Stationary Stations Research Articles

HEIGHT DETERMINATION TECHNIQUES FOR THE NEXT NATIONAL HEIGHT SYSTEM OF FINLAND - A CASE STUDY

Precise levelling is known for its accuracy and reliability in height determination, but the process itself is slow, laborious and expensive. We have started a project to study methods for height determination that could decrease the creation time of national height systems without losing the accuracy and reliability that is needed for them. In the pilot project described here, we study some of the alternative techniques with a pilot field test where we compared them with the precise levelling. The purpose of the test is not to evaluate the mutual superiority or suitability of the techniques, but to establish the background for a larger test and to find strong and weak points of each technique. The techniques chosen for this study were precise levelling, Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) levelling, which included static Global Positioning System (GPS) and Virtual Reference Station (VRS) measurements. This research highlighted the differences of the studied techniques and gave insights about the framework and procedure for the later experiments. The research will continue in a larger scale, where the suitability of the techniques regarding the height systems is to be determined.

The SMTest software system for test stands of synchronous machines

We have developed algorithms and programs for automated tests of synchronous machines. The programs were made using the LabVIEW development system. They are interrelated and have been combined into one software system. An approximation of its characteristics using regression equations of different orders with mean-square rate control is used in the algorithms to determine static parameters. A combined optimizing algorithm that is based on the least squares method and alternating-variable descent method is used to determine dynamic parameters. A new effective and adaptive method of sliding trigonometric interpolation is used to filter out possible noise in measuring channels of voltage and current sensors, while determining the parameters of sinusoidal signals in the stationary modes and dots of envelope curves in the transient modes. To reduce the time needed to obtain static characteristics, the software has a special virtual instrument with a field current control loop with a PID controller that provides desired field forcing. The SMTest software system has been tested using HIL modeling and laboratory test stations. Analysis of test results shows that, even when the acquired signal has a 30% noise level, the calculation error in the determination of parameters does not exceed 6%. The software, when used in stationary or mobile test stations, allows automating the process of obtaining characteristics and determining the main static and dynamic parameters of midand high-power rotor synchronous machines.

Пасивно-активний метод адаптивної локації

The use model can be marketed on stage of the finding and accompaniments radar station modern air integer. Mdeletion of increasing to efficiency antiradiolokation integer with artificially reduced. The task decrease of radar visibility a head part of a tracking can be decided by several ways, which optimize a configuration object and allow to achieve in signify at decrees an effective reflecting surface, as in this case it is necessary to lower the sizes, that is not always possible. So by the most effective way there is a development of the requirement to impedance. The technique of development of an impedance provides the account of a number the requirements, which stated in clause. The methods developed allows to evaluate dispersion of the part air object covered which different radio adsorbent material which gives the opportunity choose optimal from the point of view of air irradiation a reception angles frequency for mono static or di static radar station. There for having the results of the mathematics model it is possible to sub satiate and then performer adaptation and completing tasks for air complexes existing and being developed wile perfuming tasks on the radar visibility object.

Адаптивні методи отримання радіолокаційної інформації

The used model can be marketed on stage of the finding and accompaniments radar station modern air integer. Mdeletion of increasing to efficiency antiradiolokation integer with artificially reduced. The task decrease of radar visibility a head part of a tracking can be decided by several ways, which optimize a configuration object and allow to achieve in signify at decrees an effective reflecting surface, as in this case it is necessary to lower the sizes, that is not always possible. Therefore, by the most effective way there is a development of the requirement to impedance. The technique of development of an impedance provides the account of a number the requirements, which stated in clause. The methods developed allows to evaluate dispersion of the part air object covered which different radio adsorbent material which gives the opportunity choose optimal from the point of view of air irradiation a reception angles frequency for mono static or di static radar station. There for having the results of the mathematics model it is possible to sub satiate and then performer adaptation and completing tasks for air complexes existing and being developed wile perfoming tasks on the radar visibility object.

