Statistical Package For Social Sciences Research Articles

Influence of Mentorship Programs on Students’ Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Imenti North Sub- County, Meru County, Kenya

Management practices are an important ingredient in an organization. They offer a unique environment needed to attain set goals, create a good public image and build a productive relationship among the stakeholders. The main aim of this study was to determine the influence of teacher satisfaction on the academic performance of learners in public secondary schools in Imenti North sub-county, Meru County. The study was based on organizational theory, which was developed by Jaques in 1951. The study adopted a mixed methods methodology where both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed. The sampling unit consisted of public secondary schools where 6 principals were selected through purposive sampling from the top three and bottom three performing schools. Ten form three and form four students were also randomly selected from the top three and bottom three performing schools to obtain a sample size of 120 students. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of the statistical package for social scientists, version 26.0. A multiple Linear Regression model was used to model the relationship between the independent variable and the response variable (academic performance). The study concludes that mentorship programs have a significant positive effect on academic performance, as indicated by their p-values (P<0.05). The study recommends that schools should ensure that there are functional mentoring programs in schools, as they have been shown to positively influence academic performance. Such programs may provide guidance, support and career direction.

Temporal Statistical Analysis and Retrospective Assessment of Mortality Rate in the United States from 1999 to 2018

Objectives: To retrospectively examine the mortality trend in the USA from 1999 to 2018 using a basic statistical model while examining multiple variables. The inferential and descriptive statistical tools will be prioritized to elucidate the mortality of both years in simple terms. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational descriptive analysis of data on the 10 leading causes of death in the United States by age, race, and sex over 2 decades (1999 to 2018). The data in this report are based on information from all death certificates filed in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The causes of death are classified by the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD–10), which is ranked according to the number of deaths (Cause-of-death statistics are based on the underlying cause of death). This report supplements “Deaths: Final Data for 2020,” the National Center for Health Statistics’ annual report of final mortality statistics. SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) version 29 Software in Excel sheet was used to analyze the generated datasets. Descriptive and inferential (parametric and non-parametric) analyses were used. The statistically significant relationships and assumptions were made using the chi-square/t-test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Fischer's exact tests with the significance level set at p ≤ 0.05. The analysis and determination of the level of agreement between the initial diagnosis and findings from the new analysis done. Results: The proportion of age-adjusted death rates of the heart (such as coronary artery disease) account for the highest proportion of 24%, while Malignant neoplasms (cancers) represent 23%, Chronic lower respiratory diseases contribute 6%, Unintentional injuries (accidents) also play a significant role, accounting for 5% of deaths. The regression analysis reveals a strong and statistically significant relationship between the number of causes in females and males. There was a high death rate of around 60 years in 1999 and a consistent decline over the years, reaching below 40 by 2018, with a 15/100,000 death fluctuation mark. Asian or Pacific Islander has the lowest age adjustment value of 8762.4, American Indian or Alaska Native, Hispanic, or Latino(11673.2), Black or African American, Hispanic, or Latino (12992.1), White, not Hispanic or Latino(15457.1), Black or African American (15708.2), Hispanic or Latino(19624.1), American Indian or Alaska Native, not Hispanic or Latino (16287.9).Asian or Pacific Islander, not Hispanic or Latino( 8791.3), and 99.2% of the variability in the dependent variable and standard error of 6.7240. Conclusions: Cardiovascular death remains the most common cause of death, with a significant decrease in the death rate from 1999 to 2018 due to improved health care and the provision of measures to improve health care. The regression analysis reveals a strong and statistically significant relationship between the number of causes in females and males. Therefore, based on the results, the number of causes in females strongly predicts the number of causes in males.

