Station Component Research Articles

Integration planning between components of Type B bus station Sukorejo

Kendal Regency has problems with passenger bus station services in the transportation sector. Integrating components in Sukorejo Type B Bus Station includes crossing circulation patterns between people and vehicles. The crossing can cause conflicts that endanger the safety of service users. This study aimed to handle circulation conflicts through the integration of the components applied in the Sukorejo Type B Bus Station can be optimal. This study used a methodological approach such as quantitative, explanation, and planning, referring to the field results and observational surveys. This research used 135 respondents of inter-city transportation within the province (AKDP) and 147 respondents of rural transportation (ANGDES). The results showed the integration performance between the components of the Sukorejo Type B Bus Station through the Normalized Score, which got a value of - 100 with good information and indicated by the total circulation distance needed to reach each bus station component in 452 meters for 342 seconds. In Bus Station Type B Sukorejo, circulation crossings caused conflict at as many as 10 points due to the pedestrian crossing activities in private vehicle parking, arrival areas, waiting areas, and public transport departures. The research value of PV2 < 108 meant the need for pedestrian facilities indicated that it was not necessary to handle circulation crossings with pedestrian facilities. It was just sufficient to provide pedestrian warning signs to cross, so that vehicle drivers could be careful in crossing each conflict point.

A Method for Evaluating Global Navigation Satellite System Position Accuracy in Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Highlights A novel UAS-based GNSS testing system was developed to assess both horizontal and vertical accuracy components. Recommendations are provided for further standard development related to UAS GNSS testing protocols. Future research can utilize this framework to enhance understanding of UAS GNSS accuracy. Abstract. Current standards for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) testing are primarily designed for assessing horizontal positioning accuracy in ground-based applications. However, there is a notable absence of guidelines specifically addressing vertical accuracy assessment and applications that extend beyond ground-based scenarios, including those involving small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). This effort aimed to develop a UAS-based GNSS testing system, tailored for the evaluation of GNSS receiver performance in dynamic low-altitude scenarios. The main objectives included (1) designing a GNSS testing system for UAS applications and (2) validating the system through field testing. The system development consisted of GNSS receiver configuration, data acquisition system design, processing procedures, and UAS payload and base station component design. The UAS payload featured multiple GNSS receivers operating in different modes, and data were collected using a custom Python script on a Raspberry Pi computer. For in-field validation, dynamic flight testing with vertical profiles was conducted. A robotic tracking total station (TTS) was used as the reference instrument for measuring the location of the UAS payload. The findings underscore the system's capabilities, primarily emphasizing its functionality rather than conducting an extensive assessment of the individual GNSS receiver performance. The UAS-based testing system that was developed was capable of satisfying most of the criteria for existing GNSS test standards. The insights derived from this process offer recommendations for standardizing UAS-based GNSS testing methods, with a particular focus on mission design, battery management, data processing, and environmental adaptability. Keywords: Dynamic Error, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Positioning Accuracy, Tracking Total Station (TTS), Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS).

Design and requirements of a hydrogen component reliability database (HyCReD)

Hydrogen technologies are expected to play a key role in the decarbonization of several sectors including energy storage and transportation. Rigorous investigation and quantification of the risk and reliability issues associated with hydrogen technologies will be critical to ensuring both their wider adoption and safe, economical operations. Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) is an important tool that has been used to enable the safe deployment of many engineering systems, including hydrogen fueling stations and hydrogen storage systems. However, QRA studies require reliability data which is currently lacking for expanding applications of hydrogen systems. To address this gap, we present a new structure for a hydrogen component reliability database (HyCReD) that can be used to generate reliability data to be used in QRA, reliability, safety studies, maintenance planning, and more. Building on our previous work examining four major hydrogen safety data collection tools (West et al., 2022) [1], our approach in this work was to consult scientific literature on reliability data collection as well as a number of existing reliability engineering databases in the oil & gas, chemical processing, and nuclear power plant sectors. The evaluation of these databases led to identifying best practices to be implemented in a data collection framework for a hydrogen component reliability database. Based on these best practices, a set of 24 requirements for the proposed database are presented, covering its characteristics and the types of data to be collected. We define the structure of the HyCReD database and 25 data elements to be collected, spanning system description, failure, shutdown, or near-miss events, and maintenance events. The data elements are then defined according to international standards used in the safety and reliability practice and potential choice lists are provided for each field. Since this database is being piloted for hydrogen fueling stations, a generic station component hierarchy developed by West (2021) [2] is used to standardize system data. Finally, we demonstrate populating the database with information extracted from five narrative reports on hydrogen fueling station incidents.

