Stationary Emission Sources Research Articles

Toxicity, mutagenicity, and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient atmosphere and flue gas

This study aimed to assess the characteristics of particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from various stationary and mobile emission sources in Taiwan, with a focus on source apportionment and associated health risks. The northern power plant, equipped with bag filters operating at 150 °C, had significantly lower FPM and CPM levels (0.44 and 0.13 mg/m3, respectively) compared to the central and southern power plants, which used electrostatic precipitators operating at 250 °C (FPM, 1.45–8.35 mg/m3; CPM, 2.37–3.73 mg/m3). Additionally, emissions from diesel vehicles under both idle and high-speed conditions exhibited higher FPM levels (3.46–4.67 mg/m3) than gasoline vehicles (0.19–0.40 mg/m3). In terms of PAH toxicity, diesel vehicle emissions had significantly higher BaP-TEQ (87.3 ng/m3) and BaP-MEQ (25.9 ng/m3) levels compared to power plants (BaP-TEQ, 5.49 ng/m3; BaP-MEQ, 2.65 ng/m3). The highest ambient concentrations of PM2.5, BaP-TEQ, and BaP-MEQ were recorded at traffic sites, with values of 48 ± 36 µg/m3, 0.29 ng/m3, and 0.11 ng/m3, respectively. Differences in PAH distributions between stationary and mobile sources were influenced by factors such as pollution control technologies, combustion temperatures, and fuel types. Diesel vehicle emissions were dominated by benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IND), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) under idle conditions, while phenanthrene (PA), pyrene (Pyr), and BghiP were prevalent under high-speed conditions. Source apportionment conducted using principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified diesel and gasoline vehicles as the dominant contributors to atmospheric PAHs in Taiwan, accounting for 38% of the total, followed by coal-fired power plants at 35%. The highest lifetime excess cancer risk (ECR) of 2.5 × 10⁻5 was observed in traffic-dense areas, emphasizing the public health implications of vehicle emissions. The study adds credibility to the source apportionment findings, and the health risk analysis highlights variations across different regions, including traffic, urban, rural, and background zones.

Offshore carbon storage from power plants based on real option and multi‐period source‐sink matching: A case study in the eastern coastal China

Carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) emerges as a pivotal strategy for CO2 reduction in the power sector, particularly focusing on the overlooked domain of offshore storage along China's east coast. In spite of the potential high costs, irreversible investments, and lengthy development, offshore storage can still be prospective. Considering autonomous decision-making among emission sources, this study pioneers a CO2 offshore storage investment decision model tailored for coal-fired and gas-fired power plants. Innovating an offshore storage source-sink matching model with a real options model and introducing a pipeline network optimization model allows a realistic source-sink matching strategy to be explored under optimal investment timing. According to the results, among 154 large stationary emission sources in Zhejiang Province, offshore storage could reduce CO2 emissions by 4.59 Gt, utilizing the Qiantang, Minjiang, and Fuzhou depressions. It is economically feasible to implement offshore storage with a whole-process unit cost of 368.8 CNY/tCO2, mainly dominated by capture costs. A hybrid carbon tax-subsidy policy promotes carbon reduction and economic benefits, offering a more effective incentive for emission sources to invest in offshore storage than a single policy. At a hybrid policy price of 250 CNY/tCO2, all 27 selected emission sources are projected to invest in offshore storage by 2048, with a preference for the Qiantang depression as the storage site. Practically, this study provides important technical support and guidance for the large-scale deployment of offshore storage.

Comparison of aerosol number size distribution and new particle formation in summer at alpine and urban regions in the Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China

