harcourt

This study examined the relationship between linear programming and product mix of paint manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt. This study adopted a correlational survey research design. The population of the study was 10 selected paint manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt as retrieved from Nigerian business directory (2024). 3 managers were selected from each firm multiplied by 10 firms gives us a total of 30 respondents. Structured questionnaire was used in data collection. The result of the Cronbach's Alpha reliability test indicates .804 which is above .70 which implies that the items are reliable. Pearson product moment correlation was used to test the hypotheses using SPSS (statistical package social sciences). The study revealed that there is a significant relationship between Ellipsoid Linear Programming and Product Mix of paint manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt. There is a significant relationship between Graphical method Linear Programming and Product Mix of paint manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt. There is a significant relationship between Simplex Linear Programming and Product Mix of paint manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt. In conclusion, Linear programming is a powerful mathematical tool that can be effectively utilized by paint manufacturing firms in Port Harcourt to optimize their product mix and maximize profits. The paint manufacturing firms should conduct a thorough analysis of market demand for different types of paint products to identify profitable opportunities for product mix optimization.

Readiness, knowledge, and perception towards artificial intelligence of medical students at faculty of medicine, Pelita Harapan University, Indonesia: a cross sectional study

IntroductionArtificial intelligence (AI) enables machines to perform many complicated human skills which require various levels of human intelligence. In the field of medicine, AI helps physicians in making diagnoses and treatments for patients with more efficiency, accuracy, and precision. In order to prepare medical students who are the future healthcare workforce, it is important to enhance their readiness, knowledge and perception toward AI. This study aims to assess Pelita Harapan University (PHU) medical students’ readiness, knowledge, and perception toward AI.MethodsA quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted to assess respondents’ readiness, knowledge and perception toward AI. An online questionnaire was distributed via Google Forms to all batch of medical students. Medical Artificial Intelligence Readiness Scale for Medical Students (MAIRS-MS) questionnaire was used to evaluate AI readiness, while an adapted questionnaires was used to evaluate knowledge and perception toward AI. Data were then analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0.ResultsA total of 650 respondents were included in this study. Most respondents were in pre-clinical phase (88%) while the remaining were in clinical phase (12%). Overall, the total mean score for AI readiness was 73.34 of 100. Respondents had a mean score 24.52 ± 5.26 of 40, 27.78 ± 4.65 of 40, 10.57 ± 2.07 of 15, and 10.47 ± 2.00 of 15 in the cognitive, ability, vision, and ethics domain respectively. Generally, respondents had sufficient knowledge and positive perception toward AI. There were also significant correlation between readiness and knowledge with gender, having studied coding previously in high school, and having family or close friends working in AI field. Social media also had a good influence on enchancing readiness in the domain of ability and ethics, and perception towards AI.ConclusionMedical students of PHU mostly showed neutral to favorable response on readiness, knowledge, and perception towards AI. Incorporating AI into high school and medical curriculum is an important step to prepare medical students’ encounter and partnership with AI as the future workforce in medicine.

Factors Affecting Application of Modern Agrochemicals and Observance of Pre-Harvest Interval in Khat, Catha edulis (Miraa) Crops in Igembe South Sub County

In Kenya, agriculture plays a crucial role in the economic development as well as alleviating poverty in the households. Strengthening the agricultural sector will call for provision of requisite extension services and ensuring necessary agricultural inputs readily available to the farmers. Evidently, agrochemicals have boosted agricultural productivity over time. Categorized broadly as fertilizers and pesticides, agrochemicals were introduced to enhance crop yields and minimize crop losses due to soil infertility, pests, and diseases. However, use of agrochemicals has been associated with various issues including effects on the environment and specifically, problems related to human health, biodiversity, and the entire ecosystem. Thus, this study investigated factors affecting application of modern agrochemicals and the observance of Pre-Harvest Interval (PHI) in Khat (Miraa) crops protection in Igembe south sub county. The specific objectives that guided the study were to investigate the effect of environmental factors on application of agrochemicals in Khat (Miraa) crops protection and whether farmers observed recommended Pre-Harvest Interval in application of agrochemicals in Khat (Miraa) crops protection in Igembe south sub county. A descriptive research design was utilized with a target population comprising Khat (Miraa) farmers in Igembe south sub county. Purposive sampling technique was adopted in selecting the sample. Stratified sampling was adopted in selecting individual respondents from the various wards to with the strata being the ward. Yamane (1967) formula was utilized to estimate the sample size of 399 respondents. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire with a response rate of 79.4%. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and presented in figures and tables. From the analysis, the correlation between environmental factors in the application of modern agrochemicals and the protection of Khat (Miraa) crops was positive and statistically significant (?=0.546, P=0.000). The regression coefficient of environmental factors in the model was positive (r=.221) and statistically significant (P=0.000). Based on the calculated averages and PHI risk factors, majority of the farmers are categorized as high risk or very high-risk users of agrochemicals. Further statistical analysis indicated that the coefficient of the risk factor is positive (r=0.572) and statistically significant (P=0.000). Therefore, the risk factor in observance of the PHI has a significant effect on the number of farmers using specific agrochemicals. The study concluded that environmental factors and non-observance of recommended PHI, positively and significantly affects the protection of Khat (Miraa) crops. The study recommends targeted extension to sensitize Khat (Miraa) growers on importance of observing recommended PHI. Finally, the study recommends that the national and county governments ought to formulate policy guidelines that identify agrochemicals suitable in Miraa crops protection, the recommended application rates, and Pre-Harvest Intervals.