TBM-MSE: A Multi-Engine State Estimation Based on Inertial Enhancement for Tunnel Boring Machines in Perceptually Degraded Roadways

Autonomous localization and operation of tunnel boring machines in perceptually degraded roadways is essential for intelligent upgrading of tunneling. Tunneling robots are far less intelligent than anticipated owing to the darkness, dust, vibration, and geometrically degraded roadways. We presented a multi-engine state estimation method for mapping and localizing tunnel boring machines (TBM-MSE). TBM-MSE designed a novel inertial enhancement model that maintains a global consistent posture in violent vibrations. TBM-MSE constructed lever arm error compensation terms for the total station and inertial component to improve the accuracy of position constraints. Meanwhile, the multi-engine framework of the TBM-MSE adaptively adjusts the weight of the multiple sensors in dusty environments. TBM-MSE was tested on dust-free and dusty roadways. The results demonstrate that TBM-MSE was more suitable for the state estimation of tunnel boring machines than LINS and RRR-MF. TBM-MSE estimation accuracy meets actual excavation requirements. In addition, the ablation experiments further confirm the effectiveness of inertial enhancement in handling perceptually degraded environments.

Mobile Augmented Reality Application for Component Identification

This article discusses the development of augmented reality (AR) based object identification applications. The purpose of this study is to improve the distribution station component identification workbook. Through the implementation of the developed application, it is assumed that it will be easier to understand the functionality of the components of the distributing station. The augmented reality application was developed for the android platform. The result showed the application of Distributing Station-AR has been developed by applying a marker-based tracking method. The application test has successfully displayed the three-dimension components of distributing station using a marker on the component identification workbook of distributing station. Product performance is known to be very good and product validation is also very good, including material validation, media validation, and first user responses. For further development, this application is expected to add animation of the working principle of AR-based components.

V S 30 and Dominant Site Frequency (fd) as Provisional Station ML Corrections (dML) in California

ABSTRACTNew seismic stations added to a regional seismic network cannot be used to calculate local magnitude (ML) until a revised regionwide amplitude decay function is developed. Each station must record a minimum number of local and regional earthquakes that meet specific amplitude requirements prior to recalibration of the amplitude decay function. Station component adjustments (dML; Uhrhammer et al., 2011) are then calculated after inverting for a new regional amplitude decay function, constrained by the sum of dML for long-running stations. Therefore, there can be significant delay between when a new station starts contributing real-time waveform packets and when data can be included in magnitude determinations. We propose the use of known estimates of seismic site conditions such as the time-averaged shear-wave velocity (VS) of the upper 30 m (VS30) and the site dominant frequency (fd) to calculate dML. Previously established dML, measured VS30, and fd data are available for between 126 and 458 horizontal components (east–west and north–south) at 81 seismic stations in the California Integrated Seismic Network; dML data range from −1.10 to 0.39, VS30 values range from 202 to 1464 m/s, and 440 fd values are compiled from earthquake and microseismic records that range from 0.13 to 21 Hz. We find VS30 and dML exhibit a positive coefficient of determination (R=0.59), indicating that as VS30 increases, dML increases. This implies that greater site amplification (lower VS30) results in smaller dML. fd and dML also generally exhibit a positive correlation (R2<0.56), which implies lower dML values are related to site resonance at depth-dependent frequencies. Using the developed relationships, VS30 or fd measurements can be used to establish a provisional dML for newly established stations. This procedure allows new stations to contribute to regional network ML determinations immediately without the need to wait until a minimum set of earthquake data has been recorded.

