Inferential Statistical Methods Research Articles

Effect of Teachers’ Competencies on Students' Academic Achievement: A Comparative Analysis of Public and Private Universities, Lahore

Teachers' competencies encompass the essential skills, knowledge, and dispositions that enable educators to effectively enhance students’ learning and academic performance. These competencies play a crucial role in shaping the educational environment by directly influencing students' performances and their overall academic success. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effect of teachers' competencies on the academic performance of students enrolled in public and private universities located in Lahore, Pakistan. The sample surveyed comprised 313 respondents, with 166 being public university students and 147 private university students. Evaluation of Teaching Performance Questionnaire (CEID) measures several dimensions of instructional effectiveness to assess the respective students. A non-probability sampling technique was adopted and the data gathered were analyzed using inferential statistical methods. The results indicated that teacher qualifications and competencies are two of the main factors affecting the improved academic performance of students. Importantly, from a comparative perspective, there is no marked difference between public and private schools in terms of the competencies of instructors. Schools are encouraged to allocate more resources to professional development programs, focusing on enhancing teachers' instructional skills and disciplinary knowledge in areas requiring improvement. Additionally, further research is essential to track changes in teacher training and their potential impact on improving students' academic performance.

Inference under multivariate size-biased sampling

The present research deals with statistical inference for the expectation of a function of a random vector based on biased samples. After highlighting with the help of a motivating example the need for conducting this study, using the concept of multivariate weighted distributions, a consistent and asymptotically normally distributed estimator is proposed and utilized for developing statistical inference. A Monte Carlo study is carried out to examine the performance of the estimator proposed. Finally, the analysis of a real-world data set illustrates the benefits of using the proposed methods for statistical inference.

A true experimental study to assess the effectiveness of juice in relieving constipation among older adults in a selected hospital, Kolar

: Chronic constipation becomes more common as people age, in both genders, although it becomes most common beyond age 60. is commonly used as a potent laxative and as a substance to enhance gastrointestinal motility. can be used as a natural remedy for constipation at affordable prices among old age people.Study aimed to assess the effectiveness of aloeAloe vera juice to relieve constipation among older adults.For the present study, a randomized control trial pretest-posttest design was adopted. Subjects consist of 60 (30 Experimental and 30 Control) older adults from R.L. Jalappa Hospital and Research Centre. The pretest was conducted using the Constipation Assessment Scale (CAS) through the Block Randomization sampling technique in both groups. A freshly prepared juice of 100 milligrams per day was given for 20 days. Posttest was conducted in both experimental and control group after 10, and 20 day. The data gathered were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical method using frequency, percentage, SD, Independent t test, paired t test and RMANOVA with Posthoc test. The dataset comprised 60 elderly patients. In total, the Majority of respondents 70% and 73.3% reported moderate level constipation in the experimental group & and control group during pretest. Constipation scores of no problem during posttest-I was 93.3% & 96% in experimental group during 10 and 20 day. Whereas in control group remains unchanged with moderate and severe constipation scores. Independent “t”test and RMANOVA found to be significant in experimental group. Constipation remains a clinical problem among elderly. There is a significant relationship between effectiveness of juice in relieving constipation among old age people.Furthermore study emphasize that, home remedy based laxatives which are affordable, available aloevera juice are effective to relive constipation among elderly. , Constipation, Old Age

U-Statistic Reduction: Higher-Order Accurate Risk Control and Statistical-Computational Trade-Off

U-statistics play central roles in many statistical learning tools but face the haunting issue of scalability. Despite extensive research on accelerating computation by U-statistic reduction, existing results almost exclusively focused on power analysis. Little work addresses risk control accuracy, which requires distinct and much more challenging techniques. In this paper, we establish the first statistical inference procedure with provably higher-order accurate risk control for incomplete U-statistics. The sharpness of our new result enables us to reveal how risk control accuracy also trades off with speed, for the first time in literature, which complements the well-known variance-speed trade-off. Our general framework converts the challenging and case-by-case analysis for many different designs into a surprisingly principled and routine computation. We conducted comprehensive numerical studies and observed results that validate our theory’s sharpness. Our method also demonstrates effectiveness on real-world data applications.

