Statistical Charts Research Articles

SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULIN PROFILE OF Trypanosoma congolense - INFECTED SHEEP IN RELATION TO PARASITAEMIA AND CHANGES IN CIRCULATING LEUCOCYTE AND ERYTHROCYTE MASS

Trypanosomiasis is a major problem in developing countries most especially Africa and the incriminating agents are T. congolense, T.vivax. T.brucei in small ruminants. It has high morbity and mortality Rates of 70% and 20% respectively . The experimental animals were four Rams which were used as control and infected group, Parameters for this experiment were recorded before infection. Following inoculation with T.congolense, 2 mls of blood was collected from the sheep in vacutainers for serum biochemical assay. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to assay IGG and IGM concentrations and 1ml of blood was collected in vacutainers with anti coagulant to check leucocytic and erythrocytic index.This was done every day until day 6 and then every other day. Clinical signs observed post infection were , Anemia, Hematuria ,Rhinitis, dyspnea ,emaciation and paralysis of the fore and hind limbs and death .Statistical tables and charts were used for analyses. The role of Hypoprotenemia , IGG and IGM in experimental infection with Trypanosoma congolense were looked at. The anemia was Normocytic normochromic and later became Microcytic hypochromic, PCV Recorded on the first day prior to infection was 27% and on the last day of infection became 6% . Leucocytosis was Degenerative and Leucopenia was also observed Perhaps due to the antigenic nature of the parasite. On first day WBC count was 8.5 x10 9 /L and Prior to death Leucocytosis of 6.1x 10 9 /L. Hypoproteneimia was also seen with Blood urea Nitrogen and Alanine aminotransferase falling to values below normal 55U/L and 155mg/dl respectively. There were also fluctuations in the values of IGG and IGM with initial values of 1.4 and 0.71 µg/ML and terminal values of 0.34 and 0.21 /L. The organs looked at Kidneys,Lungs,Heart and Liver were all in their initial stages of destruction , they were inflamed,edematous , congested and necrotic . Hypoprotenemia, , immune suppression,dyspnea ,Anemia and Leucopenia may be the cause of death in Trypanosomiasis. Keywords :Leucopenea,Anemia,Trypanosoma,immunogobuins,Hypoprotenemia DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/11-6-06 Publication date: March 31 st 2021

Research on Information Management of Traffic Highway Construction Safety Based on BIM Technology

The construction of traffic highway includes design, construction and operation management, which involves a variety of data and information in these processes, while the traditional highway engineering progress is shown in the form of statistical tables, charts and reports, which is difficult to be directly linked with the specific location and pile number of the project and directly displayed. BIM model provides visual project construction management in the overall planning, design, progress and other aspects. At the same time, when the project is completed, this management information will also provide important data information for the use and operation of the highway. In this paper, the application of BIM Technology in highway construction management is investigated in the form of questionnaire survey and on-site interview, which comprehensively reflects the actual situation of BIM application in highway engineering. According to the actual situation, the future BIM Technology will provide good technical support for the informatization of construction industry, which can effectively promote safe construction.

Surgical interventions for the early management of Bell's palsy.