Equivalent circuit method for resonant analysis of multilayer piezoelectric-magnetostrictive composite cantilever structures

In this paper, we discuss a theoretical model by the equivalent circuit method for magnetoelectric (ME) response at resonant frequencies corresponding to bending mode oscillations. A dynamic theoretical model of arbitrary multilayer cantilever with alternating piezoelectric (PE) and magnetostrictive (MS) layers on a substrate (Sub) was conducted. The equivalent circuit of the bending mode vibration has obtained by solving the piezoelectric, magnetostrictive and substrate constitutive equations under boundary conditions. The dependence of resonant frequencies and resonant ME coefficients on the material properties and structural dimensions is investigated. The ME coefficients were normalized by the total thickness of MS and PE layers and quality factor. As a demonstration, our theory for multilayer composite cantilever was then applied to specifically Metglas-AlN-Si systems. Our results demonstrate that the structural dimensions strongly influenced the neutral plane in the composite cantilever and then in turns strongly influenced the ME response. In addition, characteristics of multilayer ME cantilever in static (low frequency) station will be analyzed. The theory shows good agreement with experimental data. Our discussion may be helpful to the designing and fabrication of the giant ME cantilever with more realistic and optimal geometry.

Flight path optimization for an electronic intelligence unmanned aerial vehicle

The bearings-only tracking problem with angle-of-arrival (AoA) information received from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is considered. The Kalman filter and joint integrated probabilistic data association filters (JIPDAF) are utilized for single or multiple targets tracking, respectively. An optimal UAV trajectory is constructed for both single and multiple target tracking scenarios. The special case of stationary radar stations localization is numerically simulated.

수중음향기법을 이용한 용담호의 어류 분포특성 연구

Hydroacoustic surveys were conducted for spatio-temporal distribution and size estimation of fish in the Yongdam reservoir, Korea, from April to July 2014. Acoustic data were collected along acoustic transects using a 120 kHz scientific echosounder. The received acoustic data were the in situ acoustic target strength (dB) and nautical area scattering coefficient (<TEX>$m^2/mile^2$</TEX>). Data on fish behavioral patterns and size were collected using a DIDSON acoustic camera at stationary stations. Fish were mainly distributed in the center channel and close to the outer Yongdam reservoir. Acoustic density of fish in the summer season were higher than in the spring season. The seasonal vertical distribution pattern of fish aggregations may be strongly related to the vertical temperature structure. The size distribution of fish obtained from an acoustic camera correlated well with the acoustic size of fish from an echosounder.

GIS-Based Air Pollution Monitoring using Static Stations and Mobile Sensor in Tehran/Iran

Air pollution is a major problem in mega cities and it's harmful for environment and human health. Usually in nowadays, air pollution is monitored by static stations networks and because of high cost of developing and maintenance the amount of these stations is limited. Air pollution is strongly dependent to location and it's vary from one to another, therefore less static stations cause poor spatial resolution in published pollution maps. This research paper is for generating a pollution map with higher spatial resolution according to mobile measurements through Mobile Data Acquisition Unit (MDAU) and Tehran Environmental Protection Agency's measurements. Mobile unit box used for this study is equipped with: handheld GPS, MQ 9 gas sensor (CO detector), Seeeduino Stalker microcontroller and Xbee Bluetooth module, and it was placed on top of a vehicle and the data's were collected in Hemat highway, Tehran/Iran during 15:00 to 16:00 hours, afterwards Mobile and static stations measurements were imported and aggregated in GIS environment to generate an air pollution map through Geo- statistical Analysis. Finally, CO pollution map was validated and compared with pollution map produced via Tehran Air Quality Control Company's data.