Analysis of Food Safety Knowledge and Practices Among Food Handlers in Restaurants and Street Food Markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study is aimed at analyzing food safety knowledge and practices among food handlers in restaurants and street food markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Inadequate food handling practices remain a major worldwide health problem and are one of the main causes of food-related diseases. In Bangladesh, where the restaurant business is expanding quickly, food safety must be upheld to stop foodborne illness outbreaks. A cross-sectional study involving 300 street food vendors and restaurant workers was conducted through in-person interviews using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed to analyze the data. The study revealed that while most workers understood basic hygiene practices, critical knowledge gaps persisted. Male workers demonstrated lower food safety knowledge than females (p ≤ 0.01), and higher knowledge scores were associated with both greater education (p ≤ 0.001) and experience (p ≤ 0.05). Workers in fast food establishments showed higher knowledge levels (p ≤ 0.001), and knowledge was more strongly linked to job responsibilities than to training (p ≤ 0.001). In terms of practices, women adhered more closely to food safety guidelines than men (p ≤ 0.05). Age, education, and experience had no significant effects on practice adherence, though fast-food workers exhibited higher compliance (p ≤ 0.05). Training and job responsibilities showed no significant effects on food safety practices. The results demonstrate that there are disparities in food handlers' understanding of food safety, with gaps primarily in the areas of cross-contamination avoidance, personal hygiene, and temperature control. Furthermore, observed practices suggest suboptimal adherence to advised food safety protocols.

Hybrid Generation: Perceptions of social networks among Generation X in Portugal

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the role of social networks in the social lives of Generation X. Often referred to as the “hybrid generation,” individuals in this cohort have experienced both pre-technology and technology-driven worlds. As active participants in social networks, particularly Facebook, Generation X offers a unique perspective. This distinctive characteristic makes them an intriguing case study compared to other generations, especially younger ones. Design/methodology/approachThis study applied a survey consisting of three sections and 18 questions, targeting residents of the metropolitan area of Lisbon, Portugal (N = 390), aged between 40 and 59 years. Participants’ social media use was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. The collected data was then analyzed using statistical inference methods to draw meaningful conclusions. FindingsThe results reveal that Generation X’s perception of social media use is distinctive. While this generation has adapted to the growing ease of using technology, having witnessed its emergence, they still experience some difficulties and challenges in understanding certain functionalities. Originality/valueThese findings are valuable for analyzing the user profile of this generation, as well as understanding the emotions and attitudes associated with social media use among this group.

Exploring the Knowledge and Practices of Buddhist Ethical Principles among High School Students

This study explores the understanding and practice of Buddhist ethical principles—Ahimsa (non-violence), Sacca (truthfulness), Dana (generosity), Khanti (patience), and Karuna (compassion)—among high school students in a diverse setting. The study examines how the values of Buddhism are understood and put into practice by adolescents, through a representative sample of 159 students. A quantitative technique was applied to collect data. For this structured questionnaire was employed with a 5-point Likert scale. The analysis combined both descriptive and inferential statistical methods, specifically the T-test and the One-Way ANOVA test. The results indicated a moderate positive correlation between knowledge and practice of Buddhist ethical principles, implying that although students possess an understanding of Buddhist ethics, this comprehension is not invariably apparent in corresponding behavioral actions. Marginal and insignificant changes in scores regarding demographic factors shed light on how these variables may have a minor impact in nuanced ways on ethical engagement. This study underlines the promise of integrating Buddhist ethics into multicultural educational curricula and calls for an experiential and reflective learning approach to deepen the connection between ethical understanding and application.

Comparison of Tests and Confidence Intervals for Univariate Normal Mean Based on Multiply Imputed Synthetic Data Obtained by Posterior Predictive Sampling

There is a huge literature on data analysis under privacy or confidentiality protection. Among many inferential statistical methods based on parametric models, data analysis based on perturbation of original sensitive data using plug-in and posterior predictive sampling are quite common. In this paper we consider a very basic inferential problem of tests and confidence intervals for a normal mean with unknown variance based on synthetic data obtained from multiple imputations under posterior predictive sampling method. Several methods are suggested and compared. A general expression of the local power of a class of tests is also derived which can be used in a design context to determine a combination of sample size and number of imputations to guarantee a desired level of local power. A measure of privacy protection is derived to demonstrate that privacy would be compromised if too many imputations are released. An application to draw inference about the household earnings, corresponding to a US Census Bureau data, is illustrated.