Evaluation of Serum Electrolytes among Geriatric and Non-Geriatric Men in Osisoma, ABA, Nigeria

Background: Ageing is a progressive development associated with a decline in the physiological functions, which increases susceptibility to organ dysfunction (especially the kidney) in geriatrics. This facilitates the risk of electrolyte imbalance, as the kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining these electrolyte concentration. Aim: This was a cross-sectional study designed to evaluate serum sodium ( ), potassium ( ), chloride ( ), and bicarbonate ( ) levels, and understand their prevalence among apparently healthy geriatric and non-geriatric men residing in Osisoma, Aba. Methodology: A total of 100 apparently healthy participants were enrolled for this study, comprising of 50 geriatric men aged 65 years and above, and 50 non-geriatric men aged 20-30 years. From both groups, serum samples were used for the analyses of sodium ( ), potassium ( ), chloride ( ), and bicarbonate ( ) using Spectrophotometer. The data obtained was analyzed statistically using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 25), student’s t-test, one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), pearson correlation coefficient and P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean values of sodium (136.6+3.9mmol/L), potassium (3.9+0.5mmol/L), chloride (100.2+3.9mmol/L) and bicarbonate (24.4+4.3 mmol/L) levels in geriatric subjects showed no statistical significant difference (P > 0.05) when compared to the mean values of sodium (136.9+2.3 mmol/L), potassium (3.9+0.4 mmol/L), chloride (100.8+2.8 mmol/L) and bicarbonate (24.9+3.9 mmol/L) in non-geriatric subjects. The study also revealed a significant difference (P = 0.001) in the mean value of bicarbonate (24.8+4.3 mmol/L; 25.8+1.9mmol/L, and 18.1 +3.3 mmol/L) among geriatric subjects, when compared based on age range using ANOVA. There was a significant negative correlation between the ages and bicarbonate levels (r = -0.4, P = 0.008), a non-significant positive correlation between ages and sodium levels (r = 0.1, P = 0.498), and chloride levels (r = 0.2, P = 0.125), and a non-significant negative correlation between the ages and potassium levels (r = -0.1, P = 0.691) in geriatric subjects. Conclusion: The result from this study showed no significant alteration of serum electrolytes between geriatric and non-geriatric subjects, and a significant alteration of bicarbonate levels among the geriatric subjects. This present study has shown that ageing without any comorbidities has lesser effect on serum electrolytes.

Introducing the World Health Organization Labour Care Guide in Nigeria: Knowledge, Perceptions, and Impediments by Doctors and Nurses at 3-Tier Hospitals in Enugu, Nigeria

