Station Bulletins Research Articles

Magnitudes of great shallow earthquakes from 1953 to 1977

The surface-wavemagnitudes M s are determined for 30 great shallow earthquakes that occurred during the period from 1953 to 1977. The determination is based on the amplitude and period data from all available station bulletins, and the same procedure as that employed in Gutenberg and Richter's “Seismicity of the Earth” is used. During this period, the Chilean earthquake of 1960 has the largest M s , 8.5. The surface-wave magnitudes listed in “Earthquake Data Reports” are found to be higher than M s on the average. By using the same method as that used by Gutenberg, the broad-band body-wave magnitudes m B are determined for great shallow shocks for the period from 1953 to 1974. m B is based on the amplitudes of P, PP and S waves which are measured on broadband instruments at periods of about 4–20 s. The 1-s body-wave magnitudes listed in “Bulletin of International Seismological Center” and “Earthquake Data Reports” are found to be much smaller than m B on the average. Through the examination of Gutenberg and Richter's original worksheets, the relation between m B and M s is revised to m B = 0.65 M s+ 2.5 which well satisfies the mg and M s data for M s between 5.2 and

日本付近の地震 (1901年-1925年) のマグニチュード

Records of undamped Omori seismographs are found to permit fairly accurate calculation of magnitudes of earthquakes which occurred in the early years of modern seismology. Station bulletins, reports and reproduced seismograms are collected to obtain maximum amplitudes and periods. The data at Osaka Meteorological Observatory and Imperial University of Tokyo are found most useful. The Moscow-Prague formula is employed. The method is examined for 130 earthquakes fór which records of modern, damped seismographs are available. This examination is made all on the basis of Gutenberg-Richter's original worksheets to conform the present scale to the original definition of surface-wave magnitude. Station corrections are calculated. The results are successfully applied to major damaging earthquakes which occurred in Japan for 1901 to 1925, because no instrumental magnitudes were heretofore given and the epicenters are considered to be fairly accurate. The seismic activity during this period is not significantly different from the recent activity.

Nunc Dimittis

Ernest W. Callenbach, Professor of Poultry Husbandry at The Pennsylvania State University from 1925 to 1957, died on April 15, in Lebanon, Virginia, where he had resided since his retirement in 1957.A native of New York City, Professor Callenbach was a graduate of the University of Wisconsin, and received an M.S. degree at Pennsylvania State.He was named Head of the Department of Poultry Husbandry, now Poultry Science, in 1944, and served in that position until his retirement with emeritus rank. During his 32 years on the University faculty, he conducted extensive research on poultry breeding, the propagation of game birds, nutrition of chickens and turkeys, and the preservation of poultry meats and eggs. He was a pioneer in the propagation of game birds.Professor Callenbach was the author or co-author of 14 Agricultural Experiment Station bulletins, more than 40 technical papers, and a number of popular articles.He .

Sorghum grain as the only protein source in all-concentrate heifer finishing rations: Two levels of urea in an all-concentrate ration

Tests reporting on sorghum grain as the only protein source in a diet for finishing cattle are reported in Kansas Agr. Expt. Station Bulletins 493 and 507 and on page 24 in this bulletin. The three rations fed are show in table 10. The sorghum grain was obtained as needed at a local elevator, mixed with other ration ingredients at the Animal Husbandry elevator and delivered, usually in 2000 lb. loads to the self feeders when needed.

Investigation of the T phase

Abstract In the bulletin of the Harvard Seismograph Station, under date of September 15, 1935, attention was directed to the unusual character of certain records from the vicinity of 17° N, 62° W. One of the novel features was a short-period phase about 23 minutes after P. It has become known as T, for third, with P and S constituting the first and second groups of short-period waves of similar general appearance. The problem was discussed with Weston, and since that time those two stations have been working on it. Linehan published in 1940 the first description outside station bulletins. From detailed studies of more than 250 earthquakes, with all records from Harvard and Weston and selected ones from Fordham, Ottawa, and Tucson, the following results have been obtained. The T phase ranges in period from 0.5 to 1.0 sec. It originates under the ocean and is characteristic of oceanic areas. It is generated by earthquakes of which the majority are between about 40 and 100 km. in depth. It clearly is not limited to shallow foci. It has been observed at Harvard and Weston from distances between 1,060 and 7,000 km.; from foci north of the Greater Antilles, near Bermuda, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the North Atlantic, and south of the equator; originating under water ranging down to 3,000 fathoms in depth. It consists primarily of shear waves, with a velocity of between 1.6 and 2.7 km/sec. over oceanic paths and 2.1 km/sec. over land. (The velocity of sound in water of the Atlantic Ocean is from 1.46 to 1.53 km/sec.). It is suggested that the T phase may be short-period shear waves traveling in ocean-bottom sediments and the top continental layer. An overwhelming preponderance of the evidence contradicts any hypothesis that significant amounts of the energy are water-borne. A progressively changing angle of approach for waves in different parts of the T phase has been observed at Harvard and Weston. In 1949, the Columbia University group composed of Ewing, Press, and Tolstoy, under a government contract, printed two reports on this subject, “The T phase of Shallow-Focus Submarine Earthquakes,” and “Proposed Tsunami Warning System.” The former was based largely on 20 Weston records which were included without discussion of the investigation or its results with either Weston or Harvard. They decided that “the T phase is characterized by periods of 0.5 sec. or less, a velocity identical with that of sound in water for the part of its path crossing deep water and by speeds from 12,000 to 18,000 ft/sec. (3.7 to 5.5 km/sec.) across shallow water or land,” and that “propagation through the sound channel accounts for the major part of the observed T phase.” In checking their report against the original Weston records, we find that they have made elementary errors, such as misreading iP from −16 to +18 sec., and incorrectly computing epicentral distance by more than a degree. These and many others so greatly affect the fundamental solution of the problem that their conclusions cannot be accepted. This aspect will be discussed in a separate paper.

