Station Square Research Articles

Frank Cockett and the story of the ancient anatomical wax model of the left iliac vein compression

In 1988, Professor Donini organized an international phlebo-lymphology meeting at the University of Ferrara in Italy. At that time, I was a young surgical resident with the task of picking up Professor Frank Cockett at the railway station. I recognized him immediately, introduced myself and, together, we crossed the station square to my car. I asked him where he wanted to be taken, and he asked me to go to the anatomical museum of the University. We arrived just before the closure time, and Mister Cockett was intrigued and enthusiastic about an anatomical wax specimen.

РАЗВИТИЕ ГОРОДА НА ОСНОВЕ КОНКУРСНОЙ ЗАЯВКИ ПО МАЛЫМ ГОРОДАМ И ИСТОРИЧЕСКИМ ПОСЕЛЕНИЯМ

Abstract. The article is a study devoted to the development and implementation of the project "Tatar legends – to the city by the old road along Commune Street" in the city of Arsk. The study is based on the analysis of surveys of residents who identified the need for improvement and development of the route, as well as the identification of problems existing in the project area.
 The subject of the study: The reconstruction of the Commune Street in the city of Arsk on the basis of its comprehensive strategic development plan, which includes effective management strategies, sustainable infrastructure development and the promotion of cultural and social events to attract tourism and increase the economic potential of the city.
 Materials and methods: During the study, an analysis of the existing urban infrastructure was applied to identify critical issues requiring improvement in the city of Arsk, a survey and collection of feedback from residents to determine their needs and preferences for urban development.
 Results: The article describes the proposed solutions, which include the creation of convenient sidewalks, lighting, bike paths, the construction of a new bridge and the reorganization of the intersection. The restoration of the identity of the station square and the development of the historical space are also being considered. The authors emphasize the importance of the project for the city of Arsk and its potential to improve infrastructure and attract tourists. Landscaping of the territory will allow for various events such as wedding ceremonies, fairs and festivals, which helps to increase the attractiveness of the city. The article presents the financing of the project and the projected revenues from the operation of the projected territory, as well as its connection with the development of municipal districts. It is expected that the implementation of the project will lead to positive and long-term changes in the city of Arsk, contributing to its economic development.
 Conclusions: The study presents important practical and theoretical results, supported by data from surveys of residents and proposed solutions to improve the infrastructure of the city of Arsk and its development as a tourist destination.

Review article Railway station in Khabarovsk. History of changes at Khabarovsk-1 station

The object of the study is the railway station Khabarovsk-1, Khabarovsk. Particular attention is paid to the reconstruction of the railway station building, the station square with architectural monuments. The analysis of literary and photographic sources traces the history of the creation of the station at various historical stages.The novelty of the study lies in the union of information about the stages of change in the station square and the station building from the beginning of its creation to the present, with the names of architects and sculptors.

A Proposal on Detection and Analysis of Threshold Public Spaces Using On-Site Observation and Behavioral Mapping Technique

The quality of threshold spaces is one of the critical criteria that shapes user behavior. A well-constructed urban threshold space prepares the user by presenting traces from the main space, thus providing continuity between spaces, enabling the space to be read more easily and establishing an efficient human-space relationship. Threshold spaces may vary depending on the angle from which they are examined, making it challenging to develop a method for their detection and analysis. In addition, studies on "threshold space analysis" have been found to be insufficient. In addition to this, The lack of study and definition of threshold spaces in comparison to other spaces prevents the realization of a holistic perspective, the examination of the whole and a better understanding of the two spaces it separates. The aim of the study is to propose an approach for the detection and analysis of threshold spaces based on the knowledge gap in the literature. The sample study of the proposal was carried out on Gar meydanı- Station square in Adapazarı / Sakarya / Turkey, which are thought to be threshold spaces. Sample study data of Gar meydanı- Station square public space were used to express the proposed approach in this study. The developed approach proposal consists of preliminary research-examination of the study area as a threshold area, the scope of the study and three-stage threshold area detection and analysis sections. As a result of testing the approach developed in line with the study’s objective on sample study area, it was understood that the suggested approach could be used to detect and analyze threshold spaces holistically, and that the "threshold" status of the spaces could be interpreted through user behaviors.