Characteristics of the Atmospheric Pollution and Health Risk of Arsenic and Heavy Metals (Cu,Pb,Cr,Ni,Hg) in PM2.5 during Heating Period in Xining ,China

The human risks of As and heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd and Hg) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Xining, China is investigated here in this study. Cu, As and Pb are the most abundant elements in stationary monitoring station for atmospheric pollution and mountain Najia. As, Pb and Cr are the most abundant elements in the park of organisms and Xining Special Steel between the studied metals and metalloids in PM2.5. Pb and As showed a higher bio-accessibility. It has been shown that the carcinogenic risks of As, Cd, Cr and Ni in PM2.5 via dermal contact and inhalation exposure are within the acceptable level (&lt;1×10-4) for both children and adults, but there is a potential carcinogenic risk posed by Pb via ingestion. As for non-carcinogenic health risks, the hazard index values for all the studied elements suggested no health risks via ingestion and dermal contact, but a potential one via inhalation of adults. Values of hazard quotient and hazard index indicated the non-carcinogenic risks from the studied metals and metalloids to children via ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation pathways during heating period in Xining given the present air quality .

A Minimum Energy Consuming Mobile Device Relay Scheme for Reliable QoS Support

Relay technology is becoming more important for mobile communications and wireless internet of things (IoT) networking because of the extended access network coverage range and reliable quality of service (QoS) it can provide at low power consumption levels. Existing mobile multihop relay (MMR) technology uses fixed-point stationary relay stations (RSs) and a divided time-frame (or frequency-band) to support the relay operation. This approach has limitations when a local fixed-point stationary RS does not exist. In addition, since the time-frame (or frequency-band) channel resources are pre-divided for the relay operation, there is no way to achieve high channel utilization using intelligent opportunistic techniques. In this paper, a different approach is considered, where the use of mobile/IoT devices as RSs is considered. In applications that use mobile/IoT devices as relay systems, due to the very limited battery energy of a mobile/IoT device and unequal channel conditions to and from the RS, both minimum energy consumption and QoS support must be considered simultaneously in the selection and configuration of RSs. Therefore, in this paper, a mobile RS is selected and configured with the objective of minimizing power consumption while satisfying end-to-end data rate and bit error rate (BER) requirements. For the RS, both downlink (DL) to the destination system (DS) (i.e., IoT device or user equipment (UE)) and uplink (UL) to the base station (BS) need to be adaptively configured (using adaptive modulation and power control) to minimize power consumption while satisfying the end-to-end QoS constraints. This paper proposes a minimum transmission power consuming RS selection and configuration (MPRSC) scheme, where the RS uses cognitive radio (CR) sub-channels when communicating with the DS, and therefore the scheme is named MPRSC-CR. The proposed MPRSC-CR scheme is activated when a DS moves out of the BS’s QoS supportive coverage range. In this case, data transmissions between the RS and BS use the assigned primary channel that the DS had been using, and data transmissions between the RS and DS use CR sub-channels. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed MPRSC-CR scheme extends the coverage range of the BS and minimizes the power consumption of the RS through optimal selection and configuration of a RS.

Use of energy storage materials as alternative fuel for stationary and transport power stations

This paper considers the possibility of usage of energy-accumulating substances (EAS) as alternative fuel for transport and stationary gas turbine engines and power stations. Three-component alloys Si, Al and Fe are studied as industrial EAS. The study determined the heats of combustion and adiabatic temperatures of EAS combustion in the environment of superheated steam at different values of oxidant excess coefficient. Composition of condensed combustion products is defined for various fractional composition of EAS. It is also determined the completeness of combustion EAS.

The diel vertical migration of the sound-scattering layer in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water of the southeastern Yellow sea: focus on its relationship with a temperature structure

