Static Synchronous Series Compensator Research Articles

Simultaneous controllers for stabilizing the frequency changes in deregulated power system using moth flame optimization

This paper introduces a stochastic idea for two-area automatic generation control (AGC) of the restructured system for enhancing the system dynamic performance. In this work, a new 2-degree of freedom of proportional-integral derivative-fractional order proportional derivative with filter (2DOF PID-FOPDN) approach is proposed for the AGC two area system. To ensure realization of optimal gains of the controller, a novel nature-inspired moth-flame optimization (MFO) is suggested using integral of time multiplied absolute error (ITAE) model. The performance of MFO-based 2DOF PID-FOPDN is evaluated against Cuckoo search (CS), Bat algorithm (BA), and Teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO) approaches in different contract scenarios of deregulated system. Further work to reduce the changes in tie-line has been applied through different FACTS controllers, such as Distributed power flow controller (DPFC), Thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC), Unified power flow controller (UPFC), and Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC); integrated into the AGC system with the co-ordination of Ultra-capacitor (UC). The results indicate that the MFO-based 2DOF PID-FOPDN shows superior performance with DPFC-UC over other approaches in all contract scenarios of liberalized system. A sensitivity analysis is examined to recognize the robustness of the suggested approach under ± 25% deviation in loading and system parameters.

Modular SSSC for the future power system in the SEERC region

Recently, the world has seen disruptive innovation and change regarding the ways that energy is produced and consumed. The power industry is facing systemic challenges in planning and operation of the whole system. Particularly, high penetration levels of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) bring additional design considerations due to their variable nature and their limitations on reactive power or fault level contribution.Modular Static Synchronous Series Compensator (M-SSSC) technology enables dynamic power flow control and real-time congestion management. Its benefits have been proven in several regional deployments stretching globally from the US to Europe. Given the forecast RES uptake and the geographical intricacies of the Southeast European Regional Council (SEERC) region, the M-SSSC technology can support the grid development and operational strategies in both the short-term and the long-term.

A new optimal static synchronous series compensator‐governorcontrol action for small signal stability enhancement of random renewable penetrated hydro‐dominated power system

AbstractSubject to intermittent nature of renewable sources, small signal stability (SSS) is going to be a challenging task for power system operators. Also as per current deregulated market, stress is imposed on optimal usage of present resources like mechanical governors. In this work a new coordinated optimal damping control action of fractional static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) and governor is proposed to the critical condition of power system for SSS enhancement considering sudden and random variation in solar photovoltaic (SPV) and wind sources with different operating condition of hydro generations and change in reference voltage. Both SSSC and governor coordinate to damp system oscillations to improve stability. A new hybrid differential evolution (DE) with whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is proposed to tune the gains of SSSC and governor in proposed controller. A multi objective function incorporating speed and real power deviation has been taken for optimization problem. It has been observed that varying operating condition of hydro generator along with variations in SPV and wind sources instigate low frequency oscillation and proposed control action has better damping efficacy in comparison to only SSSC and governor. Also, the proposed multi‐objective DE‐WOA control law performs better than only DE and WOA algorithm.

Series FACTS controllers in industrial low voltage electrical distribution networks for reducing fault current levels

In this paper, series FACTS devices like Thyristor control series capacitor(TCSC)and Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) with designed control logic used to reduce the fault current located in LV distribution network at the LV busbar. The electrical distribution network in small and medium scale industries such as steel plants, process and power plants is through low voltage switchgear (LVS) fed from motor control centre (MCC) switchgear through step down transformer of 11kV or 33kV /415V. The designed switchgear in the LV side for these utilities usually is at 50kA. However, the process loads are continuously increasing and sustained with additional feeders with the existing switchgear. Consequently, the fault current at the busbar of the switchgear increases which may require the replacement of entire switchgear to the new design fault current. However, upgrading the existing switchgear is not an economical solution to the industries. Alternatively reducing the fault current at the busbar is feasible. Controller design implemented for reducing the short circuit current with series FACTS devices. A study carried on 800 MW Thermal power plant Ash handling LVS in ETAP and Matlab. It is observed that the results are encouraging to use series FACTS devices effectively in the LVS.

A Levy Flight motivated meta-heuristic approach for enhancing maximum loadability limit in practical power system

Most of the practical engineering optimization problems are highly nonlinear, nonconvex, and sometimes discontinuous. Classical optimization techniques, mostly being differential calculus based, either fail to find the optimal solution for practical problems or provide solution after relaxing the nonlinearities. Over the time, population-based meta-heuristic techniques have gained enough popularity among research fraternity due to their unrestricted performance on the nature of the optimization problems. Despite their better performances, they sometimes suffer from the problem of trapping into local optima. Hence, suitable strategies should be adopted to overcome the above said issues. In view of this, a new Levy Flight (LF) based Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (APSOLF) technique is designed and proposed in this work to solve complex, nonlinear optimization problems. The performance of the proposed algorithm is gauged by applying it on various mathematical benchmark functions. The technique is also applied to solve the practical electrical engineering problems where the task of proposed algorithm is to optimize the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) parameters to improve the Maximum Loadability Limit (MLL) of some standard test power systems viz. IEEE 14, 30, 57, 118 and a practical Indian southern region 205 buses. The results obtained are compared with other variants of PSO. Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed algorithm is tested by performing the statistical analysis (both parametric and nonparametric tests). The results confirm better efficiency, robustness, and consistency of the proposed algorithm. The simulations are performed on MATLAB environment.