Bell's palsy is an acute unilateral facial paralysis of unknown aetiology and should only be used as a diagnosis in the absence of any other pathology. As the proposed pathophysiology is swelling and entrapment of the nerve, some surgeons suggest surgical decompression of the nerve as a possible management option; this is ideally performed as soon as possible after onset. This is an update of a review first published in 2011, and last updated in 2013. This update includes evidence from one newly identified study. To assess the effects of surgery in the early management of Bell's palsy. On 20 March 2020, we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO ICTRP. We handsearched selected conference abstracts for the original version of the review. We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs involving any surgical intervention for Bell's palsy. Trials compared surgical interventions to no treatment, later treatment (beyond three months), sham treatment, other surgical treatments or medical treatment. Three review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and extracted data. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. The primary outcome was complete recovery of facial palsy at 12 months. Secondary outcomes were complete recovery at three and six months, synkinesis and contracture at 12 months, psychosocial outcomes at 12 months, and side effects and complications of treatment. Two trials with 65 participants met the inclusion criteria; one was newly identified at this update. The first study randomised 25 participants into surgical or non-surgical (no treatment) groups using statistical charts. One participant declined surgery, leaving 24 evaluable participants. The second study quasi-randomised 53 participants; however, only 41 were evaluable as 12 declined the intervention they were allocated. These 41 participants were then divided into early surgery, late surgery or non-surgical (no treatment) groups using alternation. There was no mention on how alternation was decided. Neither study mentioned if there was any attempt to conceal allocation. Neither participants nor outcome assessors were blinded to the interventions in either study. There were no losses to follow-up in the first study. The second study lost three participants to follow-up, and 17 did not contribute to the assessment of secondary outcomes. Both studies were at high risk of bias. Surgeons in both studies used a retro-auricular/transmastoid approach to decompress the facial nerve. For the outcome recovery of facial palsy at 12 months, the evidence was uncertain. The first study reported no differences between the surgical and no treatment groups. The second study fully reported numerical data, but included no statistical comparisons between groups for complete recovery. There was no evidence of a difference for the early surgery versus no treatment comparison (risk ratio (RR) 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.05 to 11.11; P = 0.84; 33 participants; very low-certainty evidence) and for the early surgery versus late surgery comparison (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.03 to 6.60; P = 0.58; 26 participants; very low-certainty evidence). We considered the effects of surgery on facial nerve function at 12 months very uncertain (2 RCTs, 65 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Furthermore, the second study reported adverse effects with a statistically significant decrease in lacrimal control in the surgical group within two to three months of denervation. Four participants in the second study had 35 dB to 50 dB of sensorineural hearing loss at 4000 Hz, and three had tinnitus. Because of the small numbers and trial design we also considered the adverse effects evidence very uncertain (2 RCTs, 65 participants; very low-certainty evidence). There is very low-certainty evidence from RCTs or quasi-RCTs on surgery for the early management of Bell's palsy, and this is insufficient to decide whether surgical intervention is beneficial or harmful. Further research into the role of surgical intervention is unlikely to be performed because spontaneous or medically supported recovery occurs in most cases.

Selection of standard penetration test number for geotechnical investigation of a vertical cross section considering spatial variability and correlation in soil properties

The standard penetration test (SPT) is a widely used in situ test for characterizing variation of subsurface soil properties, and results of site investigation are usually simplified as a two-dimensional (2D) vertical cross section for subsequent geotechnical design and construction. Current geotechnical design codes and guidelines only provide general recommendations for selection of an appropriate number of in situ tests (e.g., SPT) (e.g., the greater variability of subsurface conditions, the larger number of SPTs required to obtain sufficient underground information). No quantitative or rational method is available for selecting the appropriate number of SPTs considering spatial variability and correlation in subsurface conditions. A comprehensive parametric study is carried out in this study to investigate the influence of spatial variability in subsurface conditions on the minimum SPT number needed for satisfying an accuracy requirement of site investigation. Random field is adopted to model spatial variation and correlation in soil properties in typical site conditions, and 2D Bayesian compressive sampling is used to interpolate sparse SPT data. Based on the parametric study results, a statistical chart is developed for geotechnical engineers to conveniently select an appropriate number of SPTs in a vertical cross section. Real SPT data from New Zealand are used to illustrate and validate the proposed method.

ОЦЕНКА МЕР СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ПОДДЕРЖКИ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ РАБОТНИКОВ ИРКУТСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, ЗАЯВЛЕННЫХ В ОФИЦИАЛЬНЫХ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯХ ОБ ИХ ТРУДОУСТРОЙСТВЕ

