Static Structural Analysis Research Articles

Static structural analysis of lower extremity Exoskeleton for industry working Personnel using an analysis software

The problem faced by active workers, Teachers, laboratory technicians, etc is that they have to work for a long period standing and this leads to sore feet, swelling of the legs, general muscular fatigue, low back pain, stiffness in the neck, and shoulders, and other health problems. To reduce these health risks, a Lower body Exoskeleton or Assistive Exoskeleton Device for Industrial Personnel has been invented. An Assistive Exoskeleton Device for Industrial Personnel is a portable device that looks nothing like a chair and allows you to sit on it whenever and wherever you want. This flexible, ergonomic device looks more like an exoskeleton and extends from the hip to the feet, and adapts to different body sizes. With the Assistive Exoskeleton Device for Industrial Personnel, the user can walk along with the sitting support while wearing it, without obstructing the workspace, at the same time avoiding strenuous postures such as bending, squatting, or crouching. It is meant to reduce worker fatigue and work-related accidents while improving productivity. It can be customized to fit all sizes and outfits. This project aims to design and analyze the Assistive Exoskeleton Device for Industrial Personnel for different weights and positions. The Assistive Exoskeleton Device for Industrial Personnel is designed by using CREO Parametric 8.0.2.0 And analysis is completed by using ANSYS workbench 2022 R1. Based on the results of the research, a comfortable, safe-to-use Assistive Exoskeleton Device for Industrial Personnel was designed with local components. The results of this study will be the reference for further development.

Investigation of bamboo-based vertical axis wind turbine blade under static loading

Bamboo fiber composites are recyclable, low cost, high strength, and biodegradable compared to synthetic composites. Fiber-reinforced polymer composites such as glass and carbon fibers are extensively used as wind turbine blades followed by a major challenge of recycling and waste disposal etc. The present work investigates the suitability of bamboo-epoxy composite for vertical-axis wind turbine blades. The NACA 0015 and NACA 4415 blade profile has been chosen for study. The static structural analysis of blades is performed using various cross-ply and angle-ply layups. Results demonstrated that layup [45°/90°/0°/-45°]S obtained the minimum values of stress and deflection. The effect of shear webs is also analyzed. It is observed that the blade with two shear webs showed the minimum values of stress and deflection. The unidirectional strength of the composite material is also compared with the maximum design stress and found under acceptable limits. Additionally, the stress and deflection of the bamboo composite blades are compared with conventional blade materials. The stress and deflection on the non-symmetric bamboo-epoxy composite blade with double shear webs are obtained as 15.84 MPa and 4.45 mm which is observed to be decreased by 70.98% (stress) and 1.11% (deflection) respectively in comparison with glass-epoxy blade. Through the structural analysis, it is recommended that the designed blade with natural bamboo composite is acceptable for structural safety.

3D Modeling & Analysis Techniques for the Apollo Temple in Delphi

This paper demonstrates the application and usage of advanced 3D modeling techniques on monuments through the Apollo Temple in Delphi case study. Firstly, it combines 3D scanning and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry to produce an accurate 3D model of the monument, and afterward, it performs finite element modeling (FEM) analysis for both static and dynamic cases. Collapsing scenarios in the case of earthquakes are produced, predicting which parts would first collapse and under which regime the collapsing mechanism would be activated. From the results disclosed herein, the frequency profile of the seismic activity that could lead to resonance with the structure’s dynamic characteristics, and therefore to excessive damages or collapse, was identified. Static structural analysis pinpoints that maximum stress exhibited on the columns’ base never exceeds 0.1338 MPa. Among others, the main novelty of this paper is that it consists of an integrated and multidisciplinary paradigm that advances the available historical knowledge for a quite heavily investigated site.

Design and analysis of horizontal crystallizer for agro-chemical industries

Crystallization is a process in which hot solution is allowed to cool in a shell to form crystals at the end of the process. Crystallization is predominantly used in chemical industries. In most of the industries vertical crystallizer are used for continuous crystallization. The proposed project is horizontal crystallizer used for batch crystallization. In this project we have tried to solve problem wherein blades were subjected to impact load and produced a greater number of vibrations in the crystallizer, due to which blades were failing at the location where blades were connected to the shaft end because of more stresses. Also, the blades will be subjected to elevated temperature for some period. To solve this problem some research about various types of agitators is available. Designing of two types of blades those are single helical blades and double helical blades has been done. These blades will be suitable for mixing viscous solution and these blades works on the principle of shearing the solution and pushing it. These blades will produce fewer vibrations as compared to pedal blades used in the industries. Static structural analysis and Steady State Thermal Analysis on blades as well as on Shell has been done. The Stresses and deformation pattern are produced within safety limits. After performing the Design and Analysis of Shell and Blades, a model which has a capacity of 440 Litres has been fabricated and the results are interpreted. The fabricated crystallizer is implemented in the chemical industry which is providing better crystals as compared with the already in use crystallizer.