Hybrid belief rule base for regional railway safety assessment with data and knowledge under uncertainty

Keeping regional railway transportation safe is of great importance for railway system engineers and decision makers. However, there are still great challenges in modeling the complicated conditions in regional railway transportation: (1) Multiple types of data and knowledge in complicated correlations need to be analyzed, and (2) The approach must be open and accessible to decision makers so that a balanced decision can be made. To address the above challenges, a safety assessment approach using the hybrid Belief Rule Base (BRB) is proposed. In the new approach, multiple types of information are modeled under the hybrid assumption, and thus, hybrid rules are constructed to form the hybrid BRB. With this, both data and knowledge in complicated correlations can be used for the safety assessment on regional railway transportation, rather than only a single railway station or equipment component. Moreover, the assessment process remains open and accessible which provides good interpretability to stakeholders. An empirical regional railway safety assessment case is studied on the existing line and high speed line in the Cheng-Yu region located in the southwestern China. Five aspects, namely, the environment, equipment, management, passengers, and accident, are analyzed and then disintegrated into sub-factors. With the aspects and sub-factors, a comprehensive model is constructed. Case study results show that (1) the overall safety levels of the high speed line are better than the existing line, (2) the safety assessment results are consistent with the historical reports of accidents and system failures, (3) among all aspects, the environment and equipment have a more direct effect on the overall safety levels, and (4) consistency has also been found with railway accident statistics collected from Japan and Canada.

Systems Engineering of a Terabit Elliptic Orbit Satellite and Phased Array Ground Station for IoT Connectivity and Consumer Internet Access

Systems engineering of a satellite based data communication baseline concept is presented to achieve terabit per second throughput. It uses a constellation of five Molniya satellites and one dimension electronic scanning phased array ground terminals. The result is a baseline concept that meets customer needs for internet of things (IoT) data connectivity and for consumer high data rate internet access. Molniya orbit satellites provide the benefits of available bandwidth, lack of interference with other satellite links, and less crowded orbital paths. A drawback is that they are not geostationary since they have highly elliptical orbits. This requires ground station terminals with the ability track the satellites as they pass overhead during their orbit. However, since Molniya satellites with a properly selected eccentricity pass along the same path at nearly constant elevations relative to a fixed position on the Earth, simple and low-cost single axis scanning antennas can be used for the consumer ground terminal. This is a distinct advantage compared with competing low earth orbit constellations. The proposed solution leverages advances in semiconductor technology and low-cost antenna laminate substrate materials for an affordable phased array tracking ground terminal antenna. This paper presents link budget trade studies, system concept, orbital dynamics simulation results, and ground station component trade study.

Fractal characterization of acupuncture-induced spike trains of rat WDR neurons

The experimental and the clinical studies have showed manual acupuncture (MA) could evoke multiple responses in various neural regions. Characterising the neuronal activities in these regions may provide more deep insights into acupuncture mechanisms. This paper used fractal analysis to investigate MA-induced spike trains of Wide Dynamic Range (WDR) neurons in rat spinal dorsal horn, an important relay station and integral component in processing acupuncture information. Allan factor and Fano factor were utilized to test whether the spike trains were fractal, and Allan factor were used to evaluate the scaling exponents and Hurst exponents. It was found that these two fractal exponents before and during MA were different significantly. During MA, the scaling exponents of WDR neurons were regulated in a small range, indicating a special fractal pattern. The neuronal activities were long-range correlated over multiple time scales. The scaling exponents during and after MA were similar, suggesting that the long-range correlations not only displayed during MA, but also extended to after withdrawing the needle. Our results showed that fractal analysis is a useful tool for measuring acupuncture effects. MA could modulate neuronal activities of which the fractal properties change as time proceeding. This evolution of fractal dynamics in course of MA experiments may explain at the level of neuron why the effect of MA observed in experiment and in clinic are complex, time-evolutionary, long-range even lasting for some time after stimulation.

A Robot for the Unsupervised Grit-Blasting of Ship Hulls

This paper describes the design and the control architecture of an unsupervised robot developed for grit blasting ship hulls in shipyards. Grit blasting is a very common and environmentally unfriendly operation, required for preparing metallic surfaces for painting operations. It also implies very unhealthy and hazardous working conditions for the operators that must carry it out. The robot presented here has been designed to reduce the environmental impact of these operations and completely eliminate the health associated risks for the operators. It is based on a double frame main body with magnetic legs that are able to avoid the accumulation of ferromagnetic dust during its operation. The control system presents a layered structure with four layers that are physically distributed into two separate components in order to facilitate different operational modes as well as to increase the safety requirements of the system. A low-level control component has been implemented on the robotic unit itself, and a mission planning and control component has been developed on a base station that is also used for interaction with the operator, when the monitoring of the robot's operation is required. This base station component contains three layers of the control system that permit the manual, semiautonomous and autonomous operation of the whole system. A prototype of the robot has been implemented and tested in realistic environments, ascertaining that the design and the control system are perfectly suited to the functions which the robot must carry out.

