Station Communication Research Articles

Has COVID-19 Lockdown Affected on Air Quality?—Different Time Scale Case Study in Wrocław, Poland

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there are series of negative economic consequences, however, in limiting mobility and reducing the number of vehicles, positive effects can also be observed, i.e., improvement of air quality. The paper presents an analysis of air quality measured by concentrations of NO2, NOx and PM2.5 during the most restrictive lockdown from 10 March to 31 May 2020 on the case of Wrocław. The results were compared with the reference period—2016–2019. A significant reduction in traffic volume was identified, on average by 26.3%. The greatest reduction in the concentration of NO2 and NOx was recorded at the station farthest from the city center, characterized by the lowest concentrations: 20.1% and 22.4%. Lower reduction in the average concentrations of NO2 and NOx was recorded at the municipal station (7.9% and 7.7%) and the communication station (6.7% and 10.2%). Concentrations of PMs in 2020 were on average 15% and 13.4% lower than in the reference period for the traffic station and the background station. The long-term impact of the lockdown on air quality was also examined. The analysis of the concentrations of the pollutants throughout 2020, and in the analyzed period of 2021, indicated that the reduction of concentrations and the improvement in air quality caused by the restrictions should be considered as a temporary anomaly, without affecting long-term changes and trends.

Retraction Note: An intelligent method to select emergency allocation path of groundwater resource based on game theory

Traditionally, only the length of path was considered in the emergency allocation path of groundwater resource. After considering the actual congestion and the transportation time, this paper introduced game theory to optimize the method of selecting the emergency allocation path of groundwater resource. Combined with CPS and intelligent network, the intelligent model based on game theory was constructed. Moreover, the path was selected through the combination of path monitoring, communication station, and CPS theory. The degree of congestion and congestion rate were input into the intelligent selection model, so that the amount of traffic control was determined and the intelligent selection strategy was optimized. Based on the swarm intelligence hybrid algorithm, the optimal scheme of intelligent selection of emergency allocation path was obtained. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively reduce travel time and travel costs, and thus obtain the optimal path.

P.126 Incorporation of Objective Structured Clinical Examination into EEG/Epilepsy Fellowship Training

Background: For over 40 years, the objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) has been a part of medical education, eventually finding its way into most aspects of clinical training and evaluation. However, the EEG/epilepsy fellowship training has not classically involved OSCE evaluations. Methods: We designed and implemented a formative OSCE for pediatric and adult EEG/epilepsy fellows in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The examination was offered in French and English. Stations included: technical issues, short cases, a long case, and communication. We solicited post-examination feedback from all participants via anonymous electronic survey after they had completed the Canadian Society for Clinical Neurophysiology (CSCN) EEG examination. We asked questions surrounding utility of the examination, areas for improvement, and whether the participant had been successful in passing the CSCN examination. Results: Six fellows took the initial formative OSCE. All six reported passing the subsequent CSCN examination. All participants reported the OSCE as useful in examination preparation. The communication station was consistently ranked as the least useful station, an unsurprising finding given that the CSCN examination does not involve a communication component. Conclusions: OSCE is an effective tool in assessment of the level of competence of EEG/epilepsy fellows, and as preparation for the CSCN EEG examination.

Construction of Space Quantum Information System Based on Satellite Recognition

Satellite identification is a form of space quantum information, which refers to the use of artificial earth satellites as the transmitting station between earth communication stations to perform satellite identification to construct a space quantum information system. However, at this stage, a single form of identification cannot meet the needs of various aspects such as the development of the information society. And mobile broadband services. Based on this, this paper has carried out research on the construction of space quantum information system based on satellite recognition. This paper firstly introduces the research significance of space quantum information transmission based on satellite identification, and then analyzes the research status of space information system based on satellite identification and the research status of space quantum information system based on satellite identification at home and abroad. Aiming at the problem of asymmetrical transmission of space information, this paper proposes, a spatial asymmetric transmission scheme based on layered modulation and network coding, and in view of the low communication quality caused by the influence of weather and surrounding environment on the space-based communication channel, this paper proposes an adaptive transmission scheme of spatial information based on satellite cooperation. The survey results show that under the MNC strategy and the traditional zero-padded strategy, the end-to-end bit error rate performance of S2 is not much different. As the signal-to-noise ratio continues to increase to 30dB, the two are basically the same. In the whole range of k value, the access probability of the MNC strategy is equal to a constant 0.67 and remains unchanged. When k=1, under the OUS scheme, it shows that the two source nodes have the same probability of accessing the channel, and the access probability is 50%, which is 16.7% lower than that of the MNC scheme.