Abstract Context: It is speculated that obstetrics health workers in Nigeria may be lacking adequate knowledge of the Labour Care Guide (LCG) tool. Aim: To determine the awareness, level of knowledge, perceptions, and impediments toward use of the LCG tool for management of labor by doctors and nurses in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This is a mixed-method study of 201 doctors and nurses at six selected health facilities in Enugu, Nigeria, over a 1-month period. For the quantitative component of the study, eligible and consenting participants were randomly selected and interviewed using a pretested questionnaire, while for the qualitative component, the six heads of labor ward nurses were purposively selected and in-depth interview conducted on the use, reasons for nonuse, and impediments to the use of LCG. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows, version 24.0 (Armonk, NY) for quantitative data. It was descriptive and inferential. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. For qualitative data, thematic analysis was done. Result: A total of 168 (83.6%) were aware of LCG; 60 (35.7%) had poor knowledge (mean score: 20.1 ± 7.5), and 89 (53.0%) had negative perception (mean score: 0.11 ± 0.11). Impediments to LCG use included being time-consuming, insufficient manpower, insufficient knowledge, and lack of training. Negative perception was associated with poor knowledge of LCG (P < 0.001, AOR =60.9, CI =13.9-267.1). Conclusion: One in three obstetric care workers has poor knowledge of LCG in labor care. We recommend creating training opportunities for them at all levels of healthcare on the use of LCG.

Examining the Success Rates in Licensure Examination for Teachers: A Quantitative Focus on Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) Graduates

This study examines the success rates of Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEEd) graduates from Sultan Kudarat State University (SKSU) – Kalamansig Campus in the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET). This study utilized the descriptive-comparative research design that compares two variables to describe the differences. The study's respondents were the Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEEd) graduates of Sultan Kudarat State University – Kalamansig Campus who took the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) for elementary level from 2018 – 2023. The respondents were selected using the purposive sampling method, with 185 respondents. The data were analyzed using the t-test for paired samples, and the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyze the t-test. The study compares the overall passing percentage with national averages and analyzes the General Education and Professional Education scores. The findings indicate fluctuating performance, with BEED graduates performing better in General Education than in Professional Education. Despite a higher mean passing percentage than the national average, the study highlights the need for continuous improvement in curriculum and teaching strategies to enhance LET outcomes. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on exam preparation and administration is also discussed. Recommendations are provided for educational stakeholders to adopt innovative teaching methods and improve faculty development to increase licensure examination success rates

Factors Influencing Civil Servants' Perceptions of National Health Insurance Schemes: A Case Study of the Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization (TIRDO), Tanzania

In today’s world of modern and ever-changing competitive business environment, workers’ health is central to every organization. This study aimed to assess factors affecting civil servants perception towards national health insurance at Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization (TIRDO) in Tanzania with a sample of 50 respondents from five departments with a total population of 200 people. The study was guided by gap model of service quality as its theoretical framework. A descriptive design was employed using quantitative data collection methods including questionnaires. The study used simple random sampling and purposive sampling to select participants to give answers and explanations concerning the study. Data was analyzed quantitatively using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The responses from both questionnaires was assessed and the tool evaluated for reliability and consistency of responses/answers, the number of participants lost in understanding the meaning of the questions was informed the quality of the testing tool. The findings revealed that factors such as waiting time before offered service, hospital visiting frequency, modality of admission, clients’ attitude towards the service providers, tangibility, reliability and responsiveness highly affected the perception of respondents towards health insurance schemes. It was recommended that civil servants should have an option to choose a health insurance scheme of their choice. There is also a need to establish permanent functional structures of insurance to constantly engage the scheme management, health care providers and subscribers in order to minimize the mistrust and improve uptake of service delivery. The study concluded that factors affecting perception of NHIF users should be worked upon to create good working environment for employees and their wellbeing in general as when they are healthy, then they become productive as they do not have to worry of health circumstances.

Effects of Psychological Skill Training on Motivation and Anxiety Among Male U-17 Project Football Players

Psychological skills training program is effective in enhancing athletes’ performance, positively influencing cognitive and affective states. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Psychological skill training on motivations and anxiety of psychological variables of male Under 17 football project players. The methodology of the study employed an experimental research design. Thirty (30) male football player participants in the study were selected for the football project. The study subjects were randomly divided into two equal groups, the experimental group (n = 15) and the control group (n = 15). The experimental group had taken Psychological skill training intervention for 8 weeks with 3 sessions per week. Both groups had taken pre-post test and all the subjects participated to standard questionnaires. Motivation was measured using the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-28) and anxiety was measured using state-trait anxiety inventory test. The data collected from the study subjects was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, version 25) software by descriptive and inferential statistics, at a significant level of 0.05. Results showed Psychological skill training significantly improved the stated variables motivations and anxiety in the experimental group at (p<0.05). Furthermore, no more significant differences were found in both of the variables in the control group (p>0.05). Based on this finding, it can be concluded that Psychological skill training has a positive impact on the improvement of motivations and anxiety of psychological variables. Therefore, Psychological skill training is suggested for adolescent-age football players to improve psychological preparedness for athletic performance.