Level of hesitation of parents about childhood vaccines and affecting factors: a cross-sectional study in Turkey

BackgroundHesitancy rates for childhood vaccines are increasing on a global scale. It was reported in previous studies that many factors affect vaccine hesitancy. The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of childhood vaccination hesitancy in parents and to determine the factors affecting it.MethodsThis descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted with 350 parents who had at least one child aged two years and younger, who applied to Family Health Centers in the city of Mardin in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, between January and March 2022. The “Parental Attitudes Towards Childhood Vaccines (PATCV) Questionnaire” was used to collect the data, which were analyzed by using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows 22.0 program. The Logistic Regression Analysis was used to determine the factors affecting parental attitudes toward childhood vaccines.ResultsA total of 32.0% of the parents were found to be hesitant about vaccinations and 3.4% did not have at least one vaccination for their children. Significant relationships were detected between income status, education status, thoughts about vaccinations, parents having adult vaccinations, hesitant to have self-vaccination, considering vaccine necessary, and parental attitudes towards childhood vaccinations (p < 0.05). According to the Regression Analysis, parents who had adult vaccinations had reduced hesitation about childhood vaccines 0.506 times (p = 0.032; OR = 0.506; 95%CI = 0.271–0.943). Considering the vaccine necessary reduced the hesitation about childhood vaccines by 0.440 times (p = 0.011; OR = 0.440; 95%CI = 0.234–0.828).ConclusionsThe hesitations of parents about childhood vaccines were found to be high. The reasons for vaccine hesitancy must be examined in detail and strategies must be developed in this regard.

Motivation through indirect compensation: Evaluating employee performance in Enugu State Civil Service Commission

Purpose: This study evaluates the impact of indirect compensation on employee job performance by the Enugu State Civil Service Commission. Research Methodology: This study employed a cross-sectional survey research design with a population of 280 participants, comprising staff from the Administration, Planning and Budgeting, and Research &amp; Statistics Units, spanning grade levels 2-16 within the Enugu State Civil Service Commission. Data were collected using a questionnaire as the primary tool and rigorously analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Results: The findings revealed a significant positive impact of indirect compensation metrics on employee performance of the Enugu State Civil Service Commission. Limitations: The study specifically targeted personnel within grade levels 2-16 of the Enugu State Civil Service Commission. Contribution: This research significantly advances our understanding of indirect compensation and its impact on employee performance by pioneering new concepts, refining existing theories, and conducting comprehensive empirical studies. Funding: This research did not receive any funding from any Agency or Organization.

Health checkup practice and its associated factors among adults in South Gondar zone Ethiopia

Non-communicable diseases are the current global burden including in sub-Saharan Africa, which increasing the incidence of cardiovascular disorders and their complications due to a lack of health checks and delayed treatments. To assess health checkup practice among adults in the South Gondar zone of northeast Ethiopia in 2022. A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed from July 30, 2022, to August 30, 2022. Three woredas (Debre Tabor, Guna Beyemidir, and Andabet) were selected by using a simple random sampling method from the south Gondar zone, and three kebeles were selected randomly from each woreda. A complete of 422 samples were selected by random sampling technique. Data were collected in a face-to-face interview using structured questionnaires. The collected data were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 for analysis. Binary logistic regression was done to identify the association between each variable with the outcome variable. A variable that had a p-value < 0.25 in binary logistic regression became a candidate for multivariate logistic regression then after factors p value < 0.05 was considered as predictors to the outcome variable. In this study, health checkup practice was 40.2%. Living with families (AOR 3.36; 95% CI 1.47–7.66), presence chronic disease (AOR 2.52; 95% CI 1.49–4.26), No self-medication practice (AOR 5.39; 95% CI 3.06–9.49) and having health insurance (AOR 3.02; 95% CI 1.68–5.430) were significantly associated with regular health checkup practice. Health checkup practice was low as compared to health policy recommendations and its health maintenance value. Creating awareness about health check-ups and prevention of disease complications will be taken by different stakeholders in the health care system

Effect of utilization of VFTs on teaching and learning History and Government in Murang’a County in Kenya