Ultrafine particles play a crucial role in understanding climate change, mitigating adverse health effects, and developing strategies for air pollution control. However, the factors influencing the occurrence and development of new particle formation (NPF) events, as well as the underlying chemical mechanisms, remain inadequately explained. This study compared number concentrations and size distributions of atmospheric ultrafine particles at Xi'an (urban area) and the summit of Mt. Hua (alpine region) in summer to investigate the NPF mechanism and particle growth in both clean and polluted areas of the Guanzhong Plain. The average particle number concentration in Xi'an was significantly higher than that at Mt. Hua. The diurnal variation of total particle number concentration differed between Xi'an and Mt. Hua indicating a divergence in influencing factors. The size distributions in Xi'an varied across different timescales and weather conditions, whereas Mt. Hua exhibited little variation. This stability at Mt. Hua is attributed to its cleaner background atmosphere and the steady influx of aging particles with larger diameters transported from the free atmosphere. In both areas, geometric mean diameters (GMDs) were inversely proportional to particle number concentrations suggesting that increase in particle numbers were primarily due to the generation of smaller particles. The potential governing factors for NPF events differed somewhat between the urban and mountainous stations. In the urban area, intense local stationary and mobile emission sources promoted the growth of newly formed nanoparticles, with ozone-oxidized condensable vapors serving as key precursors. In contrast, at the mountainous station, NPF process were significantly influenced by anthropogenic precursors from long-range transport and locally emitted biogenic organics. The rapid increase in ultrafine particle concentrations primarily poses serious health risks and degrades air quality in urban areas, while also contributing to climate-related effects in alpine regions.

Tandem Catalysis for Simultaneous Removal of NOx and C3H8 with Inhibition of N2O.

Tandem catalysis is widely adopted for multipollutant control in mobile sources but has rarely been reported in stationary source emission elimination. This work proposed a tandem arrangement way with up-streamed V2O5/TiO2 + down-streamed Cr2O3/TiO2 catalysts, which could achieve the efficient synergistic control of NOx and C3H8 in industrial flue gas. Moreover, this arrangement successfully alleviated the unwanted N2O formation during the NH3 -SCR process. Compared to the conventional impregnation method of the Cr2O3-V2O5/TiO2 catalyst, the tandem catalysts of V2O5/TiO2 + Cr2O3/TiO2 could enhance the NOx and C3H8 conversion by 4.2% and 39.5%, respectively, at 350 °C. It might be attributed to the fact that Cr species was the active site for C3H8 oxidation, and the tandem arrangement of catalysts was beneficial to even dispersion of active components on supports. Furthermore, due to the preferential NOx removal over the up-streamed V2O5/TiO2 catalyst, the tandem catalysts obviously alleviated the N2O formation caused by Cr species during the NH3-SCR process. Herein, it significantly decreased N2O formation by 240.5% at 350 °C compared to the Cr2O3-V2O5/TiO2 catalyst, achieving multipollutant emission control from industrial flue gas with the performance of "one stone three birds".

Identification of an Unknown Stationary Emission Source in Urban Geometry Using Bayesian Inference

Estimating the parameters of an unidentified toxic pollutant source is crucial for public safety, especially in densely populated urban areas. Implementing source term estimation methods in real-world urban environments is challenging due to complex phenomena and the absence of concentration observational data. This work combines a computational fluid dynamics numerical simulation with the Metropolis–Hastings MCMC algorithm to identify the location and quantify the release rate of an unknown source within the geometry of Augsburg city center. To address the lack of concentration measurements, synthetic observations are generated by a forward dispersion model. The methodology is tested using these datasets, both as directly calculated by the forward model and with added Gaussian noise under different source release and wind flow scenarios. The results indicate that in most cases, both the source location and the release rate are estimated accurately. Although a higher performance is achieved using synthetic datasets without additional noise, high accuracy predictions are also obtained in many applications of noisy measurement datasets. In general, the outcomes demonstrate that the presented methodology can be a useful tool for estimating unknown source parameters in real-world urban applications.

The Structures and Compositions Design of the Hollow Micro-Nano-Structured Metal Oxides for Environmental Catalysis.

