Stationary Lead-acid Batteries Research Articles

Battery Capacity Calculation Method of a Stationary Battery for an Emergency Power Supply

A storage battery is used as an emergency power supply that stores energy and supplies the stored energy to the load when necessary. While stationary lead-acid batteries were used in the past, lithium-ion batteries are being increasingly used in recent times, yielding improved efficiency. There are two methods to calculate the capacity of stationary lead-acid batteries, domestically and internationally. One is from IEEE Std. 485, conforming to KEPIC EEG 1200, and the other is from the design criteria of a construction-based electrical installation that quoted SBA S 0601. First, to calculate the capacity of a stationary lead-acid battery (for using emergency power), I compared both methods and analyzed their differences, modifications, and capacity calculations. Subsequently, I demonstrated the gaps between the two methods using actual calculations by applying the duty cycle from IEEE Std. 485-2020 and the Kt-T curve by the manufacturer. Based on these results, I finally reviewed the approaches to calculate the capacity of lithium-ion batteries and proposed an effective method.

Real-time monitoring of the state of degradation and prediction of useful life of a stationary lead acid battery

Real-time monitoring of the state of degradation and prediction of useful life of a stationary lead acid battery

Effects of carbon surface area and morphology on performance of stationary lead acid battery

A gamut of carbon additives exists with variation in particle diameter, aggregation, surface area, crystallinity, porosity, etc. and these properties influence lead acid battery performance parameters like discharge capacity, self-discharge characteristics, over-charging endurance, ampere hour and watt hour efficiency. In this work, two carbons with varying surface area and morphology were selected, to understand and establish if one form or morphology was more beneficial than another. Carbon additives were structurally and chemically characterized and lead acid batteries assembled with carbon containing negative electrodes were evaluated for stationary/float application as per the Indian standard for testing stationary LAB (with tubular positive plate) in monobloc container (IS 13369:1992, reaffirmed in 2017). The carbons have impacted all battery performance parameters like discharge capacity, ampere hour/watt hour efficiency, self-discharge and endurance test.

Study of Molybdenum Disulfide as a Negative Electrode Additive for Stationary Flooded Lead Acid Batteries with Tubular Positive Plates

AbstractTwo dimensional layered molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets possess great potential for lithium‐ion batteries, but their role in lead‐acid batteries (LAB) is not well known and documented. In this work, for the first time, full scale tubular positive flooded lead‐acid battery containing MoS2 in negative electrode was compared to control battery containing only carbon black for stationary/float application. Discharge capacity and an endurance test for 2000 h under constant current charging regime were investigated as per the Indian standard for testing stationary LAB (with tubular positive plate) in monobloc container (IS 13369 : 1992, reaffirmed in 2017). Inclusion of MoS2 does not negatively impact discharge capacity or endurance performance; instead, it improves these parameters 2–5 % over control battery. A significant drop in charging voltage is observed in the battery containing MoS2 throughout 2000 h of endurance testing. A battery containing MoS2 passes a similar current of 15 A at 15.2 V as control battery at 15.8 V. Battery containing MoS2, therefore, could be recharged at lower voltages than control batteries to reach identical Ah, thus delaying the onset of common failure mechanism, i. e., grid corrosion associated with high charging voltages.

Particular properties of operation of stationary lead-acid batteries at power distribution facilities

The article provides an analysis of the features of operation of stationary lead-acid rechargeable batteries at power plants as a source of power for operational DC circuits. The aim of the study was to compare widely used lead-acid battery systems with free electrolyte with dryfit and AGM technologies. The result of the study is to determine the significant advantages of sealed batteries in the implementation of gas evolution and recombination processes. On the basis of the conducted research and the revealed modern trend in the implementation of hardware for automation and telemechanics based on low-maintenance and maintenance-free equipment, conclusions have been made about the feasibility of using sealed lead-acid batteries as sources of operational direct current at power distribution facilities.

Hybrid Microgrid Simulation

This article introduces an implementation of an insulated alternative energy system. The objective of the study is the analysis of energy generation in communities that are located in insulated areas. The study focuses on the development of a photovoltaic hybrid microgrid, with storage in stationary lead-acid batteries and energy from fuel cell. The photovoltaic hybrid microgrid must be sized to produce enough energy to supply to a community of houses. This study attempts to elaborate a standard computational simulation method using the Matlab® Platform, to size the system independent of region, but taking the impact of local global irradiance, air temperature, and the energetic demand into consideration. This simulation type allows an estimation of the photovoltaic power to be installed and the nominal battery capacity.