The adoption of Virtual Field Trips (VFTs) as a teaching method has provided opportunities for learners to virtually visit historical sites for learning. However, the effects of utilization of VFTs in instruction on students' performance in History and Government had not been sufficiently researched and documented in Kenya. Therefore, the essence the study was to establish how use of VFTs in teaching and learning affects learners' academic performance in History and Government in Murang’a County in Kenya. The study was guided by Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge Theory and adopted a Quasi-Experimental Design targeting 35 public sub-county secondary schools with a target population of 3,329 respondents. Schools and teachers were purposively sampled while learners were randomly selected. A sample size of 372 respondents made up of teachers and form one learners of History and Government took part in the study. Research instruments used were learners’ questionnaires, interview schedules for teachers, History and Government Assessment Tests, and classroom observation schedules. Piloting was done on all research instruments and reliability accepted r=0.657. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data for descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that use of VFTs significantly affected learners' academic performance at t (365) = 15.50, p=0.00. The study recommended teacher training institutions to equip teacher trainees with skills to exploit VFTs in teaching. A VFT teaching guideline was developed to assist teachers in preparation and use of VFTs for instructional purposes to improve teaching and learning for better academic performance.

Adoption of Black Plastic Mulch as a Coping Strategy to Water Conservation Among Vegetable Farmers in Kisoro Municipality, Kisoro District

The study was about the adoption of black plastic mulches as a copying strategy to water conservation among smallholder vegetable farmers in Kisoro Municipality, Kisoro district. Farmers in Kisoro District have increasingly adopted black plastic mulch to address these agricultural challenges. The use of black plastic mulch in this region helps in conserving soil moisture, controlling weeds, and enhancing crop yields. It was guided by three specific objectives which were to; establish the socio-economic characteristics of smallholder vegetable farmers, establish the knowledge level on the benefits of black plastic mulch among smallholder vegetable farmers and examine the factors influencing farmer’s decision to adopt black plastic mulch as a coping strategy to water conservation. The study employed a cross-sectional study design that used both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study used a sample size of 300. The study used questionnaires and interview guide to collect data. The data collected was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). The results revealed that land ownership was a positive and significant factor at (sig. 0.000**), source of income at (sig.0.001*), credit accessibility at (sig.0.002**) and knowledge on use of black plastic mulches at (sig. 0.000**) The study concluded that vegetable farmers were characterized in terms of gender, age, farm size, marital status and level of education. The study also concluded that there was adequate knowledge level on the benefits of black plastic mulch among smallholder vegetable farmers. Such as; leads to higher yields and improved quality of vegetables, increase the growth rate of vegetables, reduce the risk of root damage, weed suppression, moisture conservation and contribute to soil health and protect the soil from wind and water erosion. The study finally concluded that there were significant and non-significant factors influencing farmer’s decision to adopt black plastic mulch as a coping strategy to water conservation among smallholder vegetable farmers which included; land ownership, limited extension training, source of income, knowledge on use of black plastic mulches and credit accessibility and non-significant ones were; un-availability of labour, infrastructure development, level of education, price of black plastic mulch and farm size.

Correlation between anogenital distance and severity of hypospadias in male children

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown an association between anogenital distance (AGD) and types of hypospadias. This study aims to determine whether AGD can be used to predict the severity of hypospadias in male children.MethodsWe used a cross-sectional study design to evaluate (43) children with hypospadias. The severity of hypospadias based on the meatal position before surgery was classified using the meatal score of the glans-urethral meatal-shaft (GMS) classification into four groups of M1–M4. Three AGD parameters viz: ano-scrotal distance (ASD), the ano-penal distance 1 (APD1) and the ano-penal distance 2 (APD2) were measured using a digital calliper. The glanulomeatal distance 1 (GMD1) before and the glanulomeatal distance 2 (GMD2) after chordee correction were calculated for any change in the position of the meatus. Data were collected over 18 months and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS) version 25 software. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.ResultsThe mean ano-scrotal distance (ASD), ano-penile distance 1 (APD1) and ano-penile distance 2 (APD2) were 35.0 ± 7.11 mm, 66.0 ± 13.0 mm and 82.05 ± 14.0 mm, respectively. The parameters of AGD and AGD index progressively decreased with increasing meatal score but these decreases were not statistically significant across the four categories of meatal score. Statistically significant, moderately negative correlations were observed between GMD2 and mean ASD (R = − 0.394, P ≤ 0.009), APD1 (R = − 0.308, P ≤ 0.045) and APD2 (R = − 0.391, P ≤ 0.010). There were also statistically significant predictive relationships between GMD2 (intra-operative meatal position) with ASD (R2 = 0.155, P ≤ 0.009), APD1 (R2 = 0.095, P ≤ 0.045) and APD2 (R2 = 0.153, P ≤ 0.010).ConclusionThe study demonstrated a significant relationship between the AGD and meatal position. Therefore, AGD may be used to predict the intra-operative meatal position and hence, the severity of hypospadias before surgery.