Comparison and analysis of distributed power flow controller technology

Distributed power flow controller (DPFC) can improve the power flow distribution of the power grid, overcome the power flow section excess, and enhance the carrying capacity of the power system. This paper firstly introduces three kinds of DPFCs: distributed series reactor (DSR), distributed unified power flow controller (DUPFC), and distributed static synchronous series compensator (DSSSC). According to multifaceted analysis, DSSSC is the most competitive solution in DPFCs. Then, based on the engineering application, the main wiring form, unit quantity configuration, installation method and control strategy of the DSSSC system are discussed. Finally, a simulation model with the DSSSC device is built in PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the DSSSC.

Frequency stabilization in interconnected power system using bat and harmony search algorithm with coordinated controllers

Modern power system faces excessive frequency aberrations due to the intermittent renewable generations and persistently changing load demands. To avoid any possible blackout, an efficient and robust control strategy is obligatory to minimize deviations in the system frequency and tie-line. Hence, to achieve this target, a new two-degree of freedom-tilted integral derivative with filter (2DOF–TIDN) controller is proposed in this work for a two-area wind-hydro-diesel power system. To enhance the outcome of the proposed 2DOF–TIDN controller, its gain parameters are optimized with the use of a newly designed hybrid bat algorithm-harmony search algorithm (hybrid BA–HSA) technique. The effectiveness and superiority of hybrid BA–HSA tuned 2DOF–TIDN is validated over various existing optimization techniques like cuckoo search (CS), particle swarm optimization (PSO), HSA, BA and teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO). To further refine the system outcome in the dynamic conditions, several flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) units are adopted for enriching the frequency and tie-line responses. The FACTS controllers like static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), thyristor-controlled phase shifter (TCPS), unified power flow controller (UPFC) and interline power flow controller (IPFC) are employed with SMES simultaneously. The simulation results disclose that the hybrid BA–HSA based 2DOF–TIDN shows superior dynamic performance with IPFC–SMES than other studied approaches. A sensitivity analysis is examined to verify the robustness of proposed controller under ±25% changes in loading and system parameters.

Optimal design of SSSC and crowbar parameters for performance enhancement of Egyptian Zafrana wind farm

Zafarana Wind Park is considered the largest wind farm in Middle East. By the year 2022, Zafarana wind farm will inject 545 MW to Egypt national electric network (ENEN). This wind farm has been connecting to ENEN in stages (eight stages) from ten years ago. Each stage represents a project of wind farm. Hence, the impact of the emergency condition of ENEN on the performance of the installed stage of Zafarana Wind Park should be studied. Moreover, determining the possible method to reduce the side effects of the emergency condition of ENEN on the installed stage of Zafarana Wind Park becomes an important issue. In this paper, a combination between Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) and crowbar (Cro-SSSC) is used to enhance the performance of the one installed stage of Zafarana Wind Park. The studied stage of Zafarana Wind Park is Zafarana Z1 wind farm (Z1). Zafarana Z1 wind farm represents that first stage of Zafarana Wind Park that was connected to ENEN. Hence, the paper takes Zafarana Z1 wind farm as the studied case to examine the impact of Cro-SSSC. The crowbar is used to protect the power components of the SSSC from the high current during grid fault condition. Also, in this paper multi-objective lightning attachment procedure optimization algorithm (LAPO) and the sine cosine algorithm (SCA) are used to evaluate and tune the control gains of SSSC and the value of crowbar's resistance. This step is important in order to determine the values of the control's gains of SSSC and the value of crowbar resistance which suit the studied system (one installed stage of Zafarana Wind Park). The sliding mode control (SMC) is used as an example of nonlinear control of SSSC. Also, a hybrid of LAPO and SMC is used to improve the performance of Zafarana Z1 during faults. The results of LAPO, SCA and SMC are compared during three-phase fault and single line to ground fault applied to the studied system.

Reducing Fault Current by Using FACTS Devices to Improve Electrical Power Flow

Today, there is a large increase in the demand for electricity. The transmission and distribution networks, however, cannot fulfill unbound demands due to the scarcity of resources. Power lines have losses which make the situation more unfavorable for maximum power transfer. Implementing a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) is one of the best ways to reduce line losses. This paper proposes a FACTS-based method for minimizing the fault current in the system. Switchgear and protection equipment also perform better when this is done. Moreover, due to the reduced fault current of the switched system, a larger amount of power can be transmitted. Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), and unified power flow controller (UPFC) are evaluated in this case. With STATCOM and UPFC, fault currents are significantly reduced. Furthermore, STATCOM and UPFC can also reduce the fault currents in the power system in addition to voltage regulation and power flow control. A MATLAB/Simulink model is used to evaluate the model’s feasibility.