Significance. Social support measures for healthcare workers are one of the key mechanisms for retaining specialists. Meanwhile, according to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, the current indicators of their implementation remain unsatisfactory. The purpose of the study was to assess frequency and structure of social support measures for medical workers based on the data of the official employment proposals posted by state medical organizations on the website of the Ministry of Health of the Irkutsk Region. Material and methods. Statistical charts have been developed, they included information from the employment proposals posted on the official website of the Ministry of Health of the Irkutsk Region, the total number of proposals added up to 429. Statistical methods to process the material included calculation of the extensive and intensive indexes without determining confidence intervals because the general aggregate was used in all cases. Results. The most wanted out of all doctors are district therapists (7.0% in the structure of doctors’ vacancies), followed by obstetricians-gynecologists (6.7%) and infectious disease specialists (6.1%). As for nursing staff, the highest number of employment proposals were looking for feldshers (22.4%), ward nurses (12.9%) and district nurses (11.2%). Of the total number of job proposals, social support measures were stated in 76.2 proposals out of 100, while the frequency of these measures added up to 77.4 out of 100 for doctors and 63.8 for nurses. The stated social support measures for doctors in the ascending order include as follows: issues related to housing (79.2 per 100 employment proposals); direct financial support (72.2 per 100); provision of a place in a preschool facility without waiting (35.1); additional vacation and travel expense reimbursement (27.2); reimbursement of expenses related to relocation and travel to the place of employment (14.4); payment for postgraduate and additional professional education (9.3). The rank structure of social support measures for nursing staff differs in the order, starting from the third. Conclusion. In both absolute and relative terms, the measures of social support stated by the employment proposals for doctors prevail. While primary health care workers are in highest demand, the need for such specialists is not directly reflected by the corresponding frequency of the stated social support measures. The results obtained are relevant to the development and implementation of the evidence-based personnel policy in healthcare at the level of an individual region of the Russian Federation.

W. E. B. Du Bois's Data Portraits: Visualizing Black America ed. by Whitney Battle-Baptiste and Britt Rusert

Reviewed by: W. E. B. Du Bois's Data Portraits: Visualizing Black America ed. by Whitney Battle-Baptiste and Britt Rusert Christopher McAuley W. E. B. Du Bois's Data Portraits: Visualizing Black America. Ed. Whitney Battle-Baptiste and Britt Rusert. Hudson, NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2018. Pp. 144 + 63 illustrations. $29.95 (cloth). "Black America in Technicolor" is what may come to mind as one studies the vividly colored and creatively designed maps, bar graphs, pie charts, and other shapes that W. E. B. Du Bois and his collaborators used to represent Black America at the Exposition Universelle in Paris at the opening of the twentieth century, now assembled and published for the first time by Whitney Battle-Baptiste and Britt Rusert in W. E. B. Du Bois's Data Portraits: Visualizing Black America. So accustomed are we to viewing social scientific data in black and white that we can forget that the originals, in some cases, were vibrantly rendered in the full spectrum of colors. But as the editors and contributors—Aldon Morris, Mabel O. Wilson, and Silas Munro—make clear in their short but effective contextual essays and commentaries, the choice of hues was only one part of the Du Bois team's strategy of data representation. No less important to its members were the configuration and layout of the numerical and statistical information, fully cognizant of the fact that to challenge hardened perceptions, like racial ones, the researcher must appeal to the senses as much to the intellect. Hence, their use of a variety of geometric shapes, angles, planes, symbols, lettering, and fonts in their "infographics." The results are exceedingly striking visual representations of data that one has to literally see to appreciate, especially those that Du Bois's team constructed to convey Black migrations and measures of social progress in literacy, landownership, and school enrollment. Our contemporary visual renderings of data look drab and flatly unimaginative in comparison. A firm believer in the independent power of empirical data Du Bois may well have been, but he also understood, like any Parisian boutiquier, that there is power in presentation. [End Page 196] The volume contains reproductions of all sixty-three "data visualizations" that were part of the American Negro Exhibit, and are divided into the categories that Du Bois's "design team" chose: The Georgia Negro: A Social Study and A Series of Statistical Charts Illustrating the Condition of the Descendants of Former African Slaves Now in Residence in the United States of America. Accompanying each plate are informative and suggestive remarks by Munro, describing how the Du Bois team's visual innovations anticipate later artistic movements. As the editors and contributors note, the aim of the Du Bois team was to present Black America at the state, national, and international levels, so as to move exhibit attendees to locate Black America in global history and processes, including their particular experience of racial enslavement. Also included in the volume is a reproduction of a photo of the exhibit area of the American Negro Exhibit, which shows the framed and mounted infographics along the back and side walls, as well as those in double-sided wing frames. The photo also reveals the other "eclectic set of objects, images, and texts" that Du Bois's team assembled in the exhibit area, including framed photographic portraits of prominent African American leaders and politicians; tools, harnesses, and other agricultural products from black industrial schools; a bronze statuette of Frederick Douglass; and an on-site collection of over two hundred and fifty publications authored by African Americans and compiled by Daniel Alexander Payne Murray. (9) The photo, along with the editors' inventory of the archive that the Du Bois team used to represent Black America, allow the reader to imagine how white European and North American passers-by, on-lookers, and the curious received that information and what they later related to others about it. We have no way of knowing if the committee that awarded Du Bois a gold medal for coordinating the American Negro Exhibit at the Exposition Universelle did so because its members were genuinely convinced of the central points of the exhibit's designers: that Black American...