Study on the performance characteristics and failure analysis of exhaust valves

Abstract Exhaust valves are a type of valve that can commonly be found in the top section of the cylinder block in an engine. When failures occur on the exhaust valve, the engine has a high possibility to result engine failure or breakdown. This will affect the user where the user requires to spend a huge amount on repairing costs or engine replacement. Thus, this research aims to investigate the effect of the exhaust valve’s material on its performance and identify the appropriate material which could increase its fatigue life in a four-stroke internal combustion diesel engine. A three-dimension (3D) Computer-aided design model of the exhaust valve was generated by using SOLIDWORKS and undergo static structural analysis as well as thermal analysis. The measure variables are von-mises stress, total deformation, temperature, total heat flux and directional heat flux by using ANSYS Finite Element Analysis. Stainless steel 304 alloy and Aluminium-Silicon Carbide (Al-Sic) materials are the manipulated variable that was applied to the 3D CAD model exhaust valve to undergo all the analyses. Before performing all the analyses, the appropriate mesh method and mesh sizing was identified by referring to the mesh metrics spectrum and performing a mesh independence test. The results from the analysis were collected and tabulated for comparison and discussion purposes. From the analysis, the maximal thermal stress was determined in the valve stem region. By appointing Stainless Steel 304 alloy on the exhaust valve, the durability and the fatigue life are improved as the material can achieve a smaller value of temperature distribution, total heat flux, total deformation, and higher von-mises stress. This research provided a better understanding of the effect of an exhaust valve material on its performance characteristic.

Design and analysis of single and multi-layer pressure vessel

This article presents a comprehensive investigation on the design and evaluation of monoblock pressure vessels using computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided engineering (CAE) software. Pressure vessels, commonly known as sealed cylindrical shells, are engineered to withstand high internal pressure and enhance structural robustness. The vessels feature a multi-layered structure that incorporates inherent safety mechanisms. They find widespread applications in diverse industrial sectors, including automotive, aeronautics, nuclear power, and biotechnology. This study utilizes established materials such as Steel-s515-gr70, Aluminium Alloy (6061-t6), and Grey Cast Iron to design a pressure vessel configuration comprising multiple layers, which aims to reduce stress and improve the security and longevity of the vessel. The CREO (8.0) software is employed for accurate modeling and optimization of the vessel's geometry, while the ANSYS (2022 R1) software enables static structural analysis to assess its performance under various loading scenarios. By utilizing CAD and CAE tools, this research aims to advance the techniques for designing and analyzing pressure vessels. The combination of pre-existing materials and a complex layered design serves to mitigate stress and enhance the safety and efficiency of the pressure vessel. The findings of this study contribute to the overall understanding of pressure vessel design and analysis, with the ultimate goal of developing pressure vessels that are safer and more efficient in diverse industries.

Comparative analysis of two and four blades Quadcopter propellers based on finite element method

A Quadcopter is a multi-rotor helicopter equipped with four propellers. Design of these propellers plays important role in the flight performance of a Quadcopter. The propellers are operated by DC motors and their rotations generate the thrust forces enabling a Quadcopter to fly. Thus, the body weight and the external payloads are to be overcome by the propellers’ thrust force. It becomes important to design a propeller which can sustain the loading condition of a Quadcopter. In the present study, two types of commonly used propellers are compared based on finite element method (FEM). The considered types of propellers include two and four blades propellers. First, 3D models of propellers have been developed using a computer aided design (CAD)software. Subsequently, the developed CAD models have been analyzed for stress, deformation, and vibrational frequencies based on FEM. Two types of analyses have been performed on propellers namely, static structural and modal analysis. The static structural analysis yields stress and deformation in the designed propellers, while modal analysis calculates the failure frequencies under pre-stressed condition. The obtained results have been used to compare the performance of the two designed propellers for the same given conditions.