“Community-based intervention to dengue prevention: Insights from urban residents in Pune, using the health belief model"

BackgroundDengue infection is increasingly recognized as one of the world's emerging infectious diseases. The present study was carried out with the aim of assessing knowledge and health beliefs regarding Dengue fever among community in an urban slum area of Pune. This cross-sectional study was undertaken in an urban slum area of Urban Health Centre, Pashan, which is a field practice area of Department of Community Medicine. Aim & objectivesThis study is aimed at understanding the perception towards the Dengue Prevention using the Health Belief Model (HBM) approach, prevention measures adopted, their knowledge, opinion and confidence towards various control measures. MethodsA Cross-Sectional Study using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was conducted for assessing on knowledge, health beliefs and practice of dengue control. ResultsAbout 26.1 % knew the causes of dengue, 56.2 % had poor knowledge on the severity of dengue. The knowledge on causes (69.9 %), signs and symptoms (77.1 %), treatment (51.2 %) and carriers (86.3 %) of dengue was poor. The knowledge regarding insects breeding spots, potential breeding spots inside (26.1 %) and outside (38.1 %) and prevention was almost poor. The data was collected from the questionnaire, entered and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. ConclusionMost people living across the community behaved in a similar manner, irrespective of age, education and socio-economic status. Perceptions of the community as explained by Health Belief Model was greatly influenced by their approach to the available health care services and for the subsequent behavioural change.

Complications of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: Experience From a Tertiary Care Center.

Introduction Renal stones are mineral concretions in the pelvicalyceal system. Their prevalence and recurrence are increasing globally. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally invasive procedure for the removal of kidney stones. It is a safer technique offering the highest stone-free rates. However, a few complications may still occur. We aimed to evaluate our experiences of PCNL and classify the complications as intraoperative, early postoperative, and late postoperative events. We also aimed to find the predictors of complications in PCNL. Methods A single-center prospective observational study was conducted from June 2021 to October 2022 where all patients who were >18 years old with radiopaque calculus in the kidney and underwent PCNL were included. Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY). A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results Two hundred one patients including 137 males and 64 females participated in the study. The overall rate of complications was 21.9%. Most of the patients (16.4%) experienced minor complications of Clavien grades 1 and 2. A Clavien grade of >3 included major complications and was noted in 5.5% of patients. No mortality was seen in the postoperative period. Female patients (p = 0.028), a stone burden of >3 cm (p = 0.003), stones in multiple calyces (p = 0.001), hydronephrosis (p = 0.001), history of recently treated urinary tract infection (UTI) (p < 0.001), longer operative time (>91 minutes) (p < 0.001), Guy's stone scores (GSS) III and IV (p < 0.001), complex renal calculi (staghorn) (p = 0.002), and multiple punctures (p = 0.001) were associated with higher complication rates after PCNL. Conclusion Most PCNL-related complications are minor and resolve with conservative or minimally invasive management. However, there are certain complications that can limit the surgical outcome. The overall complication rate in the current study is similar to that reported in the literature. Bleeding was the most common intraoperative complication, whereas hematuria was the most common early postoperative complication. A stone burden of >3 cm, hydronephrosis, longer operative time, higher GSS, and multiple punctures can all affect the rate of complications.