Bronze Age Funerary and Later Prehistoric Activity at Badminston Farm, Fawley, Hampshire

Archaeological excavations were undertaken by Southern Archaeological Services Ltd. between 1999 and 2010 at Badminston Farm, Fawley, on the eastern edge of the New Forest, adjacent to Southampton Water. The excavations identified evidence of near- continuous human activity from the early prehistoric period to the present day. Mesolithic activity was followed by Early Bronze Age pits, containing 'placed' flint assemblages. Evidence of Bronze Age funerary activity included deflated barrows/ring ditches, and associated cremations. Late Bronze Age ceramics were absent but a hoard of 68 Armorican-type socketed axes may have been a votive offering marking the 'ancestral' barrow which would have been visible here. Other Bronze Age evidence included two burnt mounds and an ill-defined structure possibly associated with weaving. Iron Age activity was represented by a number of pits containing domestic pottery, while Late Iron Age and Romano-British ditches may have formed part of an enclosure. A significant assemblage of non-local worked stone attests to long distance exchange, and the possibility of a nearby farmstead. Medieval activity was represented by pits, ditches and stakeholes, with some evidence of an enclosure or structure associated with grain drying. Later land divisions and a WWII radio communication station dominated more recent use of the site.

Adaptive Digital Modem for Tropospheric Scatter Link with Two Different Communication Stations

Adaptive Digital Modem for Tropospheric Scatter Link with Two Different Communication Stations

Short term prediction of wireless traffic based on tensor decomposition and recurrent neural network

This paper proposes a wireless network traffic prediction model based on Bayesian Gaussian tensor decomposition and recurrent neural network with rectified linear unit (BGCP-RNN-ReLU model), which can effectively predict the changes in the upstream and downstream network traffic in a short period of time in the future. The research is divided into two parts: (i) The missing observations are imputed by an algorithm based on Bayesian Gaussian tensor decomposition. (ii) The recurrent neural network is used to forecast the true observations only rather than both true and estimated observations. The results show that, compared with other combined models of missing data imputation and neural networks, the BGCP-RNN-ReLU model proposed in this paper has the smallest prediction error for both the upstream and downstream traffic. The new model achieves better forecasting precision, and thus can help to regulate the load of communication station to reduce resource consumption.HighlightsThe problem of forecasting wireless network traffic with missing values is divided in two stages tohandle.A newly proposed method can more efficiently impute missing values in wireless network traffic data.Simple recurrent neural network obtains better prediction performance than other complex networks.

Ultrawideband Dual-Polarized Antenna for LTE600/LTE700/GSM850/GSM900 Application

An ultrawideband antenna is proposed for base station using loop resonator below the dual-polarized antenna. The designed loop resonator below is able to introduce new resonance to the antenna for ultrawideband operation. The energy is coupled by the loop dipole. This design can effectively enhance the bandwidth without using extra antenna space, which contributes to the multiarray arrangement in the future. Consequently, a full parameter wideband dual-polarized antenna is obtained. Simulation and measurement exhibit a wide bandwidth of 54.3% (|S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> | <; -15 dB) from 550 to 960 MHz with polarization isolation of more than 31 dB. Desirable stable radiation patterns are also obtained over the whole band. It is a good candidate for the future base station communication system, etc.