Eletrodos positivos tubulares para baterias chumbo ácidas produzidas com material ativo nanométrico

Conventional stationary lead acid batteries positive tubular plates have a specific capacity of about 120 Ah/kg. This value represents an active material utilization coefficient of 50%. The production of these plates includes some initial processes to generate the active PbO2 from a precursor material. In the present work it will be presented a proper and novel methodology to assemble tubular plates directely with nanometric powder of PbO2 particles. The utilization coefficient of these plates was about 80%, and they were able to endure more than 130 severe duty cycles. This high utilization coefficient is a higly desirable feature for electric vehicles batteries.

The key to success: Gelled-electrolyte and optimized separators for stationary lead-acid batteries

The lead acid technology is nowadays considered one of the best suited for stationary applications. Both gel and AGM batteries are complementary technologies and can provide reliability and efficiency due to the constant optimization of the battery design and components. However, gelled-electrolyte batteries remain the preferred technology due to a better manufacturing background and show better performance mainly at low and moderate discharge rates. Especially, using the gel technology allows to get rid of the numerous problems encountered in most AGM batteries: drainage, stratification, short circuits due to dendrites, and mostly premature capacity loss due to the release of internal cell compression. These limitations are the result of the evident lack of an optimal separation system. In gel batteries, on the contrary, highly efficient polymeric separators are nowadays available. Especially, microporous separators based on PVC and silica have shown the best efficiency for nearly 30 years all over the world, and especially in Europe, where the gel technology was born. The improved performance of these separators is explained by the unique extrusion process, which leads to excellent wettability, and optimized physical properties. Because they are the key for the battery success, continuous research and development on separators have led to improved properties, which render the separator even better adapted to the more recent gel technology: the pore size distribution has been optimized to allow good oxygen transfer while avoiding dendrite growth, the pore volume has been increased, the electrical resistance and acid displacement reduced to such an extent that the electrical output of batteries has been raised both in terms of higher capacity and longer cycle life.

Performance of a VRLA battery in an arctic environment

The successful operation of stationary lead-acid batteries of the VRLA/AGM type at cold and extremely cold temperatures is a precondition for the further expansion of their application envelope. Application oriented tests and investigations show a surprisingly robust behavior of such batteries under temperature conditions as low as −30°C. The results obtained in these tests are presented and show data concerning available discharge energy at low temperatures, the behavior during charge and discharge cycles, the effect of freeze and thaw cycles and structural aspects of the “frozen” electrolyte at these temperatures.

The Bourner lecture — do standby batteries need to have a new chemistry?

Abstract The telecommunication and data communication businesses are experiencing strong growth and so is the demand for batteries for back-up power. The stationary lead-acid battery is the type that dominates these applications. This presentation will give some guidelines for battery scientists who want to apply their technology to back-up power. The opinion of the author is that the advanced batteries that are in the frontline today are poorly adapted to the needs of back-up power for networks. If developers of these advanced batteries are to stand a chance of achieving success in the network power market they must focus on reliability, volumetric energy density and cost.

Influence of current rate onto a lead-acid cell performance in photovoltaic applications

Stratification created during charge-discharge cycling in stationary lead-acid batteries supposes serious drawbacks to the system, affecting the performance, reducing the cycle efficiency and shortening lifetime. This phenomenon appears in both charge and discharge half-cycle, but it is much more important in the former. Several methods have been traditionally used to overcome this problem, especially in stand-alone installations and photovoltaic power plants. In this work the concentration gradient dependence on current rate has been studied as well as its influence on general lead-acid cell performance.

Cycling efficiency improvement in photovoltaic lead-acid storage batteries

Abstract The increasing use of solar power plants requires more efficient storage systems. The traditional use of stationary lead-acid batteries reduces the cycling efficiency, because of the energy wasted in overcharging processes to equalize charge in cells, needs the lost water during gassing to be replaced and reduces life time. Reducing cell cycling efficiency will increase the storage system size or will cut down the autonomy, augmenting investments and maintenance costs. The increase of the cycling efficiency in new lead-acid battery design is studied. The results have shown storage system size and cost could be reduced up to 15%.