Influence of Social Cultural Factors on Male Involvement in Antenatal Care in Baringo County Referral Hospital Kenya

Purpose: Male participation in the Antenatal Care is essential for realization of social, cultural factors. This study sought to analyze the factors influencing male involvement in the care of their expectant wives, collect views of mothers attending the clinics and men found there and come up with measures on how to enable both parents be responsible to the unborn. Methodology: This research was guided by use of cross-sectional survey in which both qualitative and quantitative data was collected. Data was obtained by means of questionnaires, interview guides and observation schedules. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data. Secondary data was collected from documented information to support primary data. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select the sample from the target population of expectant mothers in the antenatal clinic at Baringo County Referral Hospitals to explore their views on why their husbands do not attend clinic appointments with them. The men who accompanied their wives were also engaged in an in-depth interview to examine their reasons for coming to the clinic. The researchers sampled 150 participants and 3 nurses. Data collection was done by the investigator assisted. Findings: The data collected was processed, coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social sciences (SPSS). The findings of the research which were presented using tables were that; social cultural factors, and health related services influenced male participation in the antenatal clinic. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The researchers also found out that the clients were impressively aware of the services offered and other activities carried out in the clinic. The researchers however, concluded that there was need for the facility especially the clinic area to improve in terms of space and sitting arrangements to accommodate all mothers and their spouses comfortably and add more doctors to facilitate quick and quality services to the clients. The researchers also felt the need to advocate for policy formulation so.

Effects of Computerized Accounting Procedures on the Quality of Financial Reporting of Crop Boards in Kilimanjaro

In today's technological world, the use of computerized accounting procedures has become increasingly prevalent across various organizations. Computerized accounting procedures have been employed by organizations for financial record keeping and reporting. Financial reports are an essential source of information needed for different decision makers and other stakeholders. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the effects of computerised accounting procedures on the quality of financial reporting of crop boards in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. The study was grounded by Resource-Based View (RBV) developed by Barney in the 1990s. The study applied a descriptive research design under quantitative research approach. Eight (8) crop boards in Moshi Municipality were targeted comprising of Forty (40) staff dealing with accounting and finance. Sample size was obtained through Sample Size Calculation for Finite Population. Data was collected through questionnaires. Face and content validity was used to ensure the validity of the research instruments, and then the instruments were piloted Three (3) accounts and finance employees at Tanzania Coffee board to clarify any ambiguities and checked for consistency of the data to be collected. Reliability was ensured through Cronbach’s alpha test which was run through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and obtained a coefficient of 0.81 which is reliable. Data was analysed through the aid of SPSS and then presented in form of tables, frequencies, percentages and means. Ethical considerations and ethics ethical values were adhered throughout the research process. The study found that computerized accounting procedures had effects on the quality of financial reports of Crop boards in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Basing on the findings it was concluded that the computerized accounting procedures have a positive effect on the quality of financial reporting of Crop Boards in Kilimanjaro. Further, it was concluded that computerized accounting procedures were effective in facilitating decision making and improving the overall quality of financial reporting. This study recommended that Crop Boards in Kilimanjaro should continue using computerized accounting procedures and enhance the system for improved efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility of financial data. Further, it is recommended that Crop Boards should provide training and skill development programs to their accountants. Also, this study provides area for further studies, recommending that further studies could be conducted on the influence of Computerized accounting systems on the Financial Decision Making.

Implication of Urban Domestic Water Distribution on Human Health in Machakos Central Ward, Machakos County