Hearing Aid Compatibility Mode Switching For A Mobile Station

A mobile station (100) that includes a processor (212) that selectively disables at least one station component to reduce electromagnetic noise generated by the station in the frequency range below 20 kHz when the mobile station is operated in the hearing aid compatible mode. The component can be, for example, a display (204), a light (206) or a wireless interface (208). The processor also can optimize characteristics of audio signals transmitted from the mobile station to the hearing aid for reproduction by the hearing aid. For instance, the processor can selectively adjust filter parameters (216) and/or a signal gain (218) applied to audio signals. A user interface (220) having a soft-key can be provided to cycle through various HAC options.

Modeling weather fronts to improve GPS heights: A new tool for GPS meteorology?

The precision of vertical position and atmospheric water vapor content determined by the Global Positioning System (GPS) is limited by errors due to tropospheric delay. One factor is the spatial and temporal variability in tropospheric refractivity caused by passing weather fronts. We can explain some of the temporal characteristics of estimated tropospheric delay in terms of a simple path delay model as a function of frontal parameters. These results suggest that GPS could be used to estimate the geometry and passage time of a frontal zone. We have developed indices which detect tropospheric variability from GPS data alone; the detection rate of fronts with this approach is up to 70%. Once detected, we eliminated days affected by fronts or other tropospheric variability from the time series of station height estimates, resulting in improved long‐term repeatability. The additional variance attributable to fronts is estimated to be up to 10 mm2 at Herstmonceux, England, where fronts occur every 2–3 days. The effect of fronts on the horizontal station component is up to 80% smaller than for the vertical. Studies in the field of GPS meteorology may be improved by estimating frontal parameters.

Station Launch Hides Lingering Woes

RUSSIAN SPACE SCIENCEMOSCOW-- As the rest of the space community readies its payloads for the scheduled launch on 20 November of the first piece of the $50 billion international space station, Russian space scientists must resign themselves to a limited role until at least 2003 as a result of their country's decision to sell NASA thousands of hours of station time earmarked by Russian cosmonauts for the $60 million needed to complete a key station component. In addition, the launch of the Russian-backed Spectrum-X-Gamma spacecraft, a $500 million international effort to study x-rays, is running almost a decade behind schedule. Even a last-ditch effort to postpone the dismantlement of the Mir space station, allowing some biology to continue, may not survive in Russia's harsh fiscal environment.

Probabilistic life assessment of chest vale under thermal stresses

After 23 yr of service, several circular fatigue cracks have been discovered at the bottom of the chest valve chamber in the actual (in existence) power station high pressure piping. Finite element analyses of transient thermal stresses, caused by power station startup, are carried out in this paper. The calculation results show good agreement between the theoretical locations of the maximum stresses and the actual locations of the cracks. There is also good agreement between theoretical evaluation and actual service life. A probabilistic approach to service life assessment is performed by assuming that the temperature change and fatigue properties of the chest valve material are distributed randomly. The idea of machining out of the cracks is examined here. Machining enables us to extend the power station component's life service.

Sampling errors in anchovy egg abundance estimates using the PAIROVET net

A replicate haul experiment was carried out using the vertically towed PAIROVET net in an area of high abundance of anchovy eggs in the Bay of Biscay. The main aim of the experiment was to compare the performance of ships of different size working in the same area. In addition, we tested the performance of the PAIROVET net and the deployment methodology used to sample anchovy eggs for biomass assessment purposes. We concluded that under the experimental conditions experi- enced in this cruise, different ships yield similar performances of the vertically towed PAIROVET net if the methodology is kept similar. The ANOVA suggests that the systematic central sampling (SCS) scheme currently in use for the Bay of Biscay anchovy biomass estimations (one station out at 3 miles) adequately represents the surrounding area along the transect line. The among-station component of variance within the unit sampling area of the current SCS turned out to be comparable and, in some cases, smaller than the within-station variance. Consequently, the spatial design of the SCS adopted during routine surveys appears to be a reliable strategy for sampling anchovy eggs in areas of high egg abundance, as in this experiment. In addition, it ensures fairly independent data units. In the area of the experiment, the most disperse egg stages (like 2- and 3-day-old eggs) show a larger within- station component of variance than the spatial component of variance within the rectangles of the current SCS. This suggests that for these stages, the sampling can still be improved cheaply by increas- ing the precision of egg abundance estimates per station with larger sample sizes, without changing the spatial sampling scheme or the number of stations. However, the benefits of this strategy will hardly affect the precision of the 1-day-old egg estimates because of their patchy distribution.