Review of current pathways to wait-listing for kidney transplantation for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples with end-stage kidney disease in the Top End of Northern Australia.

Published evidence confirms poor access to wait-listing for kidney transplantation for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians from the Northern Territory. This study aimed to identify the practical causes and recommend improvement. Pathways to wait-listing for a kidney transplant were reviewed to identify potential barriers. Processes were mapped to identify potential problem areas, provide comparison of the actual versus the ideal, identify where data needed collecting and provide clear presentation of the processes. Staff involved in the work-up of patients going for wait-listing were asked to list the barriers. Data were collected for patients from the transplant database between 1 January 2017 to 31 August 2018. Quality improvement statistical processes and charts were used to analyse and present the results. There were 102 patients in the transplant work-up process; 81.4% were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, 71.6% were progressing with the work-up, 28.4% were on-hold. Of the 29 patients on hold, 92.9% were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. Causes of delays to wait-listing included: failure to attend appointments due to competing priorities and communication barriers, access and navigating complex pathways to specialist services, transport, co-morbidities requiring multiple tests and multiple specialty services, and pressures on dialysis and hospital bed capacity. In conclusion, barriers to wait-listing for kidney transplantation for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians are complex and can be addressed by redesigning healthcare provision, including increasing the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander workforce to provide education and patient navigation of the healthcare system and improve communication, streamlining investigations and coordinating specialist services.

Development of a Miniature Recorder for Drilling Motors

A recorder is designed to record the vibration data of the drilling motor for health assessment of the motor to improve the drilling efficiency. It is installed in the rotor catch of the drilling motor without increasing the length of the bottom hole assembly(BHA). The recorder is equipped with two triaxial vibration accelerometers with different ranges, a rate gyroscope, a temperature sensor, and an integrated circuit (IC) for timestamps. The recorder can measure and record the vibration data of the entire operation cycle of the ground transportation, rig-side handling and downhole operations of the motor. Vibration recorder does not require any configuration or intervention at rig sides so that it can be easily deployed to motor operations. The Python-based data analysis software was developed for the miniature vibration recorder. The analyzer can make statistics on the recorded data and display it with time plots and histogram. The vibration recorders provided adequate information of a drilling motor to maintenance shops and operator. These statistical data and charts can help users understand transportation, rig-side handling and downhole drilling.

A Survey on Energy-Efficient Strategies in Static Wireless Sensor Networks

A comprehensive analysis on the energy-efficient strategy in static Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that are not equipped with any energy harvesting modules is conducted in this article. First, a novel generic mathematical definition of Energy Efficiency (EE) is proposed, which takes the acquisition rate of valid data, the total energy consumption, and the network lifetime of WSNs into consideration simultaneously. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the EE of WSNs is mathematically defined. The energy consumption characteristics of each individual sensor node and the whole network are expounded at length. Accordingly, the concepts concerning EE, namely the Energy-Efficient Means, the Energy-Efficient Tier, and the Energy-Efficient Perspective, are proposed. Subsequently, the relevant energy-efficient strategies proposed from 2002 to 2019 are tracked and reviewed. Specifically, they respectively are classified into five categories: the Energy-Efficient Media Access Control protocol, the Mobile Node Assistance Scheme, the Energy-Efficient Clustering Scheme, the Energy-Efficient Routing Scheme, and the Compressive Sensing--based Scheme. A detailed elaboration on both of the basic principle and the evolution of them is made. Finally, further analysis on the categories is made and the related conclusion is drawn. To be specific, the interdependence among them, the relationships between each of them, and the Energy-Efficient Means, the Energy-Efficient Tier, and the Energy-Efficient Perspective are analyzed in detail. In addition, the specific applicable scenarios for each of them and the relevant statistical analysis are detailed. The proportion and the number of citations for each category are illustrated by the statistical chart. In addition, the existing opportunities and challenges facing WSNs in the context of the new computing paradigm and the feasible direction concerning EE in the future are pointed out.