The world's water resources are running out, and this situation is made worse by how quickly people are populating new areas, particularly in developing nations. This has highlighted the critical requirement for prepared action to manage water resources for sustainable development efficiently. Increasing water demands due to climate change, global pressures from urbanization, the already-existing unsustainable variables, and challenges of water supply systems in urban centres pose a challenge in managing water resource effectively. The purpose of the study was to investigate the implication of urban domestic water supply on human health in Machakos Central Ward, Machakos County. Using a Survey Research Design (SRD) both primary and secondary data was collected by use of questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, photography, use of GIS, authors’ observation, and the review of relevant literature in order to (1) document household water supply, (2) determine water quality for the identified categories of households and domestic water supply systems, and (3) Determine how the distribution and coverage of domestic water in a household or home affects the prevalence of water-borne illnesses. The target population was 8,331 households, from which a sample size of 381 respondents was selected. These included households, water vendors and key informants from the Machakos Water and Sewerage Company. Questionnaires (for households and vendors), interview schedules (for water officers and chiefs) and observation schedules were used as instruments for data collection. Data was analysed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The results revealed that the major factors attributed to lower accessibility are shortage of water, high cost of piped water connection, poor coordination, and participation of stakeholders, repairing of old and broken pipes. As a result, nearly half of the dwellers prefer to use alternative sources, exposing them to the risks of water-born diseases

Dynamics of Public Participation on Sustainable Resource Management in County Government of Kericho, Kenya

Sustainable resource management involve managing resources in a way that their sources are not depleted; so that the future generations can also benefit from it. Africa is endowed with diverse and abundant natural resources and stands at a critical juncture where responsible and sustainable management of these resources is paramount for the continent's development. The Kenyan governments (national-level and county-level) recognize the need for sustainable resource management for the good of the citizens. In devolved government units in Kenya, sustainable resource management is a critical. This study sought to assess the dynamics of public participation on sustainable resource management in county government of Kericho, Kenya. The study was guided by Resource-based view theory, administrative theory, transformational leadership theory and the theory of Planned Behaviour. This study adopted a pragmatism approach that took a practical and flexible approach, focusing on the usefulness and applicability of research findings, rather than an all-or-nothing, mutually exclusive philosophical position. A descriptive research design with a mixed method of quantitative and qualitative data collections was adopted. The target population of the study comprised a total of 213 senior, middle and lower level management staff of the county government of Kericho. The Stratified random sampling was used to develop a sample from different management groups. A sample of 139 management staff was selected using Slovin’s formula. Reliability of the study was ensured by conducting a pilot study in the neighbouring County Government of Nakuru while context, content and criterion validity were ascertained by the researcher in the field of study. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics which described the nature of ethical leadership and sustainable resource management. Inferential statistics (Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis) were used to determine the nature of influence between the variables. This was done with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Qualitative data was analysed by themes and content analysis. The study findings revealed that, public participation had a statistically significant influence on sustainable resource management. The study concluded that there exists a strong and significant relationship between public participation (r=0.832 and p=0.000) and sustainable resource management in Kericho County, Kenya. The study recommends that in order to enhance public participation members of the public should be empowered by giving the information and documents containing information on development activities and legislations that require their input in advance so that they know and understand what they are coming to do in public forums.

The importance of physiotherapy in women with osteoporosis: an observational study

Osteoporosis is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease, characterized by a gradual decrease in bone mineral density. The aim of this study was to highlight the importance of physiotherapy in women with osteoporosis in the district of Elbasan, Albania. Data from 90 patients (newly diagnosed and previously diagnosed) during the period 2022-2023 were included in the study. The study population was classified into two groups: patients who received only pharmacological treatment and patients who, in addition to medications, underwent physiotherapy sessions and regular physical activity. The data were obtained from medical records and interviews conducted with patients referred to the rheumatologist at the Polyclinic of Specialties, Regional Hospital “Xhaferr Kongoli” Elbasan, as well as from family doctors in primary health care. The statistical program SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), version 23, was used to analyze the study data. The questionnaire variables were interpreted using a five-point Likert scale. Correlative statistical relationships were evaluated using Pearson Correlation coefficient and the level of reliability (significance). Functional relationships between variables were presented through the mathematical equations of logistic regression. The population group that engaged in regular physical activity and physiotherapy in addition to pharmacological treatment showed a higher degree of functional improvement in their daily activities. The incorporation of physiotherapy procedures for patients with osteoporosis and the restructuring of medical protocols for the prevention and treatment of this disease are considered successful steps in reducing the human and socio-economic costs and the serious impact of fractures on functional abilities.