Cognitive Radio and Dynamic TDMA for efficient UAVs swarm communications

In the last decades, under technological progress in electronic and avionics systems, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have known an increasing use in several military and civilian missions. Multiple UAVs can cooperatively carry out dangerous applications for human operators or missions where human intervention is not needed, such as surveillance and monitoring of areas of interest and physical infrastructures. Due to the lack of proper communication rules and standards, communication remains one of the most crucial design issues for UAVs swarm. Furthermore, UAVs generally operate in frequency bands shared with other users. Hence, these spectral bands become overcrowded and UAVs may face a spectrum scarcity issue. To address the above challenges, it is essential to define a reliable communication architecture for multiple UAVs coordination and efficient bandwidth sharing. A promising technology that can satisfy the spectrum requirements of the emerging UAVs Networks is Cognitive Radio Network (CRN). The goal is to opportunistically use spectral bands with minimum interference to other users or applications, i.e., primary users. In this paper, we consider the problem of spectrum scarcity encountered by UAVs. We present a centralized CRN-based communication approach for UAVs-Ground Control Station (GCS) communication. The GCS is used as a central coordinator to handle bandwidth usage for the UAVs swarm in its coverage zone. It selects, allocates, and shares available frequencies using CRN and Software Defined Radio (SDR). To share the available CRN-frequency between the different UAVs in its scope, the GCS uses dynamic Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technique. The performance of the proposed communication approach is evaluated in a surveillance context in terms of the total time required to transfer UAVs data, the total number of packets sent, and the achieved throughput.

In Response.

In Response.

A dynamic source routing protocol based on path reliability and link monitoring repair.

The two most essential factors for mobile self-organizing networks applicable to drones are reliability and stability. In harsh communication environments, such as mountainous regions and natural disasters, the use of satellites and terrestrial communication stations has severe time delays due to the high speed of UAVs, resulting in frequent communication interruptions with UAVs. Therefore, UAVs need to establish self-organizing networks for communication and information sharing. High-speed movement will lead to rapid changes in the network topology, resulting in established links being in an unstable connection state and even frequent routing errors, thus preventing the establishment of stable communication links. In order to improve the communication quality of UAVs under high-speed movement, we propose a dynamic source routing protocol based on path reliability and monitoring repair mechanism (DSR-PM). The model performs data transmission by filtering the best reliability path. The link state information is monitored during transmission and broken links are repaired in time to ensure the communication stability and reliability of the links and improve the data transmission efficiency. We simulated the approach in NS2 software and the simulation results show that the DSR-PM protocol effectively reduces parameters such as overhead, packet loss and delay, improves network throughput, and provides better communication performance.

Peculiarities of formation of students’ competences in the sphere of radio communication during their study at the specialization “work of local police officers”

The article contains the author&amp;rsquo;s technique of formation of radio communication skills during the process of local police officers training within the practical lessons in the discipline &amp;ldquo;Special technique of internal affairs bodies&amp;rdquo;. This technique helps to form necessary competences in the sphere of service radio communication with minimum participation of a teacher in the process of radio communication. The research contains samples of educational materials (procedure charts, radio communication control charts for the operator of the main communication station, a radio communication control chart for the teacher), necessary for a lesson. The author considers the knowledge assessment criteria for the section &amp;ldquo;Means of communication of internal affairs bodies&amp;rdquo;, related to radio communication. The topicality of the research is determined by the necessity to form stable skills of using service radio communication and radio exchange during the local police officers service. The author emphasizes that pedagogical literature doesn&amp;rsquo;t cover this issue.&amp;nbsp; The scientific novelty of the research consists in the development of the author&amp;rsquo;s technique of formation of practical skills of radio communication within the educational process preparing the future local police officers. The technique contains the action plan for a teacher, the samples of educational materials, and knowledge assessment criteria, and helps to effectively form radio communication competences of students. The main approaches of this research can be used for other specializations.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;

Research on blocking interference for digital radio station under UWB EMP

In order to make certain of the blocking impact of the ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulse (UWB EMP) on a radio communication station, an EMP injection test was conducted to study the blocking interference of a digital radio station under a step pulse train and double exponential pulse train. Combined with waveform parameters such as the pulse repetition rate (PRR), the concept of influence time when the UWB EMP was irradiated on the equipment under test (EUT) was introduced, and the model was established. According to the experimental results, the blocking impact of the EUT under the UWB EMP depended on factors such as waveform, PRR, and amplitude. The relationship between the PRR and the sensitive bit error rate could be determined by the effect test. In the case of a low PRR, the sensitive voltage threshold of the EUT was irrelevant to the PRR, and the effect was the monopulse effect. When the PRR reached above the reciprocal of the influence time, the sensitive voltage threshold of the EUT decreased with the increase in the PRR, which conformed to the cumulative multiple pulse effects.