In recent decades, with the rapid development of the inorganic synthesis and the increasing discharge of pollutants in the process of industrialization, hollow-structured metal oxides (HSMOs) have taken on a striking role in the field of environmental catalysis. This is all due to their unique structural characteristics compared to solid nanoparticles, such as high loading capacity, superior pore permeability, high specific surface area, abundant inner void space, and low density. Although the HSMOs with different morphologies have been reviewed and prospected in the aspect of synthesis strategies and potential applications, there has been no systematic review focusing on the structures and compositions design of HSMOs in the field of environmental catalysis so far. Therefore, this review will mainly focus on the component dependence and controllable structure of HSMOs in the catalytic elimination of different environmental pollutants, including the automobile and stationary source emissions, volatile organic compounds, greenhouse gases, ozone-depleting substances, and other potential pollutants. Moreover, we comprehensively reviewed the applications of the catalysts with hollow structure that are mainly composed of metal oxides such as CeO2, MnOx, CuOx, Co3O4, ZrO2, ZnO, Al3O4, In2O3, NiO, and Fe3O4 in automobile and stationary source emission control, volatile organic compounds emission control, and the conversion of greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances. The structure-activity relationship is also briefly discussed. Finally, further challenges and development trends of HSMO catalysts in environmental catalysis are also prospected.

Revealing the mechanism of structure-electron effect in mechanochemistry-driven CuS-coupled layered g-C3N4 Schottky-junction for enhanced demercuration

The development of cost-effective heterojunctions with heightened affinity for mercury (Hg0) presents a promising approach for mercury abatement from stationary source emissions. In this study, one novel hierarchical porous Schottky heterojunction composed of CuS-coupled layered g-C3N4 (CuS-CN) was synthesised via a mechanochemistry-driven acetate route. The prepared CuS-CN heterojunction exhibited a considerable Hg0 accommodation capacity of 33.04 mg/g at 70 °C and a breakthrough threshold of 60%, which was 40% higher than that of CuS-CN(mix) prepared by simply mixing CuS and CN without forming a heterojunction interface. Additionally, the CuS-CN heterojunction demonstrated satisfactory applicability against various simulated stationary source exhausts. Furthermore, the reason for the unparalleled and enhanced demercuration performance of the CuS-CN heterojunction was systematically deduced via experimental studies and first-principles calculations. Under-coordinated disulfides (S22−) on the CuS-CN surface served as the primary active centre for the oxidation of Hg0 to Hg2+ and simultaneous bonding site for Hg2+ to form HgS. The well-developed electron transport network and narrow bandgap energy of the CuS-CN heterojunction enhanced charge separation and transfer from Hg0 and CN to CuS, accelerating Hg0 oxidation reaction, which resulted in an enhanced adsorption energy of −344.52 kJ/mol. Additionally, the CuS-CN heterojunction exhibited stronger Hg0 oxidation and weaker HgS adsorption properties, attributed to the lower bond strength of HgS on the CuS-CN surface and lower energy barrier for HgS desorption. Thus, this study highlighted the effectiveness of the CuS-CN heterojunction in Hg0 abatement and presented a promising strategy for the mechanochemical synthesis of mercury removal agents for large-scale industrial applications.

Attributions of emission-reduction and meteorological conditions to typical heavy pollution episodes in a cold metropolis, northeast China

Heavy pollution episodes frequently occurred in winter in northeast China due to the multiple anthropogenic emissions coupled with adverse meteorological conditions, which increased the difficulty of environmental pollution control. To better enact strategies for mitigating air pollution in the post-pandemic era, daily pollutant concentration monitoring and meteorological data were used to evaluate the changes and meteorological factors of air pollutants before (2019) and during (2020) the lockdown in Harbin City, northeast China. Moreover, typical pollution episodes under COVID-19 lockdown were identified, and their emission sources, meteorology conditions, and regional pollution transportation were analyzed. The results showed significant decreases in NO2, PM10 and CO, while O3 increased, and no differences in PM2.5 and SO2 during the lockdown compared with non-lockdown periods. It indicated that reduced activities of transportation resulted in reductions of NO2 concentrations by 16%, and stationary emission sources were less affected. Correlation between PM2.5 and O3 tended to change from positive to negative as the threshold of PM2.5 = 90 μg m−3, with the main controlling factor changed from their common gaseous precursors to meteorological conditions (temperature <0°C and wind speed <2 m s−1). Pollution days were concentrated in the COVID-19 lockdown period with PM2.5 as the primary pollutant. SO2 dominant pollution and PM2.5 dominant pollution were distinguished from six sustained heavy pollution events. PM2.5 and SO2 played essential roles in SO2 dominant pollution, which derived from local emissions of coal combustion and firework discharge. PM2.5 dominant pollution might be chemical transformed from coal burning, vehicle exhaust, and other secondary precursors, which was affected and aggravated by CO, NO2, high relative humidity and low wind speed affected by local emission and long-distance transport.