The influencing green motivation factors on employee performance, employee efficiency, and environmental performance at Schools in Siem Reap Province

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships among Intrinsic Green Motivation, Extrinsic Green Motivation, Employee Performance, Employee Efficiency, and the Environmental Performance of schools. A total of 516 samples were selected using a systematic random sampling technique from three private schools and five public places in Siem Reap province. Primary data were collected through a self-administered survey consisting of 33 closed-ended questions. The data obtained from this questionnaire were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The findings of this study indicate that Intrinsic Green Motivation has a strong positive effect on both Employee Performance and Employee Efficiency. Similarly, Extrinsic Green Motivation also positively influences Employee Performance and Employee Efficiency. Additionally, Employee Performance significantly impacts Employee Efficiency. Finally, Employee Efficiency is shown to have a positive effect on the Environmental Performance of the schools. These results contribute to supporting green theory, motivation, and individual attitudes, ensuring effective implementation of green practices within organizations.

Development of Blockchain Technology in Financial Accounting

This study investigates the transformative potential of blockchain technology in financial accounting by examining its applications, challenges, and implications. The study begins with a review of blockchain’s origins and its ability to address inefficiencies, fraud risks, and transparency limitations in traditional accounting. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining qualitative thematic analysis and quantitative statistical techniques. The qualitative analysis involved thematic coding of data from case studies and organizational reports, while the quantitative analysis assessed financial data using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Eight organizations from diverse industries—including banking, retail, and technology—were purposively sampled to capture varied experiences and applications of blockchain technology. Key findings reveal blockchain’s ability to enhance transparency, efficiency, and security in financial transactions, offering significant advantages for financial reporting and auditing. However, challenges such as regulatory uncertainties, scalability concerns, and technical complexities remain barriers to its widespread adoption. This research provides actionable recommendations to overcome these challenges and maximize blockchain’s benefits in financial accounting. By integrating theoretical insights with empirical evidence, this study contributes to advancing the understanding of blockchain’s role in transforming financial practices, offering practical guidance for academia and industry practitioners alike.

THE IMPACT OF CORPORATE BRAND COMPETITIVENESS AND SERVICE QUALITY ON CUSTOMER LOYALTY IN USING SMART CLASSROOM PRODUCTS: A CASE OF BEIJING ORIENTAL ZHONGYUAN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.

Purpose – This study examines the impact of corporate brand competitiveness and service quality on customer loyalty in the smart classroom products industry. The research aims to fill the gap in the literature by identifying specific factors influencing customer loyalty in this rapidly evolving technological sector.Methodology – The research employed a descriptive design, gathering data with convenience random sampling technique from 400 participants, including teachers, students, and administrative staff. Data was collected via a structured questionnaire that measured corporate brand competitiveness, service quality, and customer loyalty, using a five-point Likert scale. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including regression analysis. Reliability and validity were ensured through rigorous testing of the research instruments.Results – The findings indicate that demographic factors such as gender, age, and education do not significantly impact customer loyalty. However, corporate brand competitiveness, particularly in areas of competitive intelligence, pivotal merits, and communicative capacities, has a substantial influence on customer loyalty. Additionally, service quality, especially in terms of reliability, empathy, and assurance, was found to significantly drive customer loyalty in the smart classroom product market.Implications – The study suggests that companies in the smart classroom sector should focus on enhancing brand competitiveness through market intelligence, strategic communication, and providing high-quality service. These factors are crucial for fostering customer loyalty in a technology-driven educational environment. The insights provided can guide companies in developing strategies that strengthen customer satisfaction and retention.Originality/Value – This research provides new insights into the underexplored area of customer loyalty in the smart classroom products industry, offering valuable recommendations for both academic researchers and industry practitioners.

An experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of lecture cum demonstration on knowledge and practice on basic life support among lay person

: Basic Life Support (BLS) refers to a set of emergency procedures that assist individuals experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress, or airway obstruction. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and other BLS techniques serve as crucial interventions that can save lives in critical situations. Effective training in BLS can empower laypersons to act decisively and appropriately during emergencies. To shed light on the effectiveness of a comprehensive BLS training program, incorporating lectures and practical demonstration, in empowering layperson to respond effectively to cardiac arrest situation.: To assess the knowledge of lay person regarding basic life support, To assess the practice of lay person regarding basic life support, to evaluate the effectiveness of demonstration on basic life support, to find out the association between the knowledge and practice of lay person regarding basic life support with their selected demographic variables. A quantitative research approach was employed in this study, utilizing a true experimental (one group pre-test and post-test) research design. A convenient sampling technique was used to select 60 participants for the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaires to assess knowledge and practice checklists to evaluate practical skills. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were applied for data analysis.: The pre-test and post-test assessments revealed a significant improvement in the participants’ knowledge and practice of BLS after the training. The mean knowledge score in the pre-test was 5.75 ± 1.85 (27.38 ± 8.83%), while the mean score in the post-test increased to 12.48 ± 2.03 (59.44 ± 9.70%). The mean practice score was 11.46 ± 3.03 (40.95 ± 10.85%) in the post-test.The evaluation of the training method, which incorporated both lectures and demonstrations, showed statistically significant improvement in both knowledge and practice scores. The paired ‘t’ test for overall knowledge scores yielded a calculated value of 16.87, which exceeded the tabulated value of 2.00 (with 59 degrees of freedom), confirming the effectiveness of the intervention.: The study demonstrated that the lecture and demonstration-based training significantly improved the knowledge and practical application of Basic Life Support techniques among laypersons. As a result, the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected, and the research hypothesis (H1) was accepted.

Effects of Organizational Culture Types on Construction Project Performance: A Competing Values Framework Approach in Ghanaian Perspective

Organizational culture plays a critical role in influencing various aspects of project performance. However, existing studies on the impact of specific cultural types on construction projects have produced mixed results. This research examines the effects of organizational culture types on the performance of construction projects. A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted, utilizing a census sampling approach. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to 375 medium and large-size construction firms. The analysis employed both descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including correlation and regression analyses. The results revealed that market and hierarchy culture types positively influence construction project performance, while clan and adhocracy cultures do not exhibit a significant effect. Furthermore, cultural traits emphasizing external orientation, stability and control characteristic of a hybrid market-hierarchy culture were identified as stronger predictors of successful project outcomes compared to other cultural clusters. To optimize project performance, it is recommended that construction firms in Ghana transition from adhocracy-dominated cultures to hybrid market-hierarchy culture.

Higher linguistic functions in patients with cerebral strokes.

Starting point: In communication, not only the understanding and production of words and sentences is important, but also the processing of additional linguistic information, the so-called linguistic contexts. Most research focuses on the word and sentence level, less often on text and rarely on linguistic contexts. At the same time, their results are inconsistent: some claim that the subdominant brain hemisphere is responsible for the processing of contexts, according to others, both brain hemispheres participate in these processes. The aim of the research was to investigate with the Test of Linguistic Contexts patients with vascular strokes in the right or left cerebral hemispheres and to find out which of them has a greater influence on the processing of additional linguistic information. Group: The sample consisted of 44 patients after stroke: 15 with a stroke in the left cerebral hemisphere and 29 with a stroke in the right hemisphere. For these clinical groups, control groups of healthy participants of the same education, gender and approximately the same age were created. Methods: In the research, a set of tasks was created for the diagnosis of six areas: pragmatics, macrostructure and inferences, figurative language, semantic system, paralinguistics and spatial perception. The obtained data were statistically processed using the methods of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Statistical processing confirmed significant differences between the clinical and respective control groups in almost all monitored areas. Between clinical groups, a significant difference appeared only in pragmatics and spatial perception. Conclusions: The results indicate that both cerebral hemispheres are involved in the perception and processing of linguistic contexts, and problems with their interpretation are present in the case of a lesion of any of them. These deficits can have a significant impact on the patient's communication and daily life.