Transmission station reliability evaluation

Reliability evaluations of transmission stations are necessary in the planning and re-configuration studies of transmission switching stations. This paper describes enhanced station component models which can be used to evaluate station configuration alternatives including those equipped with motor operated air break switches (MOABs). A computer program developed at the American Electric Power Service Corporation (AEPSC) for evaluating the reliability of transmission stations is also described. Using this program, a station configuration diagram can be created, edited, and displayed interactively on a graphics terminal. The program then calculates the outage probability, frequency, and duration of station outlet outage combinations while considering all possible single and double combinations of station component states. The application of this program is illustrated in this paper by describing how this program was used to evaluate the relative merits of alternative configurations for an EHV transmission station. >

Station reliability evaluation using a Monte Carlo approach

A time sequential Monte Carlo simulation approach to reliability assessment of substations and switching stations is presented. The technique is illustrated by application to a practical configuration and is used to evaluate the station reliability indices which are then compared with those obtained using an analytical method. The study results show that the simulation method can provide acceptable indices. The simulation approach is also used to perform station sensitivity analysis by varying selected station component parameters. This type of analysis can play an important role in improving power system reliability, and is essential and necessary in the selection of critical components. The Monte Carlo procedure is utilized to develop probability distributions associated with the station reliability indices. It is shown how the simulation method can provide additional indices which cannot easily be obtained using an analytical method. >

Condition of larval anchovy (Engraulis mordax) in the Southern California Bight, as measured through lipid analysis

Northern anchovy larvae, Engraulis mordax, were collected on five cruises covering the Southern California Bight, one cruise in April 1984, four cruises in January, February and May 1986. The amounts of triacylglycerol, cholesterol and polar lipid were measured in individual anchovy larvae as indicators of their nutritional condition. There was a significant difference in each of the size-specific lipid components between the stations for four of the five cruises. This indicates that all the ocean habitats within a cruise were not equal in promoting growth (and presumably survival) in the anchovy larvae. There were also differences between cruises, where the percentage of the larvae judged to be in poor condition varied from 8 to 27%. Canonical correlation analyses revealed a significant relationship in most cases between the larval fish parameters and the physical and biological data collected from each occupied station. Cholesterol and triacylglycerol were the most important larval components, and the short-term energy storage component in the copepod Calanus pacificus was the most important station component. The data, however, are not sufficient to identify and characterize stations in the field which produce anchovy larvae in good condition.

Comparison of Temporal and Spatial Variation in the Zooplankton of a Lake by Means of Variance Components

A standard 2—way analysis of variance is used to separate components of variance in zooplankton abundance data (individuals per unit area). The sampling design and interpretation, which are applied to Lake Lanao, Philippines, require that samples be (1) widely distributed over the limnetic zone, (2) representative of the full range of temporal variation, and (3) free of significant autocorrelation. Under these conditions the relative importance of spatial and temporal variation can be quantitatively compared for individual zooplankton species and developmental stages. The analysis yields variance components associated with (1) stations, (2) dates, (3), station—date interaction, and (4) error. The station component is interpreted as a quantitative measure of "fixed" spatial patchiness, which is caused by temporally stable differences between stations. The dates component is a quantitative measure of the variation in abundance through time, and the interaction component is a quantitative measure of "emphemeral" spatial patchiness. Ratios between these variance components provide a measure of their relative importance. The analysis shows that, among 16 zooplankton species and developmental stages, (1) there are radical differences between species in the relative importance of spatial and temporal variation, (2) the 2 spatial components of variance (fixed plus ephemeral) exceed the temporal component of variance for about half the species, (3) the ephemeral component of spatial variance is typically much greater than the fixed component of spatial variance,and (4) the spatial component of variance has a much greater relative importance in the large cladoceran species than in other zooplankton species. Interspecific differences in the relative importance of spatial and temporal patchiness may be related to differences between species in adaptive strategies for survival in the limnetic zone.