A rapidly deployed, interactive, online visualization system to support fatality management during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

ObjectiveTo create an online visualization to support fatality management in North Carolina.Materials and MethodsA web application aggregates online datasets for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection rates and morgue utilization. The data are visualized through an interactive, online dashboard.ResultsThe web application was shared with state and local public health officials across North Carolina. Users could adjust interactive maps and other statistical charts to view live reports of metrics at multiple aggregation levels (eg, county or region). The application also provides access to detailed tabular data for individual facilities.DiscussionStakeholders found this tool helpful for providing situational awareness of capacity, hotspots, and utilization fluctuations. Timely reporting of facility and county data were key, and future work can help streamline the data collection process. There is potential to generalize the technology to other use cases.ConclusionsThis dashboard facilitates fatality management by visualizing county and regional aggregate statistics in North Carolina.

An evaluation of accessibility of Covid-19 statistical charts of governments and health organisations for people with low vision

During the Covid-19 pandemic, people rely on the Internet in order to obtain information that can help them understand the coronavirus crisis. This situation has exposed the need to ensure that everyone has access to essential information on equal terms. During this situation, statistical charts have been used to display data related to the pandemic, and have had an important role in conveying, clarifying and simplifying information provided by governments and health organisations. Scientific literature and the guidelines published by organizations have focused on proposing solutions to make charts accessible for blind people or people with very little visual rest. However, the same efforts are not made towards people with low vision, despite their higher prevalence in the population of users with visual impairment. This paper reviews the accessibility of the statistical charts about the Covid-19 crisis for people with low vision that were published by the Brazilian, British, Russian, Spanish, European Union, and the United States’ governments and also by the World Health Organization and Johns Hopkins University, relating to the countries most severely affected by the pandemic. The review is based on specific heuristic indicators, with a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach. Overall, the reviewed charts offer a reasonable level of accessibility, although there are some relevant problems affecting many of the low vision profiles that remain to be solved. The main problems identified are: poor text alternatives in both, raster images and SVG charts; the incompatibility with a keyboard interface; insufficient non-text contrast against adjacent colours (in chart elements such as bars, lines or areas), no customization options; and the lack of an optimized print version for users for whom reading on screen is challenging.

CMSA/CA protocol analysis in OMNeT++ environment with INET framework

Subject of Research. The paper presents the study of CSMA/CA access control protocol to a wireless data transmission medium by the OMNeT++ simulation environment using the INET framework. The protocol analysis is performed in the two modes: with confirmation of the received packets and without it. Method. The method of simulation and analysis is used in carrying out research. The OMNeT++ environment generates statistical data and builds a time chart in the modeling process. The data obtained are analyzed; an explanation for the each step of the model behavior is given and, as a result, a general conclusion is drawn on the simulation result. Main Results. An approach to CSMA/CA protocol operation study is presented on the example of a wireless network simulation model with the “CsmaCaMac” module from the INET framework included in the structure of all its nodes. The possibility of this module integration is shown without significant change in the node model. The main results of the analysis of statistical data and time charts obtained during simulation are presented, and the necessity of an access control protocol for the data transmission medium is proved. Practical Relevance. The considered approach can be used to develop and test new access control protocols for the data medium or to demonstrate the operation of existing protocols in the educational use.