Advanced inference techniques for two-parameter Topp-Leone models under unified progressively hybrid censoring

In this study, we examine the unified progressive hybrid censoring scheme from Topp-Leone models, and we show that while the maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters are uniquely exist, they cannot be obtained in a closed form. To obtain these estimates, we utilize two frequentist algorithms—the Expectation-Maximization method and an Expectation-Maximization type method. We also derive confidence intervals for the unknown parameters using both asymptotic distributions of the maximum likelihood estimators and bootstrap approaches. Furthermore, we develop sample-based Bayes estimates for the model parameters under different error loss functions, such as square, LINEX, and entropy loss functions. To approximate the Bayes estimates, we apply importance sampling and Metropolis-Hastings algorithms. We also construct Bayes credible intervals for the estimates. To assess the performance of the proposed methods, we conduct a numerical simulation study. Finally, we analyze a real data set to illustrate the practical application of our proposed methods and their findings. The study highlights the usefulness of hybrid censoring schemes and the applicability of various statistical methods for parameter estimation and inference.

Ethnicity as a Risk Factor for Early Neurological Deterioration: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes Trial.

Nearly 25% of those with a small vessel stroke will develop early neurological deterioration (END). The objectives of this study were to identify clinical risk factors for small vessel stroke-related END and its associated impact on functional outcomes in an ethnically diverse data set. We performed a post hoc analysis of the "Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes" trial. The primary outcome was END defined as progressive or stuttering stroke-related neurological symptoms. Standard descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used for analysis. Functional outcomes are reported by modified Rankin Scale score and analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. In all, 69 participants met the inclusion criteria; 21 (30%) had END. Of the cohort, Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino ethnicity (grouping per trial definition) most frequently developed END [11 (52.4%) vs 4 (8.3%), P < 0.001] with a higher adjusted likelihood of END (odds ratio: 14.1, 95% CI: 2.57-76.7, P = 0.002). Black or African-American race less commonly had END [3 (14.3%) vs 21 (43.8%), P = 0.03] but lost significance after adjustment (odds ratio: 1.46, 95% CI: 0.26-8.17, P = 0.67) due to powering. END was associated with a higher mean modified Rankin Scale (2.06 ± 0.94 vs 1.17 ± 0.79, P = 0.006) but did not differ in the shift analysis. We found that Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino ethnicity was the most consistent risk factor for END though it was without meaningful functional outcome differences.

Investigating UX work in Software Startups: A Survey about Attitudes, Methods, and Key Challenges

User eXperience (UX) work within the software industry entails implementing user-centered practices and techniques to acquire and apply insights about users. Given their challenging context characterized by small teams and limited resources, this application can provide software startups with a competitive edge. Despite a growing interest in this field, the perspectives of startup professionals regarding UX work and the challenges they face remain largely unexplored. This paper seeks to explore the perceptions of startup professionals regarding the usefulness of methods and techniques used in UX work, as well as the moments during user interactions with the product or service when they are applied, alongside the challenges inherent in the startup environment. To achieve this, we conducted a survey involving 90 professionals from software startups in Brazil, employing descriptive and inferential statistical methods for data analysis. Our findings reveal that software startup professionals prioritize understanding user needs, capturing feedback, and conducting user tests in their UX work. Interviews are the most commonly utilized method, although usability testing, competitive analysis, and high-fidelity prototyping are also valued across various stages of startup maturity. Furthermore, UX data is primarily collected during user interactions with the product. Additionally, we identified that specific challenges may have a reciprocal relationship with UX attitudes. These findings underscore the perceived value of UX work among software startup professionals, although perspectives vary depending on the startup's stage.