Compare and Contrast of Knowledge Sharing in Virtual Teams in IT Companies and Manufacturing Industries using the Theory of Planned Behavior

The purpose of this research work is to Compare and Contrast of Knowledge Sharing in Virtual teams in IT companies and Manufacturing industries Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. In this research study, we understand the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) Models with Structural Equation Modeling Methodology. In this research study, we use TOOLS like IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), IBM AMOS, TABLEAU. Scope of Virtual Teams Though virtual teams hope deeply on information and communication technology but it is not just circumscribed to the IT industry. Today almost every industry sector extending from construction, academics, manufacturing, non-profit, automotive and healthcare and to retail are promoting virtual teams. From corner to corner of the world, on one hand loftier organizations like Hewlett Packard, Whirlpool, Texas Instruments, British Petroleum etc with their gigantic possessions and proficiencies fascinated on the doles of virtual teams to strengthen their efficiency and services to customer. Fundamentally all principal occupations or job roles like Research and development, engineering, finance, sales, logistics, business development and Human resources can be consummated in a virtual atmosphere. As Covid 19 affected the globe and made a huge loss, virtual teams supported the tantrum hence letting the company employees not to fail in performing their job roles.

Influence of Most Violated Children's Rights on Student’s Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Ugunja Sub-County, Kenya

This study explored the influence of student rights awareness on academic performance in public secondary schools in Ugunja Sub-County, Kenya. It is established the most violated children's rights and their influence on academic performance in Ugunja Sub-county Public Secondary Schools. The study targeted Ugunja Sub-County Director of Education, 25 School Principals, 393 teachers, and 15,502 students enrolled in Secondary Schools in this Sub-County. This research was anchored on Mathew Kramer's Best interest theory of a child that advocates for maximum protection of the best interest of a child. A descriptive survey design was adopted. Slovin's formula was applied to obtain a sample size of 390 participants. Questionnaires and interview schedules were employed as the research instrument. Their validity was tested through sharing and getting views from members of the cohort. Split-half method was featured in testing the reliability of research instruments by determining the correlation between scores for both halves. The quantitative data from the questionnaires was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science [SPSS] version 20.1. This data was then presented using tables, graphs, pie charts, frequency distribution and percentages so as to make it easily understood. Qualitative data generated from the interview schedules involving the Sub-county Director of Education and Principals was analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings revealed that a total of 97% of students of both gender claimed that there was child right violation in their schools. They were supported with 90% of teachers and 100% of the key respondents (Principals/SCDE). The most commonly violated rights according to both teachers and students was through corporal punishment, bullying, sexual harassment and proper use of school resources where some learners said that they were denied the proper use of some school items such as computers and laboratory apparatus. Other rights that they were denied include, right to play, freedom of expression and discrimination in terms of colour and religion, thus affected the academic performance of the students in secondary schools. It was clear from the study that most teachers and students were aware of the students’ rights, but they were ignorant of the consequences of violating the rights. The research concluded that, among the most commonly violated rights that the study found out were in form of corporal punishment, sexual harassment and cases of bullying respectively. The main sources of children rights in Ugunja Sub-county were television/radio, school and church. There was an observation that none of the sampled schools had posters against child right violation within their compounds. It came out clearly from this study that violation of student’s rights lead to poor academic performance. The study recommended that government should ensure that there are copies of children right act booklets provided to Public secondary schools so that each learner can have a copy as a reference material, Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development should incorporate topics that deal with children rights in the syllabus so that learners can as well acquire information progressively, the school administration should introduce clubs and societies that address student rights. Students can be guided to be active members of the clubs.

THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING TEACHER ENROLLMENT IN UNDERGRADUATE AND POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMMES IN ZAMBIA

The study focused on the socio-economic factors influencing teacher enrolment in undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in Zambia. It employed Human Capital Theory and a mixed-methods approach. A sequential exploratory research design was adopted for the current study. Data were collected from six provinces and comprised a total of 240 respondents. A questionnaire and interview guide were used to collect data. Qualitative data underwent thematic analysis, while quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to generate frequencies and percentages. Multiple regression and T-test were also used to test the hypothesis. The study reveals that socio-economic factors significantly influence teacher enrolment in education programs in Zambia. Key factors such as Economic Affordability (EA) and Availability of Scholarships (AS) are highly influential, as shown by multiple regression analysis indicating significant positive relationships (EA: β=0.597, p=0.016; AS: β=0.418, p=0.004). Other significant factors include Socio-economic Background of Teachers (SBT: β=0.665, p=0.033), Government Support Programmes (GSP: β=0.316, p=0.002), Perception of Career Advancement Opportunities (PCAO: β=0.798, p=0.000), Study Leave Opportunities (SLO: β=0.676, p=0.037), Cultural and Social Norms (CSN: β=0.227, p=0.009), and Family Support and Responsibilities (FSR: β=0.612, p=0.000). Challenges such as financial constraints, lack of government support, and work-life balance were identified as significant barriers to enrolments in postgraduate programmes. Recommendations included: implementing financial support, offering flexible learning options, promoting the benefits of further education, and establishing support networks with mentorship.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0815/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Comparison of the effects of dry needling and spinal manipulative therapy versus spinal manipulative therapy alone on functional disability and endurance in patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain: An experimental study.

Low back pain (LBP) is a global musculoskeletal ailment. Over the past few years, dry needling (DN) has garnered interest from both physical therapists and patients. Physical therapy commonly employs spinal manipulation to alleviate persistent LBP and other musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of spinal manipulation alone and in combination with DN on functional disability and endurance in individuals suffering from chronic nonspecific LBP. Patients of both genders who had chronic nonspecific LBP and who had not received physical therapy within the last 3 months were included in this single-blind, randomized controlled trial using purposive sampling. All participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental (SMT + DN) or control (SMT alone) group using computer-generated random numbers. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. For between-group comparisons, the Mann-Whitney U test was used. A P-value < .05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. The analysis of the difference between the 2 groups revealed that the mean ± standard deviation (SD) for the SMT alone group was 16.09 ± 3.963 at baseline and 12.66 ± 3.801 at 8 weeks, whereas for the DN + ST group, it was 13.67 ± 3.904 at baseline and 10.92 ± 3.534 at 8 weeks, with a P-value of .003. Thus, the RMDQ score improved gradually in both groups, and the mean endurance score reported for the ST group was 2.5 to 4.5, while that reported for the DN + ST group was 3.1 to 5.1. The results of this study showed that both therapies effectively reduced LBP. When comparing the effects of spinal manipulation alone to those of spinal manipulation combined with DN, the latter showed significantly greater benefits.

Effect of Budget Process Reforms on Government Infrastructural Projects Success at the Ministry of Roads and Transport in Kenya

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine effect of budget process reforms on government infrastructural projects success at the Ministry of Roads and Transport in Kenya Methodology: The descriptive type of survey research design was utilized with the population targeted being 6 staff members at the Ministry of Roads and Transport, 27 budget and appropriation committee members at the parliamentary committee and 8 Parliamentary Budget Office members (PBO) and 3 senior officials from the Kenya National Highway Authority. Census sampling technique was employed to reach the sample size. Hence, all the 44 respondents were involved in the study. A questionnaire was employed to gather information and quantitative techniques adopted for analysis. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire was tested and it had an overall Cronbach Alpha of 0.826. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 21) was integrated to code information gotten from the questionnaires and summarized into percentages and frequencies. The summary was then outlined in pie charts, figures, and tables. Findings: From the analysis, the study found that the major budget reform processes include accountability, enhancing public participation, and strengthening enforcement. The study established that budget reform process had a statistically significant influence on the success of government infrastructural project success. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: System theory can be used to anchor future studies on effect of budget process reforms on government infrastructural projects success at the Ministry of Roads and Transport in Kenya. Accountability measures should be introduced and the relevant bodies held responsible for any mishaps in the project implementation process. It was suggested that there is a need for further studies to be conducted to examine other factors impacting the government infrastructural projects success.