Implementation of Diagnostic Stewardship Algorithms by Bedside Nurses to Improve Culturing Practices: Factors Associated With Success

Background: Bedside nurses have been recognized as potential antibiotic stewards; however, data on effective ways that nurses can contribute to stewardship activities in acute-care hospitals are scarce. Methods: A nurse-driven urine culture intervention to improve urine culture ordering practices was implemented in a medicine and a neurocritical care unit (NCCU) at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Bedside nurses implemented an algorithm (Fig. 1) developed by the antibiotic stewardship program (ASP) to review the appropriateness of urine culture and to guide discussions with ordering providers regarding unnecessary urine cultures. Nurses received in-person training by an ASP physician champion on how to use the algorithm and education on the definition and indications for evaluation for asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infections. The ASP physician periodically visited the units to address concerns and questions. In both units, a nurse champion was identified to serve as liaison between the ASP and bedside nurses, and physician support was obtained before the intervention. The pre- and postintervention periods for the medicine unit were September 2017–August 2018 and September 2018–August 2019, respectively. For the NCCU, these periods were September 2018–February 2019 and March 2019–September 2019, respectively. Trends in urine cultures per 100 patient days (PD) were examined with statistical process charts and compared before and after the intervention using a standard incident ratio (IRR) and Poisson regression. Results: In total, 327 urine cultures were collected in the medicine unit and 293 in the NCCU over the study period. Although the intervention led to a significant 34% reduction in the rate of urine cultures on the medicine unit (from 2.3 to 1.5 cultures/100 PD; IRR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.50–0.87; P < .01), the number of urine cultures remained without a significant change in the NCCU (from 4.5 to 3.7 cultures/100 PD; IRR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.65–1.22; P = .48) (Fig. 2). Conclusions: Algorithm-based, nurse-driven review of urine culture indications reduced urine cultures on a medicine unit but not in a neurosciences ICU. Success on the medicine unit may have been driven by highly engaged nurse and physician champions and by patients being able to respond questions about symptoms. The following factors might have impacted results on NCCU: presence of conflicting protocols (eg, panculturing patients every 48 hours per a hypothermia protocol), unit tradition (eg, obtaining cultures to assess treatment response), perception of greater risk benefit in NCCU patients, and unit dynamics (open unit with other primary services placing orders for patients). Unit and team dynamics can affect effective implementation of antimicrobial stewardship interventions by nurses.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

Occupational medicine in Sibiu: the switch from historical diseases to the current and emergent ones

Abstract This study aimed to provide a brief historical overview of occupational medicine in Sibiu County combined with epidemiological evidence and trends in occupational diseases useful to design an agenda for future research and development of other components. Methods: to depict a model of circumstances, correlations, and trends, we applied to the local employee population a semi-structured narrative review method combined with the analysis of occupational diseases. The search strategy relied on literature and document review to create a timeline. We used a statistic chart histogram to highlight the most significant factors. Results: since 1950, concerning the industrial profile and the significant health effects on workers, we identified six stages of developing an occupational health network. The coverage was both for medical and hazard surveillance through a centralized system in the communist regime and recovery in the unique Sanatorium for occupational diseases established in the area. Occupational medicine private health services and the Faculty of Medicine from Sibiu appeared in the 1990s. Sibiu’s occupational disease model was a particular one in the 20th century, given the burden of lead poisoning from local industries. Infectious diseases in medical staff related to sporadic epidemics and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic as an emergent professional risk pose new current challenges for occupational medicine. Conclusion: unique challenges increase the need for occupational epidemiologic research and the need for advances in other components of occupational health, but lessons from the past and traditional methods are well documented and still valuable.