Особенности создания систем автоматического контроля загрязняющих веществ от стационарных источников выбросов

At the present stage of industrial development, there is a tendency to strengthen environmental control over objects that have a negative impact on the environment (NIE). Enterprises of heat and power, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, oil and gas processing, chemical and petrochemical industries cause the greatest harm to the environment by emitting mainly sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrocarbons, suspended solids into the atmosphere. In order to control the quantity of emitted pollutants at the legislative level it is mandatory to equip stationary emission sources of the 1st category objects of NIE with continuous automatic control systems (SAC). The implementation of the SAC is relevant due to the currently limited number of enterprises with SAC. The aim of the study is to consider the features of the creation SAC of stationary sources of emissions, their composition, functional purpose and implementation in industrial enterprises.

Comparative Analysis of Real-Emitted Particulate Matter and PM-Bound Chemicals from Residential and Automotive Sources: A Case Study in Poland

The awareness of environmental pollution has been continuously growing in recent decades and is currently reaching its maximum. Europe and most developed countries are determined to ensure safe breathing air for their citizens, and the measures to do so are stricter than ever before. Combustion procedures remain the primary means of producing energy and warmth in Poland. Among the notable constituents of flue gases produced as a result of fuel combustion, solid particles (or particulate matter) hold significant prominence. The paper presents the chemical characterisation of particulate matter emitted from stationary and automotive emission sources. Stationary emission sources included the combustion process of fossil fuels (soft wood, bituminous coal, ecopea coal, culm) in domestic heating units and the process of combustion of bituminous coal in a power plant. Automotive emission sources included light duty and medium duty vehicles fuelled by diesel. Exhaust toxicity tests were carried out maintaining the real conditions of PM emission. In all field measurements particulate matter was gravimetrically measured and collected on quartz or glass fibre filters. Subsequently, the content of carbonaceous fraction, inorganic ions, and metals and metalloids was analyzed using different analytical techniques. The chemical composition of the particulate matter differed depending on the emission source. With respect to stationary combustion sources, the main factors determining solid particle emission are related primarily to the fuel quality. The duty of vehicles was also a factor that influenced the chemical characterisation of the particulate matter emitted from the engines.

Atmospheric mercury speciation and concentration at the urban and industrial sites in Taiwan over a three-year period

Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal known to be detrimental to human health and wildlife survival due to its serious toxicity to the central nervous system. In this study, measurements of atmospheric mercury in Taiwan over three years suggested significantly higher total Hg concentrations (p < 0.001) during the dry season compared with the wet season for both urban and industrial sites, indicating that precipitation played a role through scavenging Hg. Total gaseous mercury (TGM) was the main component in air accounting for >90% of the total Hg, which included particulate mercury (Hgp). Furthermore, extreme Hg concentrations were observed at sites near cement works (TGM: 18 ng m−3; Hgp: 913 pg m−3) and iron-steel plants (TGM: 24.3 ng m−3; Hgp: 871 pg m−3), indicating a strong role for these two stationary emission sources to Hg concentrations in ambient air. This study contributes to improved understanding of atmospheric mercury speciation and concentrations near iron-steel plants and cement works.

Risk Analysis H2S And NH3 Exposure to Local Community Around Benowo Landfill Surabaya

Final waste processing in Indonesia adopts a landfill system. The Benowo landfill employs this system, which has a weakness in producing H2S and NH3 gases. The objective of this study was to assess the level of public health risk present in the Benowo landfill environment. The study design used was quantitative descriptive with a cross-sectional approach. The sample size consisted of 93 housewives selected using simple random sampling techniques, and gas measurements were conducted at two locations. The data analysis methods employed were univariate analysis and ARKL. The findings of this research demonstrated that the level of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas measured 0.02 ppm, while the concentration of ammonia (NH3) was 0.006 ppm. which were still below the quality standards set by East Java Governor Regulation No. 10 year 2009 regarding ambient air quality standards and stationary source emissions in East Java, where the limits for H2S were 0.03 ppm and NH3 were 2.00 ppm. The response dose value (Rfc) for H2S was 0.002 mg/m3, and for NH3 it was 0.5 mg/m3. The RQ value for H2S was greater than 1, indicating a potential risk, while the RQ value for NH3 was less than or equal to 1, indicating safety for the community. H2S gas poses a risk, whereas NH3 does not pose a risk to the communities in the Benowo landfill environment. It is recommended that individuals have a healthy lifestyle, and wear masks in the Benowo landfill environment and local government should be able to carry out the risk management through related agencies to the people lived near Benowo landfill area.&#x0D;