Earthquake study in southern California, 1945

This continues the previous report of Gutenberg and Richter [see “References” at end of report, 1945 a]. Three papers reported as in press in 1945 have since appeared [Gutenberg, 1945 a and b; Gutenberg and Richter, 1945 b]. Wood's paper [pending] on local epicenters and fault structure in Southern California has been submitted to the Seismological Society of America.As the first paper of Gutenberg and Richter [1941] on seismicity of the Earth is now out of print, a revision has been undertaken, incorporating the results of the supplementary paper [Gutenberg and Richter, 1945 b] and much new material. No epicenter has been accepted from the International Summary or any other source without careful revision. A large file of individual station bulletins has been accumulated through correspondence, as exchange or on loan. This has facilitated assigning magnitudes, and has much improved the statistics of large shocks. Magnitudes have been assigned to all shocks, shallow and deep, of magnitude 6 or larger, used in the study. For further statistical investigation the data have been entered on punch cards, which now number about 2500 for shallow earthquakes, and over 1000 for deep shocks. It is hoped that it will be possible to publish the full list of epicenters.

Seismology in the United States—A retrospect

Twenty years ago the total number of seismographic stations in the United States was only a fraction of those we have today. There was not a single first‐class station in continental United States. Even the number of second‐class stations was very small. Nearly all the stations were third‐class from every point of view‐equipment, time‐service, and personnel. Even among these many were comparatively inactive; some were not even operating.The Government stations in those days were divided into three groups. To the first group belonged those stations which were under the administration of the Weather Bureau. This was the Bureau officially responsible for seismology in the United States. It published station bulletins in the Monthly Weather Review. The principal stations in this group were Washington, D.C, Northfield, Vermont, and the cooperative station at the University of Chicago. Secondly, there was the station at Balboa Heights under the Canal Zone administration. The third group was maintained by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey as an incidental activity and was particularly helpful in the interpretation of magnetograph‐records. The stations belonging to this group were located at Cheltenham, Tucson, Sitka, Honolulu, and Vieques (near Puerto Rico). Their equipment consisted for the most part of very low‐sensitivity horizontal pendulums of the Bosch type.

On physics of soil‐moisture

The members of the Committee were asked to submit statements describing their field of soil‐moisture investigations, the problems under investigation, and those contemplated in the immediate future. All of the members did not report. The following information is taken from the replies received.O. W. Israelsen reports that at the Utah State Agricultural College they have, during recent years, studied the drainage of land overlying an artesian ground‐water reservoir. Water‐table depths have been studied in relation to the pumping of water from the artesian aquifer and flow from artesian wells. A non‐technical progress‐report of parts of the work has been published as a Station Bulletin. Final nontechnical and technical reports are being prepared for publication as Station Bulletins. The research concerning the dynamics of water in soils has dealt primarily with water in saturated soils. Some of the work done recently in the Physics Laboratory of the Utah Station is briefly summarized as follows.

The Distribution of State Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletins to Foreign Countries

The Distribution of State Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletins to Foreign Countries

SOME AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS

School Science and MathematicsVolume 12, Issue 1 p. 44-44 SOME AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS W. L. Eikenberry, W. L. EikenberrySearch for more papers by this author W. L. Eikenberry, W. L. EikenberrySearch for more papers by this author First published: January 1912 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.1912.tb03558.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume12, Issue1January 1912Pages 44-44 RelatedInformation

PHOTOGRAPHS WITHOUT SHADOWS

A large percentage of the half-tone reproductions from photographs, for illustrating Experiment Station Bulletins, are greatly reduced in value because of a lack of detail caused by heavy shadows, resulting from the use of opaque backgrounds near the objects photographed. To overcome this difficulty and to make such pictures of more value to specialists working in the fields of entomology, botany, and horticulture, a device, which is the outcome of combining several well-known principles, is here represented.