Satellite communication station for Ka and Q-bands

The article reveals the features of the organization of satellite communication systems in the remote and northern territories of Russia. The importance of providing broadband access to multimedia resources and the Internet is shown. The problems of development of an earth station of satellite communication Ka and Q-bands, providing broadband communication, are considered. Its architecture and operating principles are presented. To ensure the possibility of operation of the station in two frequency ranges, replaceable irradiation systems with a microwave path are used. The features of their manufacture are disclosed in detail. The results of experimental studies of irradiating systems with a microwave path are presented. The gain of the irradiating system with a microwave path of the Q-band in the composition with a parabolic mirror with a diameter of 1.2 m was 51.8 dB at the transmission frequencies, and 45 dB at the receiving frequencies. The gain of the irradiating system with the Ka-band microwave path was 47.8 dB at the transmission frequencies and 43.8 dB at the receiving frequencies. Thus, the use of the proposed earth station of satellite communication Ka and Q-bands will allow organizing satellite broadband communication in remote and northern territories of Russia.

Communicative competencies anchored longitudinally - the curriculum "personal and professional development" in the model study programme in undergraduate medical education at the University of Witten/Herdecke.

Background: In October 2018, the University of Witten/Herdecke (UW/H) launched the new reformed medical education programme called Medicine 2018+. A major innovation compared to the existing model programme was the introduction of thematic focuses. A longitudinal communication skills curriculum was integrated into the new thematic focus “professional and personal development – inner work” (IAP). With the start of the new programme, the IAP curriculum has been built step-by-step over time, i.e. the first four semesters have already been implemented, the following semesters are being planned.Project description: IAP aims to provide students with patient-centred medicine. Five areas of competence were defined: Doctor-patient communication, team competence, staying healthy, my paths to becoming a doctor, medicine and society. The focus of this article is on the communication curriculum. The first year of study focusses on the training of basic communication skills. In the 2nd year of study, students practice these basic skills in small groups with simulated patients (SP), whereby the emphasis in the 3rd semester is on history taking and in the 4th semester is on sharing information. In the 3rd semester, students complete a communication station in an OSCE. From the 5th semester onwards, the focus of training is on the consolidation of basic and advanced communication skills, which can be applied in clinical clerkships, and the reflection of clinical experiences. Key didactic elements are, in addition to teaching the theoretical basics, experience-based small group work with and without SP, feedback and reflection. The evaluation of the summer semester 2020 showed high agreement ratings of the students regarding the overall satisfaction with the individual courses (83-100% agreement).Discussion: The introduction of IAP has been very positively received by the students. Challenges are the adequate handling of the increasing student workload when planning new courses, the implementation of a longitudinal e-portfolio as well as the recruitment and training of clinical teachers and SPs.Conclusion: As the evaluation results of the summer semester 2020 show, the first steps of implementing a longitudinal communication curriculum at UW/H have been successful. Helpful strategies were the orientation on published examples from other faculties as well as regular feedback and discussions with students and teachers in order to adapt and integrate educational considerations into the existing model programme in Witten.