PARENTAL SUPPORT AND RESILIENT BEHAVIOUR AMONG EMERGING ADULT STUDENTS IN CAMEROON STATE UNIVERSITIES

This study examined relationships between parental support and resilience among emerging adult students in Cameroon State Universities. It was predicated on the understanding that university emerging adult students face numerous challenges during their transition to adulthood, necessitating specific capabilities to achieve their life objectives. It was hypothesized that parental support could serve as a fundamental framework for developing resilient behaviour among emerging adult students in universities. The study employed a mixed-methods approach with a concurrent nested design, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative elements. The sample comprised of 537 emerging adult students strategically selected from four State Universities, with selection criteria based on Cameroon diverse climatic and cultural landscapes. Data collection was facilitated by questionnaires, and the analysis incorporated both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The descriptive findings revealed compelling evidence regarding parental support patterns. A substantial majority (86.0%) of emerging adults reported receiving parental support, yielding a mean score of 3.34 on a 4-point scale. Conversely, a minority (14.0%) indicated an absence of parental support. The inferential analysis, conducted using Spearman's rho correlation, demonstrated a statistically significant positive relationship between parental support and resilient behaviour (R-value = 0.358**, p-value = 0.000 &lt; 0.05). The findings suggests that resilient behaviour among emerging adult students strengthens with increased parental support and diminishes with decreased support. They emphasize the pivotal role of family dynamics in shaping resilience, suggesting that parental involvement serves as both a protective and a catalyst for fostering adaptability and perseverance in emerging adult students. Based on these, recommendations emphasized the critical role of parental engagement since their support enhances resilience. Parents are advised to prioritize quality time with their children, provide both emotional and physical support, include them in decision-making processes, and help protect them against psychological challenges such as loneliness and depression. These recommendations aim to enhance students' educational outcomes and strengthen their resilient capacities.

INTERPERSONAL SKILLS AND ADOLESCENTS’ SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT: THE IMPLICATION OF THE TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BUEA, CAMEROON

The study investigated interpersonal skills as determinants of adolescents’ social adjustment in the University of Buea. The study employed a cross-sectional survey research design, specifically utilizing a sample survey approach. The research focused on a population of 5,736 adolescent students across three faculties. To determine an appropriate sample size, the researchers applied the Krejcie and Morgan model, which indicated that 361 students would constitute a representative sample. The sampling process combined purposive sampling to identify the population of interest, followed by random selection of individual participants. For data collection, the researchers developed and administered a questionnaire that included both open-ended and closed-ended questions. The data management process began with entering the collected data into EpiData version 3.1. To ensure data quality, the researchers then conducted rigorous data cleaning and validation checks using SPSS version 23.0, which helped identify and address any invalid codes in the dataset. To establish the reliability of the research instrument, the team assessed the internal consistency of responses using Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient. The statistical analysis employed two main tests: Chi-square analysis was used to examine and compare descriptive differences in the data, while Spearman's rho correlation test was selected for hypothesis testing due to the normal distribution of the data. This comprehensive methodological approach allowed the researchers to systematically collect, process, and analyze data while maintaining scientific rigor throughout the study. The combination of purposive and random sampling techniques helped ensure both the relevance and representativeness of the sample, while the statistical tests chosen were appropriate for the nature of the data and research objectives. The data analysis incorporated both descriptive and inferential statistical methods to examine the relationship between social adjustment and interpersonal relationships among university adolescents. The fundings yielded a statistically significant positive correlation (R = 0.411, p &lt; 0.01) between interpersonal relationship formation and social adjustment outcomes in the university environment. This moderate correlation coefficient indicates that adolescent students who successfully establish and maintain quality interpersonal relationships demonstrate enhanced social adjustment within the university context. The strength of this correlation (R = 0.411) suggests a meaningful association between these variables, though it also indicates that other factors are likely to contribute to social adjustment outcomes. This empirical evidence underscores the importance of interpersonal relationship development as a key facilitator of successful social adaptation among adolescent university students.

The relationship between habits of television viewing among school-age children and their behaviors: A cross-sectional study

Background: For all children, television serves as a window to the outside world. Watching too much television leads to several health issues in children of all ages. Aim: This study aimed to determine the relationship between school-age children's behavior and their TV-watching habits. Materials and Methods: A quantitative research approach began on October 15, 2022, and ended on April 25, 2023, for conducting cross-sectional studies in primary schools in the province of Babylon. To assess the effect of TV viewing habits among school-age children on their behaviors, a non-probability sample of 150 students was used. After the study questionnaire was distributed to 10 experts, the validity of the tool was determined. All rational and scientific viewpoints put forward by the experts were taken into account. Data analysis was done using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods to conclude. Results: The results of the existing study illustrate that 64.7% of the sample showed a fair attitude toward TV viewing habits, and 73.3% of the sample showed fair behavior. Furthermore, the results show that TV-watching habits have an impact on children's behavior overall, with a p-value of less than 0.05. Conclusions: The current study concludes that more than half of the study sample had fair habits, and more than two-thirds of the sample had fair behaviors toward TV viewing. In addition, the present study indicates that the habit of TV viewing has an influence on the behavior of children.