Pilot study: Evaluating the feasibility of real‐time kinematic GNSS as a tool for tracking movable chairs in outdoor urban public spaces

AbstractAs urban public spaces evolve to accommodate human activities, there arises a pressing need for effective methodologies to understand public life within these environments. This pilot study assesses the accuracy of the Real‐Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System (RTK GNSS) in the Toyohashi South Side Station Square, aiming to validate its utility as a privacy‐sensitive tool for studying public life, particularly in tracking movable chairs in urban settings. The findings indicate that RTK GNSS exhibits sufficient accuracy in recording the positions of movable chairs, thus facilitating public life studies. Given the variability of GNSS accuracy across environments, we propose the Silhouette Index as a metric for evaluating GNSS suitability across different scales. A Silhouette Index exceeding 0.9 signifies highly accurate data, suitable for comprehending the spatial arrangement and utilization of movable chairs in compact urban spaces. Conversely, an index below 0.8 indicates insufficient accuracy for this purpose. Nevertheless, RTK GNSS, akin to GPS, offers diverse applications in urban research. It can aid in analyzing pedestrian flows in city centers or expansive parks, as well as elucidating spatial behavioral patterns among distinct demographic groups in large‐scale urban public spaces.

СПЕЦИФИКА ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННО-ПЛАНИРОВОЧНОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ МНОГОУРОВНЕВЫХ ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ПРОСТРАНСТВ В СТРУКТУРЕ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ГОРОДА

The article examines the prerequisites for the multi-level public spaces’ emergence, the main features of their inclusion in the city planning structure; urban planning, spatial planning, social, economic and landscape-ecological factors contribut-ing to the emergence and development of multi-level public spaces in the modern ur-ban environment have been identified. Taking into account an analysis of global design experience, a typology of these urban areas is given on the assumption of the functional content, composition and relationship of their structural elements and features of placement relative to the earth surface; spaces in the structure of large transport hubs, multi-level spaces accompanying public buildings and complexes, multi-level parks, multi-level transport and pedestrian areas are identified as the studied types. Based on the analysis of the multi-level public spaces’ organization, the characteristic features of their successful functioning have been identified: accessibility, optimal filling of space as a node of social activity concentration, differentiation of use types by level and nature of activity, ensuring urban planning flexibility and continuity, green technologies’ use. Project proposals for the multi-level public space formation for Volgograd city condi-tions were considered on projects for the Station Square reconstruction, providing for the functional zoning improvement, transport and pedestrian traffic and the use of landscape design.

Study on the Locational Characteristics of Urban Function Induction Facilities from Differences in Improvement of the Station Square

Study on the Locational Characteristics of Urban Function Induction Facilities from Differences in Improvement of the Station Square

The cellular traffic capacity model of toll station square

Traffic capacity is an important index to measure the operation efficiency of expressway toll stations. In order to pro-vide relevant theoretical support for accurately evaluating the congestion degree and service level of toll stations, this paper establishes a traffic capacity calculation model for the square in front of expressway toll stations based on the traditional cellular transmission method. Firstly, by dividing the square in front of the station into regular cells, the process of calculating the traffic capacity is simplified; Secondly, the capacity model of the square in front of the station is established based on cellular transmission, and a large amount of data is collected through the monitoring videos of several toll stations. The theoretical capacity of the square in front of the station is calculated by using the important parameters of the model calibrated by the measured data under different lengths of the square in front of the station and the configuration of toll lanes. Then, the simulation platform of VISSIM software is used, and many experi-ments are carried out with relevant measured data to verify the accuracy of the model in multiple scenarios. Finally, the simulation value of the capacity of the square in front of the station is obtained, and the error is calculated by using the simulation value and the calculation value. The results show that the error of the verification result is 5.19%, and the error is within the allowable range, which shows that the model is accurate and feasible. The theoretical capacity calculated by the capacity model of the square in front of the toll station established in this paper is com-pared with the actual capacity, which can be used as a standard to judge the congestion degree of the square in front of the toll station and further provide a theoretical reference for evacuation of congestion.