Effect of County Government Strategies in the Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Plastic Waste in Lodwar Town, Turkana County Kenya

Plastic waste management has become a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of many developing countries. Economic growth and population increase in the developing countries in recent years has caused an increase in utilization of natural resources that has led to unprecedented plastic waste generation. The uncontrolled plastic waste disposal has become a challenge in Africa and other developing countries due to insufficient or lack of human and financial capacities to remedy the situation. This study investigated the effect of county governments’ strategies in place in the collection, transportation and disposal of plastic waste in Lodwar town, turkana county Kenya. A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used. purposive sampling was used to select 345 respondents from Lodwar town and the county government employees including key informants from public health department at the county was adopted. Data were then analyzed for descriptive statistics with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. The study findings showed that majority (78.6%) of the residents disagreed that there is reselling of plastic materials to avoid generation of wastage. Further majority (38%) also disagreed that they are reusing the plastics for other purposes in their households. Additionally, majority (55.9%) still disagreed that the municipality has recycling company, which has assisted in plastic material recycling. However, on the other hand majority (71.6%) of the residents were not aware if there is a new technological recycling machine in the county. The study revealed that majority of the respondents disagreed that there are waste collectors and transporters in the town (mean= 1.95, standard deviation=0.99). Majority of the respondents disagreed that the municipality have recycling company which has assisted in plastic material recycling (Mean=1.51, standard deviation=0.89). Majority of the residents strongly agreed that handling plastic waste in Lodwar municipality is of great concern (Mean=4.59, standard deviation=0.84). The study concluded planning and coordination have a significant effect on plastic waste handling in Lodwar municipality. There are no enough waste collectors and transporters in the town also Municipality has no clear waste management guideline/policy. Recycling methods have a significant effect on plastic waste handling in Lodwar municipality. The study recommended that the municipality administration should come up with waste management guideline/policy that will ensure efficient and reliable wastage handling.

Assessment of Species-Based Ecosystem Services and Its Usefulness in Forest-Savanna Ecological Zone

Forest ecosystems are the main species rich ecosystem on earth, having a significant role in the provision of massive benefits to the populace who depended on them for sustenance. This study aimed at assessing the forest provisioning ecosystem service and use in Ihiala Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. The objectives of this study include the identification of forest provisioning ecosystem services and their uses, people’s dependence for livelihood and quantity of ecosystem services supplied by community forests. Stratified sampling technique was used to select 8 sampled communities while Nikolopoulou convenience sampling technique was adopted for selecting sampling size of 200 persons. Also, 31 key informants were interviewed across the study area. The responses from the entire sampled questionnaire and interview were analyzed using Microsoft excel and statistical package for social sciences. The study revealed that a good number of the forest resources such as Elaeis guineensis, Garcinia kola, Bambusa vulgaris, Azadirachta indica and Brophyllum pinnatum have multiple uses. The result also revealed that the nature of forest determines the quantity of ecosystem service benefits supplied. Hence, those community forests with weak policies supply less than 40% of resources because their traditional laws of entering and harvesting forest resources are no longer effective, while those with strong policies like restriction into their sacred groves, forest reserves and swampy forests supply above 40%. The chi-square value of 352.873 with 28 degrees of freedom (DF) proved that there is strong relationship between the nature of forest and the quantity of ecosystem services provided. This research concludes that forest ecosystem in Ihiala L.G.A, supplies a wide variety of plant and animal species to the populace, which they basically use for timber, firewood, food and medicine. Nonetheless, without alternative and diversified livelihood, the supply is becoming unsustainable. It recommends that since palm tree and its resources are averagely abundant in the study area, there is need to support the establishment of basket making training centre in various communities and as such, make it an attractive skill acquisition programme.

E-Procurement and Performance of Humanitarian United Nation Agencies and Non-Governmental Organizations in South Sudan