Chemical Source Profiles and Toxicity Assessment of Urban Fugitive Dust PM2.5 in Guanzhong Plain, China.

Urban fugitive dust is a significant contributor to atmospheric PM2.5 and a potential risk to humans. In 2019, both road dust and construction dust were collected from four cities, including Xi'an, Xianyang, Baoji, and Tongchuan, in Guanzhong Plain, China. Elements, water-soluble ions, and carbonaceous fractions were determined to establish the chemical source profile. High enrichment degrees of Se, Sc, Cl, and Zn in both road dust and construction dust indicated that the industrial system and energy consumption influenced Guanzhong Plain strongly. According to the coefficient of divergence, the two datasets within Xianyang and Tongchuan were similar. Combined with the chemical profile, road dust was affected by more stationary emission sources than construction dust in Xi'an, while biomass burning and vehicle exhaust contributed more to road dust than construction dust in Baoji. Moreover, the health risk of heavy metal was assessed, and corresponding influencing factors were identified. Road dust in all cities showed a non-negligible non-carcinogenic risk for children. Ingestion and inhalation were the main exposure pathways to which As and Co contributed the most, respectively. The land-use regression model revealed that the first-class road in a 100 m radius impacted all high-risk level metals, and the commercial building material and enterprises weakly influenced Co and Pb, respectively.

Unexpected promotional effects of HCl over CeO2-based catalysts for NOx reduction against alkali poisoning

In the flue gas of stationary NOx emission source, HCl was deemed to be one of the poisons of NOx reduction catalysts since it can react with ammonia to form NH4Cl and adhere to oxide surface, reducing the redox property and blocking the active sites of catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 (NH3-SCR). Herein, unexpected promotional effects of HCl over CeO2-based catalysts for NOx reduction against alkali poisoning have been unraveled. The modification of gaseous HCl on the surface of CeO2 constructed Cl-Ce-O-Ce-OH and Cl-Ce-O-Ce3+ sites, providing additional Brønsted and Lewis acid sites to facilitate ammonia adsorption. It is worth noting that HCl can not only directly neutralize alkali metal to reduce alkalinity, but also increase the acidity to offset the encroachment of acid sites by alkali metal poisoning. The lower NO adsorption energy and weaker oxidation property of Cl-Ce-O-Ce3+ sites also prevented the accumulation of inert nitrate on the surface of alkali metal poisoned catalyst. This work unveils multi-promotion mechanisms for the enhanced catalytic activity and anti-alkali poisoning of gaseous HCl modified cerium-based NOx reduction catalysts, providing a new thinking based on pollutant interaction for further development of highly efficient NOx reduction catalysts in multipollutant flue gas.

Waste-to-energy plants flue gas CO2 mitigation using a novel tubular photobioreactor while producing Chlorella algae

The increasing CO2 emissions have a massive impact on the environment causing global warming due to the greenhouse effect. This leads to the effort of the society to minimize CO2 production as well as CO2 emissions mitigation by secondary measures to achieve sustainable and cleaner industrial production. Currently, research focuses on various methods for CO2 capture or mitigation from stationary industrial emission sources, such as waste-to-energy plants (WTEP), fossil fuel power plants, steel mills, cement plants, or refineries. One of the promising potential methods is the use of microalgae for biological CO2 fixation from flue gas through photosynthesis. With this vision, a vertical photobioreactor with elliptical tubes was developed, designed and implemented. This novel type of bioreactor using oval-shaped tubes, thus avoiding self-shading limitation, was used for experimental pilot-scale flue gas CO2 abatement verification. Flue gas composition was selected according to pollutants (CO, CO2, NO, SO2) on the outlet of the waste-to-energy plants. According to the suitable algae screening results, Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick was used for cultivation. The biomass yield and CO2 fixation efficiency were experimentally obtained for optimal conditions and this new photobioreactor type. The results were compared to the available publications for Chlorella sp. and flue gas as the source of CO2. The best-achieved biomass productivities were 0.51 and 0.13 g L−1 d−1 with corresponding CO2 biofixation rates of 0.95 and 0.25 g L−1 D−1, respectively, for laboratory and pilot-scale. The results of this study allowed us to expand knowledge about high CO2 WTEP flu gas utilization as the carbon source for algae cultivation using novel PBR tubing. Also data about other minor flue gas pollutants (CO, NO, SO2) absorption in the cultivation medium contributes to an expansion of knowledge for algae cultivation using waste gas sources.