Academic Dishonesty and Its Impact on Students’ Moral and Personality Development

Academic dishonesty is an illegal activity in which students are involved in different ways for the temporary benefit of ignoring other aspects of this illegal activity. One aspect of this activity enchants students to get temporary success in exams through unlawful activity. On the other hand, the second aspect is very terrible, which spoils all students' abilities. This study aims to highlight the effect of academic dishonesty on students' moral development and personality. This study was conducted at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Out of a total seven faculties faculty of social sciences was chosen purposively. A total of 105 students were selected randomly from the chosen faculty. The researcher collected data through a validated and pre-tested questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results of this study indicate that lack of confidence, Failure to explore ideas, and lack of hard work have adverse effects on students' personalities. Lack of discipline among students and low acceptance of students' opinions lowered students' moral development. This study suggested that academic dishonesty is minimized by using institutions' ethical, professional standards and building student confidence.

A Few Year Review of Still Birth at The Prince Abubakar Audu University Teaching Hospital Anyigba, North Central Nigeria

Introduction: An estimated 2.6 million still birth occur annually in the world in 2015. Nigeria then accounted for about 12.2% of this being the second highest still birth rate. Still birth is death of the fetus at or after 28 weeks of gestation. In some clime it is death of a fetus at or after 22 weeks. Aim: The study aim is to review still birth, determine the rate and characteristics of stillbirth at the Prince Abubakar Audu University teaching hospital, Anyigba, North Central Nigeria. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at Prince Abubakar Audu University Teaching Hospital in Anyigba, Nigeria between September and December 2023. We reviewed deliveries over a 5 year period; between January, 2018 and December 2022. A tool was used to extract data on pregnancies, live births, still births and other relevant related information about the parturients. Data was analyzed (descriptive analysis) using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20. Results: The institutional stillbirth rate is 3.8% (38 per 1000 deliveries). Majority of Women that had stillbirth were in the age range 21 to 39 years (82%), 29 (56.8%) booked while 18 (38.3%) were unbooked. 25(49%) were multiparae followed by 17 (33%) who were primigravidae and 9(18%) grand multiparae. 55 % (28) of the stillbirths were macerated at delivery while 45 % (23) were fresh still births. Preeclampsia/eclampsia (19.6%) was the most identified risk factor followed by prolonged obstructed labour (11.8%), ruptured uterus (9.8), PPROM (9.8%) and Preterm delivery (9.8%). The others are abruption placentae (5.9%), maternal infection (3.9%) and congenital abnormality (2%). Conclusion: The still birth rate of 38/1000 total births is unacceptably high leaving a lot of women with muted grief after childbirth. We need more effort to eliminate or reduce the incidence of still births.

Factors Hindering Male Participation in Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) at National Council of Churches of Kenya (NCCK) Huruma Clinic, Nairobi

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) occurs when a pregnant woman with Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) passes the virus to her baby either during pregnancy, labour and delivery or breastfeeding period. Vertical transmission during pregnancy is between 20-25%. Globally, about 330,000 children were newly infected with HIV in 2011. It is estimate that more than 90% of these infections were through mother-to-child transmission. According to statistics, 1,400,00 – 1,800,000 people were living with HIV and AIDS by the end of 2007. Male involvement in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV still remains a major challenge. This was facility based descriptive cross-sectional study which was aimed at assessing the factors hindering male participation in Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) at National Council of Churches of Kenya (NCCK) Huruma clinic in Nairobi. The factors studied were demographic characteristics, knowledge and awareness of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and socio-cultural influence on male participation in PMTCT. Systematic random sampling method was used to obtain a sample population of 122 antenatal mothers. The data was collected between October and November 2012 using a structured and semi-structured questionnaire. Data was validated, cleaned, coded and entered in the computer. Data analysis was done using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The results of the study showed that majority of the respondents, 77.87% (n=95), were between the age of 20 to 39 years with the least, 16.39% (n=20) aged between 40-49 years. There were low levels of knowledge and awareness on PMTCT among male partners. Socio-cultural factors were seen to contribute to low male involvement in PMTCT. The study recommends creation of awareness and also formulation of health messages which target men and are culture sensitive.