Using the hydroacoustic method with a 200 kHz scientific echo sounding system, the diel vertical migration (DVM) of the sound-scattering layer (SSL) in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water (YSBCW) of the southeastern Yellow Sea was studied in April (spring) and August (summer) of 2010 and 2011. For each survey, 13–27 hours of acoustic data were continuously collected at a stationary station. The acoustic volume scattering strength (Sv) data were analyzed with temperature profile data. In the spring of both 2010 and 2011, the SSL clearly showed the vertical migration throughout the entire water column, moving from the surface layer at night to near the bottom during the day. Conductivity, temperature, and depth data indicated that the entire water column was well mixed with low temperature of about 8°C. However, the SSL showed different patterns in the summers of 2010 and 2011. In the summer of 2010 (≈28°C at the surface), the SSL migrated to near the bottom during the day, but there were two SSLs above and below the thermocline at depth of 10–30 m at night. In the summer of 2011 (≈20°C at the surface), the SSL extended throughout the entire water column at night, possibly owing to an abrupt change in sea weather conditions caused by the passage of a Typhoon Muifa over the study area. It was concluded that the DVM patterns in summer in the YSBCW area may be greatly influenced by a strengthened or weakened thermocline.

A continuously towed vertical bipole source for marine magnetometric resistivity surveying

We propose to use an approximately vertical bipole electric current towed by a ship as a source for a Magnetometric Resistivity (MMR) method. This proposal requires the precise positioning of the bottom electrode for the bipole source, and our newly developed MMR system achieved this. We conducted an MMR experiment in the central Mariana Trough, and we obtained data using two different methods along a survey line: one method towed a bipole source transmitting continuously along the survey line, and the other used a conventional vertical bipole source transmitting at several stationary transmission stations along the survey line. We found that the towed bipole source tilted from the vertical by an angle of 8 degrees at the maximum during the MMR experiment. We compared the results from the two methods to evaluate the towed bipole source method. Our results indicate that the tilted bipole source approximates well with the vertical bipole source at the mid-point between the surface and the bottom electrodes. Since the towed bipole source method requires much less survey time and the results show a higher spatial resolution, it is a powerful tool for MMR experiments to image a shallow oceanic crustal resistivity structure efficiently.

Fundamental principles of resource saving in crop harvesting technology

Resource-saving technologies of cereal crops harvesting providing the completion of unwinnowed pile handling at stationary station are analyzed. New requirements to the complex harvesting with simultaneous performance of postharvest operations are suggested.

The structure of the Earth’s crust and uppermost mantle along the Baikal rift system based on teleseismic data

Detailed data on the velocity structure of the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle are very impor� tant to study the complex structure of the Baikal rift system. Such data can be obtained not only from deep seismic sounding (DSS) but also on the basis of the teleseismic method of Pwave receiver function (PtoS). The analysis of the wave forms in this method is based on the approach of seismic prospecting using the records of strong distant earthquakes (1, 2). Owing to the sensitivity of converted shear seismic waves to velocity inhomogeneities at different depths, this method gave good results in the study of the velocity structure based on the records of temporary stations in the south of Siberia and in Mongolia (3, 4). In the past decade, after the recording at the sta� tionary Baikal seismic network was reconstructed and became digital, a large amount of data was accumu� lated in the Baikal region and Transbaikalia, which is applicable to study the deep structure in the regions around seismic stations (Fig. 1). Longterm observa� tions at stationary stations can compete with short� term seismic experiments in the amount of records of strong remote earthquakes providing greater reliability of the velocity models obtained on their basis. In this work, we used these data and applied the method of receiver function to determine onedimensional mod� els of Swave propagation velocities up to a depth of 70 km. Twodimensional models ( VStransects) were constructed on the basis of onedimensional models (VS(h)) in the regions of dense locations of stations along the lengthy Baikal Rift system. We separated the receiver functions of longperiod waves formed by converted SVwaves in the observa� tion region from the records of earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 6.0 that arrive from distances of 3000-9000 km. Taking into account the extremely complex geomorphological structure of the region and possible existence of seismic azimuthal anisotropy not only in the mantle but also in the Earth's crust (5), we used the records of remote earthquakes from the northeastern and southwestern directions. Thus, in this work, we analyzed only the earthquakes records that make possible sounding of the velocity structure approximately under the lines of stations, i.e., along the rift zone (Fig. 1). Summing of the receiver func� tions from two opposite directions evens the influence of irregular inhomogeneities amplifying the contribu� tion of the main structural peculiarities in the forma� tion of the wave forms. Using a program of receiver function inversion developed by G.L. Kosarev (2), we restored one� dimensional velocity vertical sections of shear seismic waves, VS(h), from the separated received functions. The detailed structure of velocity models is deter� mined by their parameterization, which we developed on the basis of numerical modeling (3). The experi� ments with numerical models demonstrated that divi� sion of the studied structure within the Earth's crust into elementary layers not thicker than 1 km is opti� mal. In order to determine the depth of the crust- mantle boundary and its character (sharp or gradient) more accurately within the upper 5-10 km of the mantle the thickness of the elementary layers should be close to 1 km. Deeper in the mantle, the depth step can increase to 5 km or more. The smoothed velocity function V0(h) calculated from the mean results of investigations based on the DSS method in the SayanyBaikal mountain region (6) was used as the first approximation in all cases of the inversion procedure. According to the DSS, the mean velocity of longperiod waves in the Earth's crust is equal to 6.4 km/s in the first approximation, while the velocity of the shear seismic waves is 3.7 km/s. The velocity of Pwaves in the mantle under the crust was assumed 8.0 km/s, and the ratio was V P /V S = 1.80. Using a spline based on the method of linear interpo� lation, we constructed twodimensional models of the velocity structure (Fig. 2) from the restored one� dimensional stationary models of V S (h). The models