사람 중심 철도역 광장 조성을 위한 설계 연구 - 평택역 광장 조성 국제설계공모안을 대상으로

사람 중심 철도역 광장 조성을 위한 설계 연구 - 평택역 광장 조성 국제설계공모안을 대상으로

Analysis of Spatial Properties Inducing the Interaction in Station Squares

Analysis of Spatial Properties Inducing the Interaction in Station Squares

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ МОДЕЛЕЙ ТРАНСПОРТНО-ПЕРЕСАДОЧНЫХ УЗЛОВ В СИСТЕМЕ ГОРОДСКОГО ПАССАЖИРСКОГО ТРАНСПОРТА НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ Г. БЕЛГОРОДА

Today, the suburbs are growing and urbanizing, the level of motorization of the population is increasing, which entails an increase in traffic intensity and load on the city's road network. The organization of an intermodal transport system contributes to an increase in the level of comfort of the urban environment, reliability and safety in the integrated use of suburban and surface urban transport. The optimally chosen place for the formation of the transfer hub will improve the standard of living of the population of a large city and its suburbs. In this paper, intermodal transport hubs are considered. Depending on the category of transport hub, commuter rail and route transport, land-based urban passenger and individual transport, as well as passenger services with social infrastructure facilities located in the immediate vicinity of the transport hub interact. The analysis of normative, domestic and foreign scientific and technical literature on the features of the formation and functioning of TPU was carried out. The possibility of an integrated approach in organizing activities for the formation and development of transport hubs within the framework of the existing urban development has been studied. Methods for the design of transport interchange nodes and their models are considered. The existing TPU models are adapted to the context and resource potential of the territories of Belgorod with the highest intensity of labor and social migration of the population.It is proposed to form four transport hubs: 1) category 2 from the south direction (Dubovoe village) at the intersection of Shchorsa streets - Vatutina avenue; 2) TPU of the 1st category based on the railway and bus stop "Salyut Market"; 3) TPU of the 2nd category from the northern direction (Severny village) along the Belgorod bypass road; 4) TPU of the 1st category on the street. Vokzalnaya (station square).

Cathedral of Power: Battersea Power Station in Dystopian Visual Culture

Cathedral of Power: Battersea Power Station in Dystopian Visual Culture

Climate-adaptive landscape design: Microclimate and thermal comfort regulation of station square in the Hokuriku Region, Japan

Strategic landscape design can ameliorate local thermal stress and enhance climate resilience in urban areas. Densely populated station squares are particularly important outdoor activity areas which more require the mitigation of thermal conditions during extreme weather. The traditional station square design focuses on the transport system and lacks the co-regulation of landscape services (e.g., climate change, scale, and element configuration). Moreover, holistic optimal design strategies are still deficient. This study examines how thermal comfort is positively affected by various landscape layout patterns, the configuration ratio of deciduous to evergreen trees and vegetation structure. We selected a typical station square of the Hokuriku region as an example, measured a landscape microclimate environment in winter and summer during extremely cold and hot days. The thermal comfort performance, represented by the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) thermal index, was compared using the ENVI-met simulation to reproduce the original case and new landscape design scenarios. The results indicated that planting trees in an array layout pattern with low PMV distributions improved thermal performance at 14:00 (0.3 PMV increase in winter and 1.3 PMV decrease in summer). The tree configuration ratio is a critical greening indicator that also regulates thermal comfort during the day and night. The finds of the research can be used optimized scenarios as a guide for urban station square design to mitigate thermal comfort issues and to promote the development of station square planning complying with climate-adaptive design strategies and the construction of sustainable cities.

Integrated Effects of Building Morphology and Green Space Configuration on Thermal Environment and Air Quality in a Station Square

Integrated Effects of Building Morphology and Green Space Configuration on Thermal Environment and Air Quality in a Station Square

Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Tourism in Historical Cities (Case study: Durrat Al Nil Park, Station square and the old tourist market in the historical Aswan City – Egypt)

Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Tourism in Historical Cities (Case study: Durrat Al Nil Park, Station square and the old tourist market in the historical Aswan City – Egypt)

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНОГО АНСАМБЛЯ ПРИВОКЗАЛЬНОЙ ЗНАМЕНСКОЙ ПЛОЩАДИ В САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГЕ

The history of the creating of the Znamenskaya station square (now the Vosstaniya Square) in St. Petersburg is considered. The square appeared in front of the station of the first main railway in Russia, which connected two capitals - the old and the new - Moscow and St. Petersburg (from 1855 - Nikolaevskaya, from 1923 - October railway). The state status of the road also determined the status of the station square in front of its main station in St. Petersburg. The square was created as one of the main urban planning ensembles of the city, the formation of which was given attention at the highest level. 
 Extensive archival sources have been studied, extracts and graphic materials from which are presented in this article. Based on the historical and urban planning analysis, the main factors that influenced the choice of the location of the station of the St. Petersburg-Moscow railway and its station square in St. Petersburg were identified.
 It is shown that Znamenskaya Square is one of the last urban planning ensembles of St. Petersburg, created centrally on the basis of classical principles according to a single project, including the entire front of the buildings that form it. 
 It has been established that Znamenskaya Square is a unique urban planning phenomenon, since in the history of 19th century architecture, the fact of the creation of the station square, conceived as a single regular ensemble, is no longer known