Impact of camber angle on the tire tread behaviour in different road conditions

The camber angle is one of the wheel alignment properties that is crucial as a slight change to the orientation of the camber angle determines the lifespan of a tire. The stress distribution on the innermost of a tire increase as the positive camber angle is increased, and vice versa, which causes the abnormal uneven premature wear of the tire. This research is done with the main objectives to simulate the performance of tires concerning the camber angle by using the finite element analysis method, and to study the influence of camber angle on different tire tread patterns under two different road conditions, i.e., smooth road and irregular road. Three tire models with different tire tread patterns and two different road conditions are developed using SolidWorks while the investigation of each tire performance is done through ANSYS under static condition in this research. Tire inflation analysis is performed using static structural analysis feature available in ANSYS where the total deformation and equivalent stress are determined based on the specific vertical load applied onto the tire, ignoring any damping effects and inertia. Boundary conditions and other relevant constraints are applied, and then mesh independent test is carried out to all tire models prior to performing the simulation. Based on the simulation results, the maximum total deformation increases as the camber angle increases in both road conditions, while the maximum equivalent stress does not show any trend. It is concluded that tire tread pattern influences the maximum equivalent stress experienced by the tire.

N-terminal loops at the tetramer interface of nitrile hydratase act as “hooks” determining resistance to high amide concentrations

Nitrile hydratase (NHase) has been extensively utilized in industrial acrylamide production. However, the vulnerability to high concentrations of acrylamide limits its further application. Herein, we redesigned the N-terminal loop at the tetramer interface of a thermophilic NHase from Pseudonocardia thermophila JCM3095 (PtNHase), and its catalytic activity, resistance to high acrylamide concentrations, and thermostability were improved. Amino acid residues located in the N-terminal loop of the tetramer interface that are responsible for enhancing the resistance to high acrylamide concentrations were identified via static structural analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. A variant library was used to fine-tune the tetramer interface. Variant αL6T exhibited 3.5-fold greater resistance to 50% (v/v) acrylamide, whereas its activity was 1.2-fold higher than that of the wild-type (WT) enzyme, revealing no activity-stability trade-off. Compared to the use of Escherichia coli harboring the WT enzyme, the use of E. coli harboring αL6T increased the acrylamide concentration from 398.1 g/L to 500 g/L. Crystal structure-guided analysis of αL6T and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that increased enzyme surface hydration and the introduction of positive cross-correlation into the N-terminal loop of the tetramer interface caused the two loop regions to hook to each other, thus improving the resistance to high acrylamide concentrations.

Static Structural Analysis of A Skateboard Wheel With Different Materials

– Skateboarding starts shrouded in mystery. We do know that it first started in the1950s, whenall across California surfers got the idea of trying to surf the streets. No one really knows who made thefirst board. This sport, which is practiced by young people all over the world, is very common with theeffect of being a place of origin especially in the USA, and it is assumed that it is practiced by approximately7 million people. Due to this intense interest, there are thousands of stores and skate parks besides hundredsof related brands. In this study skateboard wheel with different materials were compared according to staticstructural analysis results. Firstly, a skateboard wheel design was made and this skateboard wheel designwas analyzed using the ansys finite element method. ABS (high impact plastic) and Carbon Fiber was usedas skateboard wheel materials. ABS is cheap material that allows mass produced wheels. Which makesskateboards way cheaper. On the other hand, Carbon Fiber is very expensive and needs more time toproduce. Carbon fiber is way more durable than ABS plastic. But its riding quality and the cost is laggingbehind ABS plastic.

General boundary conditions implementation for the static analysis of anisotropic doubly-curved shells resting on a Winkler foundation

In the present work an Equivalent Single Layer (ESL) formulation is proposed for the static analysis of doubly-curved anisotropic structures of arbitrary geometry and variable stiffness resting on a Winkler elastic foundation. In-plane and out-of-plane general distributions of linear elastic springs are provided for the implementation of general external constraints along the edges of the structure. The structure is geometrically described accounting for the principal curvatures of the shell object of analysis. A generalized set of blending functions based on Non-Uniform Rational Basis Spline (NURBS) curves is adopted so that arbitrary shaped structures can be modelled with the same approach. The fundamental governing equations are obtained in terms of displacement field unknowns, which has been effectively described accounting for a unified formulation based on the minimum potential energy principle. General anisotropic lamination schemes are considered, setting a general orientation of each lamina, as well as all possible material symmetries. The numerical implementation is performed by means of the Generalized Differential Quadrature (GDQ) method, thus allowing a strong formulation of the structural problem. A series of validation examples is performed on shells with zero, single and double curvatures in which the static structural response provided with the proposed formulation has been compared to that obtained from a refined three-dimensional finite element model, showing a great accordance between these different approaches. The research shows that the employment of higher order theories, together with the GDQ method, allows to obtain very accurate results with a reduced computational cost, compared to finite element simulations.