Deleveraging，Bank-Enterprise Relationship and Enterprises’ Debt Structure

The overall debt ratio of China’s economy has risen sharply in recent years, which implies greater financial risks. Therefore, deleveraging is imperative. Deleveraging policy will affect the corporate debt structure, reduce the proportion of corporate financial debt financing, and increase the proportion of corporate operating debt financing. The bank-enterprise relationship will also affect the corporate debt structure, but contrary to the deleveraging policy, it will increase the proportion of corporate financial debt financing and reduce the proportion of corporate operating debt financing. These characteristics incur important theoretical and policy questions: Would deleveraging and the bank-enterprise relationship conflict with each other on the corporate debt financing structure? What is the concrete manifestation of such conflict if it exists?Taking China’s A-share listed companies from 2003 to 2016 as samples, the study finds that: (1) Deleveraging will reduce the proportion of financial liabilities and increase the proportion of operating liabilities. (2) The bank-enterprise relationship will increase the proportion of financial liabilities and long-term liabilities, and reduce the proportion of operating liabilities and short-term liabilities. (3) During the deleveraging period, compared with enterprises without bank-enterprise relationship, the proportion of operating liabilities and short-term liabilities is lower for enterprises with bank-enterprise relationship; while during the period of credit easing, the bank-enterprise relationship has no significant influence on the corporate debt structure.This paper may have the following contributions: (1) It systematically investigates the differential impact of deleveraging and bank-enterprise relationship on corporate debt structure and examines the possible conflict between them. Deleveraging would increase the use of operating liabilities and reduce the proportion of financial liabilities; while the effect of bank-enterprise relationship on corporate debt structure is the opposite. It is helpful for us to have an insight into the impact of deleveraging and bank-enterprise relationship on corporate debt financing structure. (2) It identifies the macro-policy conditions under which the bank-enterprise relationship could work. It is true that the bank-enterprise relationship can bring financing facilities to enterprises, but such financing facilities only exist in the period of easy credit. During the deleveraging period, it cannot increase the total amount of corporate debt financing, which suggests that the bank-enterprise relationship has limitations, and enterprises need to keep sober all the time, not to rely too much on this relationship form. (3) It also has some enlightenment to the development of China’s financial market. From the perspective of debt structure, the proportion of operating liabilities far exceeds that of financial liabilities, and the proportion of short-term liabilities far exceeds that of long-term liabilities. Moreover, according to the historical statistical charts made in this paper, the above gap has an accelerating trend of expansion by years. This shows that China’s financial market fails to play an adequate financial function in serving the real economy, which leads to enterprises having to seek an expedient measure to occupy the operating liabilities for a long time. Therefore, financial regulators should consider how to solve the problems of structural debt financing for enterprises.

Effective Environmental Factors for Reducing Children s Fear in Children s Hospital: Using Parent s Attitudes

Purpose Getting sick and getting into an unfamiliar environment in the hospital makes children fear, discomfort and is considered as a very common stressor in such setting. Poor design of hospital environments can exacerbate behavioral disorders, as well as fear and anxiety in individuals. The main purpose of this study is to investigate and address the needs and preferences of children regarding the design of therapeutic environments. Design/Methodology/Approach The desk research method was used and data was collected through a questionnaire given to the parents of children in 17th Shahrivar Children's Hospital in Rasht city, Northern Iran. After the data of the questionnaires was collected, it was analyzed through spss22 software. Descriptive statistics (charts, mean ...) were used to analyze the data. Due to the nonparametric nature of the data, Spearman test was used in order to measure the correlation of variables. Findings The results showed that the components of entertainment and play, natural light, the presence of green space, cheerful atmosphere and the presence of family are among the most important environmental elements affecting the reduction of children's fears from the perspective of their parents. Research Limitations/Implications the lack of direct involvement of the child in the study process as well as the cultural and economic differences are the main limitation of this study. Originality/Value This study is the first study on the design of children's medical environment using the opinion of their parents in Iran and in this regard.

Prophylactic Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation to Prevent Hypocalcemia Post-Thyroidectomy

Background: Hypocalcemia is a common post-operative complication of Thyroidectomy. This study is aimed to evaluate and treat hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy procedure with routine administration of oral calcium and vitamin D supplements. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of oral calcium and vitamin D administration in preventing hypocalcemia post-thyroidectomy. Subjects and Methods: This was a prospective randomized controlled study conducted on 50 patients undergoing total or near total thyroidectomy for benign or malignant disease over the period of one year from February 2017 to January 2018 at Department of General Surgery, Bhaskar Medical College, Yenkapally, Moinabad, Ranga Reddy District, Telangana, India. All the participants were randomly assigned to routinely receive or not receive oral calcium (3 g/d) and vitamin D (1 µg/d) for 2 weeks. Hypocalcemia symptoms and signs and total serum calcium levels were monitored and compared between the 2 groups. Data were presented in the form of statistical tables and charts. SPSS software version 20 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The hypocalcemic symptoms were minimal in the supplement group but more severe in the group not receiving the supplement. Serum calcium levels decreased in both groups after surgery but recovered earlier in the supplement group. Conclusion: In reducing the incidence and severity of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy, routine administration of supplements containing oral calcium and vitamin D has been effective.