Students’ Perceptions of Workplace Robots in the Republic of Serbia

Research Question: The key research question is what the key positive and negative perceptions of students from the Republic of Serbia regarding workplace robots are. Motivation: Academics, practitioners, and decision-makers are more and more interested in the impact of new technological solutions in the field of robotics on organizations and their functioning. Ongoing technological advancements have accelerated the adoption and use of robots in the workplace. As a result, organizations that plan to introduce robots should consider all effects on employees, both positive and negative. Idea: The main idea is to examine and analyse the perceptions and attitudes of students from the Republic of Serbia regarding robots at the workplace. The results of this study regarding students' perceptions and attitudes towards robots in the workplace are crucial for the future of work and job design. Data: Data were collected via online questionnaire consisting of five profile questions and 13 statements organized in two five-point Likert scales. From January to March 2023, the questionnaire was completed by 164 students from the Republic of Serbia. Tools: The collected answers were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences – SPSS, version 21.0. (Armonk, NY: IBM Corporation). The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, descriptive statistics, student t-test and one-way ANOVA test was used for data analysis. Findings: Research results showed that most respondents believe that robots can do dangerous jobs that humans cannot, that robots can free humans from routine and monotonous jobs, and that humans will have more time for creative tasks. Robots in the workplace, on the other hand, will have some negative consequences. Many respondents agree that working with robots without people would make them feel lonely; robots would not know how to react in some unexpected circumstances; and they are not as flexible and mobile as humans. Contribution: The findings of this study could make a significant contribution to a better understanding of students’ attitudes towards robots in the workplace and they may help decision makers, employers, leaders, and managers on how to increase workplace acceptance of robots.

Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of treatments for Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

BackgroundTreatment cost and high prevalence of Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a very challenging issue globally. Due to this reason; current study was conducted to determine pharmaco-economy of conventional and non-conventional treatments for the management of PCOS.MethodsProspective Cross-Sectional study was conducted in the metropolitan city of Karachi from January – December 2019. Primary data of 200 PCOS patients were collected from different hospitals and clinics. An instrument was used to collect data pertaining to the direct and indirect cost associated with the disease management. Collected data was analyzed by the tools for cost analysis and software called Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) – 22.ResultsIn Cost Minimization Analysis (CMA); Allopathic treatment [Mean cost/month: PKR:4479.32 ± 350.95 (USD:27.46 ± 2.15)], Herbal treatment [Mean cost/month: PKR:1527.78 ± 78.15 (USD:9.37 ± 0.48)], Combination treatment [Mean cost/month: PKR:2803.09 ± 654.22 (USD:17.18 ± 4.01)], and Homoeopathic treatment [Mean cost/month: PKR:976.95 ± 46.19 (USD:5.99 ± 0.28)]. Incremental cost/month for Allopathic treatment is 358%, Herbal treatment is 56%, Combination treatment is 187%. In Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA); Allopathic treatment (Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio/month: 1334.24), Herbal treatment (Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio/month: 936.41), Combination treatment (Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio/month: 1017.09). Due to lowest cost of Homeopathic treatment, cost of Homeopathic treatment was considered as a threshold value. In-direct cost/month of Allopathic treatment is PKR:593.33 ± 24.00 (USD:3.64 ± 0.15), Herbal treatment is PKR:307.84 ± 26.69 (USD:1.89 ± 0.16), Combination treatment is PKR:409.09 ± 45.63 (USD:2.51 ± 0.28) and Homoeopathic treatment is PKR:300.00 ± 26.39 (USD:1.84 ± 0.16).ConclusionThe most cost-effective is treatment is Homeopathic; Herbal treatment is second most cost-effective option for the treatment of PCOS. Lowest direct and indirect costs and short treatment duration collaboratively lessen the %incremental cost per year and incremental cost effectiveness ratio per year.