Arbitrary-term-absent max-product fuzzy relation inequalities and its lexicographic minimal solution

Recently the max-product fuzzy relation inequalities were applied to describe the wireless communication station system. However, when an arbitrary line fault appears between the emission basic station and the signal testing point, the classical max-product system is no longer effective. Considering an arbitrary line fault in the wireless communication station system, we introduce and investigate the so-called arbitrary-term-absent (ATA) max-product fuzzy relation inequalities in this paper. In order to reduce the damage caused by the electromagnetic radiation from the basic stations, a minimal solution is usually desired. However, the structure of solution set to the ATA max-product fuzzy relation inequalities shows that the minimal solutions are not unique in most cases. Hence, we further introduce the lexicographic order and define the relevant concept of lexicographic minimal solution. A lexicographic minimal solution is indeed an optimal scheduling, minimizing the electromagnetic radiations in a lexicographic order. An efficient algorithm with polynomial complexity is developed for obtaining the unique lexicographic minimal solution of the ATA max-product system. At last, our proposed resolution algorithm is compared to the existing one and illustrated by a numerical example.

Key Technologies of Intelligent Debugging Platform for the Whole Process of Automation System

Based on the smart dispatching support system and the smart substation system, and based on the functional requirements of the dispatching center to the substation, a source maintenance plan of integrated sharing of model, graphical and communication points between the smart substation and the dispatching center is proposed, and the traditional source maintenance process is optimized according to the actual requirements. According to the plan, an intelligent debugging platform for the whole process of the automation system is developed, and a new mode of smart substation access dispatching center is explored. In this paper, the key technologies of the debugging platform are introduced from the aspects of primary equipment model transformation, primary equipment and measurement association, automatic generation of RCD file, and online master sub - station communication point checklist technology.

Epidemic Risk Assessment by a Novel Communication Station Based Method.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused serious consequences in the last few months and trying to control it has been the most important objective. With effective prevention and control methods, the epidemic has been gradually under control in some countries and it is essential to ensure safe work resumption in the future. Although some approaches are proposed to measure people's healthy conditions, such as filling health information forms or evaluating people's travel records, they cannot provide a fine-grained assessment of the epidemic risk. In this paper, we propose a novel epidemic risk assessment method based on the granular data collected by the communication stations. We first compute the epidemic risk of these stations in different intervals by combining the number of infected persons and the way they pass through the station. Then, we calculate the personnel risk in different intervals according to the station trajectory of the queried person. This method could assess people's epidemic risk accurately and efficiently. We also conduct extensive simulations and the results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The automated special software for component testing of the satellite communication station

Research tests of satellite communication station components are distinguished by a special variety of tasks to be solved, associated both with a wide range of components of the station, and a variety of estimated technical and functional characteristics. The whole set of characteristics can be subdivided into three categories: frequency and quality characteristics of components, operation parameters of the station and parameters of electromagnetic compatibility. These measurement operations of these parameters should be carried out using an automated measuring complex, which includes a measuring signal generator, vector spectrum, signal and network analyzers and operated under control of a specialized software. In the paper the architecture, logic algorithms and some application results of the software are shortly presented. The special software consists of the individual modules for control technical characteristics of low-noise and power amplifiers, cable assemblies, transceiver signal path element, and documenting the results. The program also includes modules that implement measurement instrumentation control used to assess the operational parameters and electromagnetic compatibility of the communication equipment. The developed specialized software allows automatically performing the entire cycle of operations related to the analysis of frequency and spectral characteristics, as well as quality characteristics of the devices under test in the automatic mode.

Overview on Equipment of Distributed Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Distributed proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is one of choices for distributed power equipment, which is efficient, eco-friendly, reliable and responsive. They can be used in different occasions such as house, communication stations and chemical industry. This paper introduces combined heat and power (CHP), backup power and stationary power station, and details their system structure, technical specification and sales distribution. CHP are mainly applied in Japan and Europe, especially in Japan. PEMFC backup power is mainly carried out by large network and communication companies, which are about total 900 units in global, and the actual examples of PEMFC power station are lesser. Through the analysis of representative cases, this paper sums the actual operation and fault cause of distributed PEMFC equipment. Research will be better developed based on this analysis. Meanwhile, this paper sums these distributed power equipment from view of economy. Finally, application of domestic distributed PEMFC is pointed out. Generally speaking, distributed PEMFC receives less attention in our country. However, there are multitudinous chemical industries and so hydrogen in by-product is abundant. As PEMFC technology matures and cost falls, PEMFC power station is a suitable mode for our country based on comprehensive utilization of resources.