Switching the Cofactor Preference of Formate Dehydrogenase to Develop an NADPH-Dependent Biocatalytic System for Synthesizing Chiral Amino Acids.

Efficient formate dehydrogenase (FDH)-based cofactor regeneration systems are widely used for biocatalytic processes due to their ready availability, low reduction potential, and production of only benign byproducts. However, FDHs are usually specific to NAD+, and NADPH regeneration with formate is challenging. Herein, an FDH with a preference for NAD+ from Azospirillum palustre (ApFDH) was selected owing to its high activity. By static and dynamic structural analyses, a beneficial substitution, D222Q, was identified for cofactor-preference switching. However, its total activity was substantially decreased by 90% owing to the activity-specificity trade-off. Subsequently, a semirational library was designed and screened, which yielded a variant ApFDHD222Q+A199G+H380S with satisfactory activity and NADP+ specificity. Our analysis of dynamical cross-correlations revealed a substitution combination that brought balance to the dynamical correlation network. This combination successfully overcame the activity-specificity-stability trade-off and resulted in a beneficial outcome. The substitution combination (D222Q-A199G/H380S-C256A/C146S) enabled the simultaneous improvement of activity, specificity, and stability and was successfully applied to other 17 FDHs. Finally, by employing engineered ApFDH, an NADPH regeneration system was developed, optimized, and utilized for the asymmetric biosynthesis of l-phosphinothricin.

A numerical investigation of disc brake by providing slots on rotor disc

Brake failure is a major safety concern in vehicles, particularly in two-wheelers, and can lead to accidents. To improve the safety of two-wheelers, this study proposes a new design for brake disc rotors with slots that can withstand the stresses and heat generated during the braking process. The performance of the rotor was analyzed using ANSYS 16 software through a combination of static structural analysis and transient thermal analysis. Static structural analysis was conducted by applying a braking force to a specific area while keeping the brake mount points fixed, and transient thermal analysis evaluated the effects of temperature changes on the brake system over time. The study considered various materials, including Grey cast iron, Ti6Al4V, and AISI 6150. Based on the analysis of von-mises stresses, shear stresses, strains, deformations, and total heat flux, AISI 6150 was identified as the best material for the brake disc rotors, as it can increase the performance of disc rotors and potentially reduce accidents. The findings of this study have practical implications for the design and manufacture of safer and more efficient brake systems in vehicles.

Finite Element Analysis of a Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Climbing Mechanism

A coconut climber mechanism was subjected to Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to improve its overall design and analyze its strength characteristics. The von Mises stress, total deformation, and factor of safety were evaluated using static structural analysis for the seat and pedal assemblies of the mechanism. The design has a minimum yielding factor of safety of 7.03 for the seat assembly and 12.09 for the pedal assembly. If aluminum is used as an alternative to steel, the prototype's weight can be reduced to at least 64.56% without compromising its strength properties. The weight reduction by using aluminum is expected to reduce the effort required to use the improved designs. This study also demonstrated a robust methodology of exploring design alternatives without fabricating actual prototypes, leading to a more cost-effective design process. It is recommended that other topologies and materials be further explored to improve the design of the coconut climber mechanism.

Comparative Study and Static Analysis of Piston Using Solid Edge and Ansys

Abstract: A piston is a component of reciprocating engines. The purpose of piston is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and a connecting rod. It is one of the most complex components of an automobile. In This project we are describes the Thermal analysis by using finite element method (FEM). The specifications used for designing the piston belong to four stroke single cylinder engine of piston. Modeling of piston are done using SOLID EDGE v20. static structural, Thermal and fatigue analysis is performed by using ANSYS WORKBENCH 2022 R1. The parameters used for the simulation are operating gas pressure, material properties of piston. The results predict the maximum stress and strain on pistons using FEA. The best material is selectedbased on static structural, thermal and fatigue analysis. The analysis results are used to optimize piston geometry of best two Materials.