Catalytic reduction of NO with decomposed methanol on alumina-supported Mn–Ce catalysts

A series of manganese–ceria supported on alumina catalysts with various Mn/Ce ratios are investigated in both methanol decomposition to CO and hydrogen and SCR of NOx with CO. The study is aimed at the potential application of both reactions in integrated devices, where NOx is reduced with the products of the decomposed methanol. The samples are characterized by nitrogen physisorption, XRD, TEM, XPS, UV–Vis, and TPR. It was established that manganese–ceria supported on alumina catalysts are perspective in both methanol decomposition and NO reduction at temperatures above 723K, which are typical for exhausted gases from the vehicles and some stationary stations. The best catalytic activity and selectivity to the desired products under these conditions was found for the samples with Mn/Mn+Ce ratio of 0.5 and 0.7. This superior catalytic performance is related to the formation of mixed valence Mn3+/Ce4+ and Mn4+/Ce3+ active sites.

Interevaluator Reliability of a Mock Paramedic Practical Examination

Introduction. Prior to graduation, paramedic students must be assessed for terminal competency and preparedness for national credentialing examinations. Although the procedures for determining competency vary, many academic programs use a practical and/or oral examination, often scored using skill sheets, for evaluating psychomotor skills. However, even with validated testing instruments, the interevaluator reliability of this process is unknown. Objective. We sought to estimate the interevaluator reliability of a subset of paramedic skills as commonly applied in terminal competency testing. Methods. A mock examinee was videotaped performing staged examinations mimicking adult ventilatory management, oral board, and static and dynamic cardiac stations during which the examinee committed a series of prespecified errors. The videotaped performances were then evaluated by a group of qualified evaluators using standardized skill sheets. Interevaluator variability was measured by standard deviation and range, and reliability was evaluated using Krippendorff's alpha. Correlation between scores and evaluator demographics was assessed by Pearson correlation. Results. Total scores and critical errors varied considerably across all evaluators and stations. The mean (± standard deviation) scores were 24.77 (±2.37) out of a possible 27 points for the adult ventilatory management station, 11.69 (±2.71) out of a possible 15 points for the oral board station, 7.79 (±3.05) out of a possible 12 points for the static cardiology station, and 22.08 (±1.46) out of a possible 24 points for the dynamic cardiology station. Scores ranged from 18 to 27 for adult ventilatory management, 7 to 15 for the oral board, 2 to 12 for static cardiology, and 19 to 24 for dynamic cardiology. Krippendorff's alpha coefficients were 0.30 for adult ventilatory management, 0.01 for the oral board, 0.10 for static cardiology, and 0.48 for dynamic cardiology. Critical criteria errors were assigned by 10 (38.5%) evaluators for adult ventilatory management, five (19.2%) for the oral board, and nine (34.6%) for dynamic cardiology. Total scores were not correlated with evaluator demographics. Conclusions. There was high variability and low reliability among qualified evaluators using skill sheets as a scoring tool in the evaluation of a mock terminal competency assessment. Further research is needed to determine the true overall interevaluator reliability of this commonly used approach, as well as the ideal number, training, and characteristics of prospective evaluators.