Civilización y rivera

De acuerdo con las posibilidades técnicas de su tiempo, G. Carrasco despliega en la publicación de su trabajo un amplio abanico de formatos informativos: gráficos y cuadros estadísticos, mapas, esquemas, fotografías, litografías y dibujos. Las imágenes, que parecen cumplir un rol de ilustración y complemento, son utilizadas para presentar espacios urbanos significativos, como instalaciones portuarias, ferroviarias o edificios representativos, con predominio de las escenas de la ciudad de Rosario. Este trabajo se propone abordar la incorporación de esas imágenes urbanas en las diferentes ediciones de esta publicación, con el objeto de indagar acerca de los criterios elegidos para su utilización, asumiendo que cumplen con un rol de relevancia en la construcción del discurso.

Application of the China-PAR stroke risk equations in a rural northern Chinese population

To validate five-year risk prediction models for stroke in a contemporary rural Northern Chinese population. Totally 6 483 rural adults aged 40 to 79 years without cardiovascular diseases were enrolled at baseline between June and August 2010, and followed up through January 2017. Expected prediction risk using the China-PAR (prediction for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in China) stroke risk equations were compared with the new Framingham stroke risk profile (FSRP). The recalibrated models were applied by adjusting the five-year baseline survival rate and the mean score to our rural northern Chinese population, while keeping other coefficient parameters the same as the original models. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to obtain the observed event (nonfatal or fatal stroke) rate for the five years, and the expected-observed ratios were calculated to evaluate overestimation or underestimation in the cohort. The models were assessed by discrimination C statistic, calibration χ2, and calibration charts and plots for illustration as well. Over an average of (5.83 ± 1.14) years of the follow-up in this validation cohort with 6 483 rural Chinese participants, 438 subjects deve-loped a first stroke event. Recalibrated China-PAR stroke risk equations and FSRP well-performed for predicting five-year stroke risk in men, and had C statistics of 0.709 (95%CI, 0.675 - 0.743) and 0.721 (95%CI, 0.688 - 0.754), with calibration χ2 values being 5.7 (P = 0.770) and 13.6 (P = 0.137), respectively. However, both China-PAR and FSRP overestimated stroke events by 11.6% and 30.0% in women, and had C statistics of 0.713 (95%CI, 0.684-0.743) and 0.710 (95%CI, 0.679-0.740), respectively. Calibration χ2 values in women were 12.5 (P = 0.188) for China-PAR and 24.0 (P = 0.004) for FSRP. In addition, the calibration charts and plots illustrated good agreement between the observations and the predictions only in the China-PAR stroke risk equations, especially for men. In this validation cohort of rural northern Chinese adults, the China-PAR models had better performance of five-year stroke risk prediction than the FSRP, indicating that recalibrated China-PAR stroke risk equations might be appropriate tools for risk assessment and primary prevention of stroke in China.

Religion and Female Genital Mutilation as Correlates of Maternal Mortality in Ekiti State

This study was to examine religion and female genital mutilation as correlates of maternal mortality in Ekiti State. The study adopted descriptive research design of the survey type which comprises of all 654 health personnel (Doctors and Nurses) in the seventeen (17) general and three (3) specialist hospitals in Ekiti State. The doctors (60 of them) were purposively and proportionately selected from the population while simple random sampling techniques was adopted in selecting 490 Nurses, making a total of 550 samples. A self-structured questionnaire titled: Religion and FGM as Correlates of Maternal Mortality (RFGMCMM) was used for data collection which were analysed using descriptive statistics (Charts) and inferential statistics of Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was also used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The result showed that there was high maternal mortality cases in Ekiti state and it is as a result of erroneous religion believe and holding to old practice of female genital mutilation. Hence, it was therefore recommended that health workers and health professionals should map out an aggressive campaign and strategies to change the mind set of religious pregnant women by creating awareness on the need for regular antenatal care during pregnancy so that necessary anomalies would be corrected, hence reducing the menace of maternal death. Also, female genital mutilation should be totally condemned. Parents should be educated on the danger and consequences of this act hence averting possible complications during child delivery in the long run. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/76-08 Publication date: June 30th 2020