Manual procurement processes are expensive in terms of human resource cost, purchasing cost, wastage due to errors of commission or omissions, cause of delay in delivery of goods, services and works which accounts for 40% of losses to inefficiencies, and attracts corruption in the system amongst others. The study was guided by four objectives: To assess the role of e-tendering on performance of humanitarian United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations in South Sudan. To examine effect of e-contract management on performance of humanitarian United Nations agencies non-governmental organizations in South Sudan. To evaluate effect of e-order processing on performance of humanitarian United Nations agencies non-governmental organizations in South Sudan and to explore influence of e-supplier management on performance of humanitarian United Nations agencies non-governmental organizations in South Sudan. The study methodology adopted explanatory research design of cross-sectional type for the population under study. There were over 235 National Non-governmental organizations, 150 International organizations in addition to over 15 United Nations agencies, bringing the total target population to 400 organizations. This study targeted 400 humanitarian organizations operating in South Sudan. Therefore, the sample size of 200 humanitarian organizations operating in South Sudan were selected using stratified random sampling technique. Data was collected using structured questionnaires which was dropped and picked later or emailed. The data collected from two hundred (200) respondents was coded into statistical package of social sciences (IBM SPSS v29) data analysis tool. The researcher covered a total of 20 respondents for pilot testing. Content validity was also conducted while reliability was conducted using Cronbach alpha. The data was presented in inform of graphs, charts, bars for descriptive analysis. Reliability findings indicated that e-tendering had Cronbach Alpha Coefficient of 0.873, e-contract management had 0.852, e-order processing had 0.872, e-supplier management had 0.736, and performance had 0.859. All the variables had Cronbach Alpha Coefficients greater than 0.7 and this denoted that the questionnaire was reliable. Validity findings reported that KMO value was 0.623 which was above the recommended minimum threshold of 0.5. This statistic implies that the statements in the questionnaire were adequate. In addition, results of the Bartlett roundness test yielded a chi-square statistic of 41.373 and a p-value of 0.000&lt;0.05. These statistics indicate that the statements were correlated and therefore suitable for further analysis. The study found that e-tendering, e-contract management, e-order processing, and e-supplier management have a positive and significant relationship with performance. The study hence concluded that e-tendering, e-contract management, e-order processing, and e-supplier management have a positive and significant effect on performance of humanitarian United Nations agencies non-governmental organizations in South Sudan. Based on these findings, the study suggested that all NGOs and humanitarian agencies should ensure they adopt the use of e-platforms in conducting activities relating to procurement. The study also recommends that the policy makers that make policies relating to humanitarian agencies and NGOs should formulate for them a policy that will enable them make use of the e-platform in conducting procurement activities without any limitations.

Level of Maturity in Sustainable Innovation Practices: an Application of the Eco-Mi Model in a Red Ceramics Company

Objective: To identify the level of maturity with sustainable innovation practices of a company in the red ceramics segment in the state of Paraíba, according to the concept and application of the Eco-Mi model. Theoretical Framework: The thematic contextualization recalls the concepts of sustainable development, innovation, sustainability and sustainable innovations. In this sense, (BARBIERI et al., 2010) defends the importance of considering the understanding of sustainable innovation practices, fully incorporated into the company's strategic objectives. The better this relationship between sustainable development through sustainable innovation practices and company objectives is defined, the greater the likelihood of success. Method: This is a descriptive and exploratory study conducted in the form of a case study, using a descriptive statistics approach with quantitative data extracted by applying a questionnaire. The type of sampling is defined as non-probabilistic by intentionality. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) was used to analyze the data. Results and Discussion: The evolution of the level of maturity weighs up quantitative and qualitative aspects, since the author herself, who designed the Eco-Mi Model, warns that there are some limitations, mainly of a qualitative nature due to the participants' self-assessment, since the analysis requires knowledge of strategy, structure, resources and organizational culture. These limitations highlight promising directions for future research and for consolidating the model and spreading knowledge about eco-innovation. Based on the results obtained from the research, it is possible to conclude that it was possible to answer the research problem by showing that, among the 4 dimensions analyzed, the company moves through levels of maturity evolving between scale 2 and 5. The Strategy and Structure dimensions are not satisfactory, and the Resources and Culture dimensions are more satisfactory. In this case, the company needs to review its choices and practices of sustainable innovation, seeking greater homogeneity in the dimensions of the model used. The field of knowledge still offers ample scope for further research and consolidation of the Eco-Mi maturity model. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied to or influence actions in the field of sustainable innovation. These implications can cover the organizational areas of companies in the context of sustainable innovation practices. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature, as the topic of sustainability has incorporated the role of humans as equally responsible as industries, in a way that seeks to balance the relationship between human society (consumption and waste), natural resources, the current mode of production and the socio-economic system. The relevance and value of this research is evidenced by the results of the level of maturity perceived by the four dimensions studied: strategy, structure, resources and culture. The result reflects on the company's performance from the moment it characterizes in detail the levels of maturity according to the Eco-Mi model.