PROCESSING ONE-STATIONARY BISTATIC SAR DATA USING INVERSE SCALED FOURIER TRANSFORM

In bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) with one stationary station, two-dimensional spatial variance is a major problem which should be handled. In this paper, an Inverse Scaled Fourier Transform (ISFT) imaging algorithm to deal with this problem is proposed. The approach linearizes the two-dimensional spatially- variant point target reference spectrum to derive the re∞ectivity pattern's spectrum. Based on this spectrum, an ISFT along range direction and a frequency shift along azimuth direction are used to achieve the two-dimensional spatial variance correction. This method is e-cient as it only uses phase multiplication and FFTs. Numerical simulations verifled the efiectiveness of the method.

Evaluation of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks on Safety Traffic

Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks in which no centralized static station or infrastructure are supported is gaining increasing popularity. Due to mobility, the topology of the networks changes continuously and wireless links break down and reorganize frequently. These features cause traditional real-time communication protocols to be inapplicable in a mobile setting. The increasing research of real-time communication in Mobile Ad hoc wireless NETworks (MANETs) is to enable distributed applications among mobile nodes in infrastructure-free environments. Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) characterized by nodes with relatively high mobility and various disturbed environments represent a number of remarkable challenge dissimilar to MANETs. Applications of inter-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside wireless communication that make use of VANETs require reliable communication that provides a guarantee of real-time message propagation. Nowadays, most of researches in VANETs domain concentrate on the development of layered communication protocols.

Coastal observing and forecasting system for the German Bight – estimates of hydrophysical states

Abstract. A coastal observing system for Northern and Arctic Seas (COSYNA) aims at construction of a long-term observatory for the German part of the North Sea, elements of which will be deployed as prototype modules in Arctic coastal waters. At present a coastal prediction system deployed in the area of the German Bight integrates near real-time measurements with numerical models in a pre-operational way and provides continuously state estimates and forecasts of coastal ocean state. The measurement suite contributing to the pre-operational set up includes in situ time series from stationary stations, a High-Frequency (HF) radar system measuring surface currents, a FerryBox system and remote sensing data from satellites. The forecasting suite includes nested 3-D hydrodynamic models running in a data-assimilation mode, which are forced with up-to-date meteorological forecast data. This paper reviews the present status of the system and its recent upgrades focusing on developments in the field of coastal data assimilation. Model supported data analysis and state estimates are illustrated using HF radar and FerryBox observations as examples. A new method combining radial surface current measurements from a single HF radar with a priori information from a hydrodynamic model is presented, which optimally relates tidal ellipses parameters of the 2-D current field and the M2 phase and magnitude of the radials. The method presents a robust and helpful first step towards the implementation of a more sophisticated assimilation system and demonstrates that even using only radials from one station can substantially benefit state estimates for surface currents. Assimilation of FerryBox data based on an optimal interpolation approach using a Kalman filter with a stationary background covariance matrix derived from a preliminary model run which was validated against remote sensing and in situ data demonstrated the capabilities of the pre-operational system. Data assimilation significantly improved the performance of the model with respect to both SST and SSS and demonstrated a good skill not only in the vicinity of the Ferry track, but also over larger model areas. The examples provided in this study are considered as initial steps in establishing new coastal ocean products enhanced by the integrated COSYNA-observations and numerical modelling.