Experience of Substantiation and Results of Monitoring of Priority Air Pollutants in Norilsk within the Federal Clean Air Project

Introduction: Long-term multicomponent ambient air pollution in residential areas is one of the serious threats to human health. The Federal Clean Air Project implemented within the National Ecology Project aims at fundamental improvement of the quality of life of the Russian population through reduction in emissions of priority (hazardous) pollutants posing the highest health risks. Objective: To substantiate the choice and to analyze the results of monitoring of priority air pollutants in the city of Norilsk included in the Project. Materials and methods: Priority chemicals were determined based on the results of a health risk assessment. The exposure was assessed on the basis of dispersion calculations using a consolidated database of stationary and mobile emission sources (1,970 sources from 110 enterprises and 175 sections of the urban road network) and the “Ecologist – City” 4.60.1 software with the “Average” calculation block, realizing atmospheric dispersion modeling techniques approved in the Russian Federation. The airborne pollutant accounting for at least 95 % of the unacceptable carcinogenic and/or non-carcinogenic risk was considered a priority. The estimates were then verified by the results of measuring ambient concentrations of 20 pollutants within socio-hygienic air quality monitoring in Norilsk for 2020–2021. Results: We established that both short- and long-term exposure to air pollutants posed unacceptable health risks to more than 180 thousand people affected. The list of priority contaminants subject to monitoring and priority regulation comprised ten chemicals, including nitrogen oxide and dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, sulfuric acid, carbon oxide, copper oxide, nickel compounds, lead and its compounds, and benzene, of which seven were confirmed as such by the monitoring data. In fact, the measured concentrations of sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, copper and nickel compounds at a number of sites were significantly higher than those estimated by dispersion modeling. Vapors of sulfuric acid, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide were below the limit of detection. Conclusions: The health risk assessment methodology used for selecting priority air pollutants is an adequate and effective tool of environmental management. Verification of the lists of priority chemicals compiled on the basis of dispersion modeling using the merged database on the urban sources of air pollution is expedient and necessitates improvement of techniques and mechanisms for stocktaking of emission sources. A significant discrepancy between the estimated and measured data on pollution levels should be discussed by all interested parties and result in changes to the consolidated databases and an increase in the accuracy of subsequent hygienic assessments, including that of public health risks.

The Effect of a Hybrid Pretreatment Device for CEMS on the Simultaneous Removal of PM2.5 and Water Vapor

Stationary emission sources still account for a significant portion of total air pollution emissions. Continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) have been used to estimate the emissions of stack pollutants. A large amount of moisture and other interfering factors in the sample discharged from a stack result in the loss of target gases due to artifact formation or gas absorption, thereby reducing measurement accuracy. Therefore, a pretreatment process is essential. Among various pretreatment technologies available, a cyclone with a rapid cooling unit is a special one that can be applied to remove particles and water vapor at the same time in CEMS. This study aimed at the simultaneous removal of water vapor and particles by operating a hybrid pretreatment device at low temperatures such as −5, −15, and −25 °C. When using the hybrid cyclone under the conditions of high temperature (180 °C), humidity (150 g/m3), PM2.5 (1 mg/m3), and SO2 (105.2 ppm) concentrations, the reduction rates of water vapor and PM2.5 concentration and the recovery rates of SO2 concentration were 82.2, 80.2, and 96.4%, respectively. These data suggested that the hybrid cyclone could be used as a pretreatment device for CEMS.