Evaluation of perfusion index to predict hypotension in lower segment caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia

Background: Spinal Anaesthesia is the most popular choice for elective caesarean section. Both general anaesthesia and regional anaesthesia are acceptable techniques for anaesthesia for elective and emergency caesarean sections. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the role of the perfusion index in predicting the incidence of hypotension following spinal anaesthesia in parturients undergoing elective lower segment caesarean sections. Methods: A prospective, observational study was carried out among sixty parturients posted for elective caesarean section. The study was conducted in the operation theatres of Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi. About 60 participants were interviewed for the study. Data were entered and analysed with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version.16. Results: Sixty eligible ASAI (American society of anaesthesiologist’s physical status classification) parturients scheduled for elective caesarean section were divided into two groups pre-operatively after determining their baseline Perfusion Index (PI) as those with PI ≤ 3.5 and those with PI &gt; 3.5 using a Masimo® pulse oximeter probe. When comparing the heart rate at time intervals among the two groups, it became increasingly clear that those with baseline PI &gt; 3.5 had generally higher heart rate especially immediately after the block and at 2nd, 4th, 6th,8th, 10th, 12th, 14th and 20th minutes. Conclusion: The study concludes that a Perfusion Index &gt; 3.5 is associated with a higher incidence of hypotension in lower segment caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. The hemodynamic parameters such as increased heart rate and significantly lower systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures in parturients with baseline PI &gt; 3.5 suggest that these patients have lower baseline SVR and depleted autonomic resilience to hypotension compared to those with baseline PI ≤ 3.5. High BMI seems to be significantly associated with high baseline PI.

School Social Environment and Psychological Wellbeing among Learners in Junior Schools in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya

The study sought to establish the relationship between school social environment and psychological wellbeing among learners in Junior Schools in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. It adopted descriptive survey and correlational research designs. Multistage sampling was used to select 377 respondents comprising of 328 grade 8 learners, 42 grade 8 class teachers and 7 Sub- County Quality Assurance and Standards Officers. Psychometric test instrument, questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect data from sampled respondents. Reliability of the instruments was ascertained through Cronbach analysis of data obtained from a pilot study carried among 53 respondents sampled from the same study area but who were not involved in the actual study. Data was collected from 325 grade eight learners, 41 grade eight class teachers and 5 Sub-County Quality Assurance and Standards Officers (SQASO) in Tharaka Nithi County giving the study a return rate of 98.41%. Qualitative data obtained was analyzed thematically while quantitative data was analyzed descriptively and inferentially with the aid of the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0 computer software. Frequencies and percentages were used to describe the existing relationship between the variables while hypothesis was tested using regression analysis at 95% level of significance. The study established that a positive social relationship between among peers and positive interactions between learners and teachers catalyze the social environment which promotes junior school learners psychological wellbeing. It concluded that the school’s social environment is negatively and significantly related to the psychological wellbeing of junior school learners.The study recommended that management of public junior school in collaboration with other education stakeholders launch and monitor turn-around initiatives aimed at fostering quality school social environment for learners’ improved psychological wellbeing. Areas of focus could include workshops on peer relations, stress management techniques, seminar on teacher-learner interaction, problem-solving techniques, and goal-setting for social and academic success could be part of the initiatives.

RETENTION OF TEACHERS ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KAKAMEGA COUNTY, KENYA

Teachers’ retention in schools has been necessary because it enhances academic attainment. The gist of this study was to evaluate the effect of teachers' retention on students’ academic achievement in public secondary schools in Kakamega County. The study was guided by Education Production Function Theory (EPFT), Theory of Constraint (TOC) and Social Exchange Theory (SET). The target population was 268 public secondary Schools, 1500 teachers, 268 principals and one (1) County staffing officer. The sample size of 30% of the population was deemed to be adequate. The sampling techniques were simple random sampling, stratified sampling and systematic sampling. Data collection procedures were done with the help of administering questionnaires to respondents, document analysis and interview schedules were the major principal instruments used. The validity of the research instruments was assessed with the help of two research supervisors from Kisii University. The reliability of the index of 0.7 for teachers and 0.89 for principals was obtained using a test-retest approach. Data presentation was done with the help of tables, graphs and pie charts. A mixed research method was used. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used for data analysis. Findings revealed that 38 (9.3%) teachers had left on promotion, 240 (59%) voluntarily and 129 involuntarily (31.7%). The study revealed, therefore, that most teachers (over 66%) either left voluntarily or on promotion. The study recommended that since most teachers either left voluntarily or on promotion, this was their right, while others were retained to ensure stability without interference through uncalled-for transfers, which enhanced students’ academic achievement. The study was undertaken by ensuring that ethical considerations for research were put into perspective, such as informed consent from participants and non-usage of unethical language as a means to obtain data from respondents.&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/soc/0764/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;