Design and Failure Analysis of Piston

Abstract: A piston is a component of reciprocating engines. The purpose of piston is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and a connecting rod. It is one of the most complex components of an automobile. In This project we are describes the structural analysis of five different aluminum alloy pistons, by using finite element method (FEM). The specifications used for designing the piston belong to four stroke single cylinder engine of Bajaj Pulsar 220cc. Modeling of various aluminium alloy piston are done using SOLID EDGE. Static structural, thermal and fatigue analysis is performed by using ANSYS WORKBENCH 2022 R1. The parameters used for the simulation are operating gas pressure, material properties of piston. The results predict the maximum stress and strain on different aluminium alloy pistons using FEA. The best aluminum alloy material is selected based on static structural, thermal and fatigue analysis. The analysis results are used to optimize piston geometry of best aluminum alloy.

Design, Analysis & Optimization of Muffler for Four Stroke Petrol Engine Motorcycle

Abstract: Objective: The exhaust pipe is subjected to several stresses, most of which are due to vibration. Particular attention should be given to gas forces which will induce vibration. These vibrations will then induce a fatigue life to the system. It is therefore necessary to study the fatigue behavior of the exhaust pipe by analyzing the vibration modes and the response of vibrations by its sources. Methods: The vibrations of silencer are affecting the performance of silencer and it is uncomfortable to operators. So, it is necessary to analyze the vibrations which would further help to minimize cracks, improving life and efficiency of silencer. the main goal of this project will be to design a new automobile exhaust piper muffler (silencer) is to increase the durability of its life. Decrease the weight, and reduce the manufacturing cost with efficient working condition. design, analyze the model using ANSYS workbench static structural and model analysis for vibration study. If muffler or silencer part impacts high vibrations, or stress then topology will be conducted to solve the high stress concentration and vibrational impacts

Topology optimization of engine mounting bracket

Topology optimization is an effective approach for optimizing the layout of the component under operating constraints without losing its functionality. Density based approach is usually employed for solving material distribution problems resulting in minimization of structural compliance. Finite element method is proven to be the best tool for analyzing components under various circumstances. The need of this research is to explore the process of material removal in density based topology optimization which is exemplified by analysing an engineering component. In this work, Engine mounting bracket is chosen for optimization as it mounts the engine with the chassis. Design enhancement is subjected to 5% and 10% mass reduction percentages. Static structural analysis was performed and the results were compared for the basic and optimized design models. As a result, 9.97% mass reduction, a change of 27.9 MPa in maximum stress and change of 0.04526 mm in deformation were achieved.

Static analysis of honeycomb sandwich structure

Sandwich structure possess one or more than one layers which are stiff in nature with a core having flexibility. Facings have the capability to carry load, which comes from the core. There are several sandwich structure available with variety of applications. Due to weight sensitive these structures are used in aircraft and satellites. Honeycomb sandwich structure with angle 30° have been modelled and analysis had done and results are obtained and graphs have been plotted between displacement-w and length of facesheet of honeycomb structure, analysis have done on honeycomb sandwich structure with different support conditions like cccc (all edges clamped), scsc (opposite edges are in same support condition), hhhh (all edges are in hinged conditions), ssss (all edges are in simply supported conditions) and it has been observed that cccc condition gives less displacement compared with ‘scsc’, ‘hhhh’, ‘ssss’. Analysis had carried out on honeycomb structure under different loadings such as point load, UDL, Pressure load and it has been observed that the deformation is high under pressure loading.

Optimization of Landing Gear Mechanism using Generative Design

Abstract: Combining evolutionary algorithms with additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, new material approaches, in aerospace and industrial applications can result in advanced design procedures. This combination adds extra degrees of flexibility to the final design concept, enabling multifunctional designs. Aerospace, which is heavily focused on customised production, is a perfect fit for AM due to its effects on economies of scale and scope. These technologies are prepared to be included within the generative design process for safety-critical contexts, including the aerospace, thanks to novel structural materials and advanced AM processes. The three primary phases of conventional aircraft design are conceptual design, preliminary design, and detailed design. Multidisciplinary optimization processes are currently being developed to support designer in assessing the optimal solution. Generative Design is a novel form-finding process that takes into account structural performance, material properties and ergonomic demand. Evolutionary design approaches limits to numerical optimization, while Topology Optimization seeks to find an optimal structural configuration within a given design domain for specified objectives, constraints, loads and boundary conditions. This paper focuses on creating appropriate generative design models which can sustain same amount of stresses as of the original model. In the current study the optimization of Boeing 747’s nose landing gear is depicted using solidworks and fusion 360. Static structural analysis is utilized to evaluate the effects of stresses and failure mode produced by various materials, in order to figure out a materials characteristic as well as for material selection. Additionally, this paper examines original and generative design models