Feasibility of Using Isokinetic Sampling Techniques to Extract a Representative Sample from Processes in the United Kingdom

The requirement to monitor and control particulate emissions from industrial processes using continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) has significantly increased over recent years. Under current legislation, CEMS equipment requires calibration against the standard reference method (SRM) using isokinetic sampling and gravimetric analysis under controlled conditions as detailed through BS EN 13284-1 “Stationary source emissions–Determination of low range mass concentration of dust. Manual gravimetric method”. This process includes pumping a known volume of gas through a filter, which is weighed before and after sampling, and the total mass of dust per m3 can then be calculated to output results in mg/m3. As tougher legislation is introduced and stringent emission limit values (ELVs) are imposed on emissions processes in the United Kingdom (UK), the calibration of CEMS is increasingly more difficult due to the reliability of the SRM at low concentrations. The accuracy of results from the SRM and therefore CEMS equipment must be questioned when the uncertainty of measurement is higher than process ELVs. This research analyses data taken from an industrial survey and 21 UK processes where the standard reference method, in accordance with the procedure in BS EN 13284-1 has been used for particulate measurement. Investigating the reliability of isokinetic sampling when used as a method to extract a representative sample from a stack process when used in conjunction with innovative, alternative methods of sample analysis. In processes with particulate emissions &lt;5 mg/m3, 80.7% of the total sample was collected in the rinse, and for processes &gt;5 mg/m3, 56.4% of the sample was collected in the rinse. The data does not suggest any correlation between any of the measured parameters and the percentage of particulate in the rinse, including the stack velocity, isokinetic percentage, sample volume, and total mass concentration.

Real-world characterization of carbonaceous substances from industrial stationary and process source emissions

Carbonaceous substances in industrial emissions are harmful to human health, air quality, and climate change. Owing to the existence of various fuel types and different technological processes, the characterization of carbonaceous substances from industrial emissions varies significantly, which causes a large uncertainty in source apportionment. Therefore, nine typical industrial sources were selected and separated into two types: stationary combustion and industrial process sources. The emission factors based on different units and profiles of carbonaceous substances, including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), subgroups of OC and EC, EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs), methyl PAHs (MPAHs), and n-alkanes emitted from nine industrial sources were obtained. The results showed that the difference in dust removal efficiency or emission of other auxiliary materials in the industrial process could cause different emission factors for carbonaceous substances. Furthermore, the emission factors of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), OC, and EC for coal-fired plant were significantly lower than those of residential coal combustion. For profiles of carbonaceous substances in different industrial sources, the relative fractions of OC subgroups emitted from stationary combustion sources were lower than those from industrial process sources, whereas the proportions of EC were higher. The source profiles of nonpolar organic matter emitted from industrial process sources were clearly different from those of industrial stationary source emissions. For the four industrial process sources, the proportion of n-alkanes was significantly higher than that of PAHs, whereas the source profiles for different industrial stationary sources were extremely different. Finally, the concentrations of carbonaceous substances obtained in this study were lower than those reported in previous studies, indicating that marked reduction results were achieved by implementing reduction measures.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN MUNICIPALITIES (A CASE OF IZHEVSK, UDMURT REPUBLIC)

The article discusses the main problematic issues related to the legal protection of atmospheric air. Effective implementation of measures for the protection of atmospheric air contributes to the realization of everyone's right to a favorable environment. The authors note that the atmospheric air protection system provides for the normalization of atmospheric air quality and harmful physical effects on atmospheric air, state accounting of harmful effects on atmospheric air and their sources, as well as a system of regular monitoring of the state of atmospheric air. The article presents data on the results of the study of the state of atmospheric air according to the program of episodic sampling. During the measurements and processing of the results, it was found out that the indicators of atmospheric air pollution on the average for the year on the roadway were higher than the intra-block ones. This is due to the intensive intake of fuel combustion products into the atmospheric air. It is noted that the formation of certain zones of atmospheric air pollution on the territory of the city of Izhevsk is facilitated by a combination of the effects of both stationary and mobile sources. However, in recent years, there has been a trend of reducing emissions from stationary emission sources located in the central industrial zone of Izhevsk.