대전역광장의 이용실태 및 기능에 대한 이용객 인식

This study was conducted to provide a proper revitalization plan of Daejeon Station Plaza based on the results of current characteristics of Daejeon Station Plaza through survey analysis of the location, function, and status, and analysis of station plaza functional factors based on previous studies, and problems and user satisfaction investigation. Also, It was intended to provide primary data necessary for the revitalization plan of the original downtown area centered on Daejeon Station. According to the study, the users of Daejeon Station Plaza had a low assessment of Daejeon Station Square's identity and a significant negative assessment of the environmental and landscape aspects of the square or the functional aspects necessary for use. The existing facilities and symbolic sculptures were specially recognized as inappropriate facilities rather than understanding its meaning, and Daejeon Station Square was recognized as unsafe so that people do not use it as a place for an appointment. Regarding the future improvement direction, it was hoped that it would be a space that could represent the historical symbolism of Daejeon Station and a user-friendly space with various amenities, including rest areas and green spaces. Therefore, the conclusion was that Daejeon Station Plaza should be established as a central space for the relaxation and meeting of users by establishing Daejeon Station Plaza's identity with beautiful scenery and historicity.

Firing temperature determination of some18th century Transylvanian stove tiles using spectroscopic techniques

Three Transylvanian fragments of some 18th century Saxon tiles obtained from excavations in the Central Railway Station Square in Sibiu (Romania) have been studied by Raman microscopy, FTIR, SEM-EDX and XRF techniques. A lead-rich aluminosilicate was found to have been used as enamel/glaze for the tile fragments. An analysis of the band components of the Raman spectra of the enamel of one fragment in the 400−1200 cm−1 spectral region indicates that their processing temperature was in the 600−800 °C range, in good agreement with the temperature obtained from FTIR spectra of the other two tile fragments.

Apropriações sociais do patrimônio cultural: exclusão ou inclusão?

The Brazilian preservation of the cultural heritage has built its history as a vanguard tool related to public policies, always using the concept of “right to the city”, which was finally consolidated by the 1988 Federal Constitution. What we see nowadays at the cultural heritage area in many cases is one praxis that could threaten this social function through an excessive care by withdrawing the cultural asset from daily life in order to protect as if they were at domes and if they only have compromises with past and future. In order to illustrate this issue, we show in this paper the case of the Station Square, in Belo Horizonte, in which the discrepancy between what is conceived by planners and what is experienced by citizen causes fragmentation in the use of the square and makes the existence of a social mix difficult.

Traffic Intersections Noise Levels and Daily Noise Exposure in Chandrapur City, Central India

Noise level monitoring was carried out at nine important traffic intersections of the Chandrapur city to ascertain noise levels and daily noise exposure. A pre-calibrated mini sound level meter was used for noise measurement. Observations were recorded for 24 hours and noise level during the day, night and for 24-hours was computed. Maximum noise level during daytime was 84.27 dB(A) at Bangali camp square; whereas, minimum 79.23 dB(A) at Priyadarshani square. In case of nighttime maximum 85.90 dB(A) was at Warora naka square and minimum 70.06 dB(A) at the Jatpura gate. Minimum noise level during 24-hours was at Bagla square 84.34 dB(A) and maximum 91.14 dB(A) at Warora naka square. Noise level during day and night were above the Indian noise standard for the commercial area. The Bangali camp square was identified as the most ear-splitting square during daytime and Warora naka square at nighttime and for 24-hours also. Peak noise was recorded from 10.00 am to 11.00 am and 3.00 pm to 7.00 pm. Vehicular noise, horns, and improper road design contributed significantly to noise levels at traffic intersections. Daily noise exposure analysis by Health and Safety Executive, UK software revealed Bangali camp square and Ramnagar police station square’s daily noise exposure for 0.25 hour was maximum 70 LEP,d and minimum at Gandhi square and Bagla square 65 LEP,d. Noise levels indicated no immediate effect for hearing loss. Control measures for reduction of noise levels at traffic intersections have also been proposed.