A modified sine cosine algorithm with ensemble search agent updating schemes for small signal stability analysis

In this paper, a modified sine cosine algorithm (MSCA) is proposed and is applied to design the power system stabilizer (PSS) and lead lag compensator-based static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) controller to enhance the power system stability. Two test systems: single machine infinite bus (SMIB) and multi-machine power system (MMPS) working under various loading conditions are taken as case studies. The objective of the work is to enhance the stability of the system by minimizing the rotor speed deviation of the generator. For this, the optimal controller parameters of PSS and SSSC are determined by using the MSCA technique. In the proposed MSCA method, two newly proposed search agent updating schemes (ie, SCA/rand-target and SCA/best-target) with parallel use of sine, cosine operators have been ensemble to generate the new search agents. The proposed MSCA method combines the exploration property of SCA/rand-target search agent updating scheme with exploitation property of SCA/best-target search agent updating scheme, which enhances the chances of attaining the near optimal solutions in fewer generations. The simulation results obtained from the proposed MSCA method have been applied on the two test system configurations of power system, which shows significant reduction in oscillations as compared with some well-known heuristic algorithms. The mean rotor speed deviation achieved using the proposed method for SMIB system and MMPS is 0.0013858 and 0.00046857 pu, respectively. Extensive statistical analysis on obtained results using Wilcoxon signed rank test, and Friedman and Nemenyi hypothesis test ensure the reliability and robustness of the proposed method.

Comparison between flexible AC transmission systems (FACTs) and filters regarding renewable energy systems harmonics mitigation

Abstract Renewable energy growing is considered one of the main sources of the system harmonics. Thus, in this paper, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is reduced by using flexible AC transmission systems (FACTs). Static Compensator (STATCOM) and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) are used and compared against basic harmonics filter. Cases studied are as follows: First, the system is studied without any harmonic limitation. Then each type of the chosen two types of (FACTs) is connected to the system. Finally, the harmonics filter is used as a reference to verify the (FACTs) effectiveness. MATLAB/SIMULINK is the tool to examine and simulate the system.

Power system Stability Improvement using Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

Power system Stability Improvement using Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

Small Signal Stability Assessment in Presence of SSSC for a Power System Under Fault Disturbance

The use of FACTS controllers in power grids has resulted in the improvement of stability issues related to the power systems. When the FACTS controllers are used to damp out the power systems oscillation, there series controller inverter like static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) device are the most suitable to resolve the issue. In this paper, importance is given on the optimal operation of the SSSC and to the maintenance of the small signal stability of the system. Here the main focus is to check the system response to stability after the use of SSSC device.

Multi Machine Power System Stability Enhancement Using Static Sychronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

These days, the requirement for flexible and quick power stream control in the transmission framework is foreseen to increment later on taking into account utility liberation and power wheeling prerequisite. Diminishing the compelling reactance of lines by series remuneration is an immediate approach to build transmission ability. Nonetheless, power move capacity of long transmission lines is restricted by dependability contemplations. On account of the power electronic exchanging abilities as far as control and fast, more focal points have been done in FACTS gadgets regions and presence of these gadgets in transient security during transient flaws bringing about progress in power framework solidness. In this examination, a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is utilized to research the impact of this gadget in controlling active and reactive powers just as damping power framework motions in transient mode. The Proportional-Integral Controller (PI) controller is utilized to tune the circuit and to give the zero sign blunder. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is series reactive power remuneration to a power framework. The yield of a SSSC is series infused voltage, which leads or slacks line current by 90°, in this manner copying a controllable inductive or capacitive reactance. SSSC can be utilized to lessen the line impedance and upgrade the active power move ability of the line. With the boundaries and control, the SSSC is discovered successful to direct load voltage during abrupt difference in the heaps. The SSSC additionally furnishes stable activity with dynamic enlistment engine load and mitigates the insecure and swaying conduct that is coming about during the activity of remunerated Alternator with dynamic engine load.

Improving the Efficacy of the Nigerian Electric Power Transmission Network Using Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

This paper deals with the voltage profile enhancement on the Nigerian 330kV transmission power network using static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). Due to increase in power demand, modern power system networks are being operated under highly stressed conditions. This has resulted to difficulty in meeting reactive power requirement especially under planned or sudden changes in voltages, and hence maintaining the bus voltage within acceptable limits has been a major challenge in the power system network, hence the need for this paper which led to the introduction of Static Synchronous Series Compensator into the Nigeria National Grid (NNG) network for the improvement in electric power transmission . The 330kV 58 bus NNG was modeled in PSAT and implemented in Matlab/Simulink for the compensation of the identified voltage violated buses. Transmission network data obtained from Transmission Company of Nigerian (TCN) Osogbo and was used to model the test network. Result of simulations of the network models reveal that STATCOM reasonably improved the voltage stability of the violated buses in the Nigeria network. The insertion of the STATCOM gave 100% improvement in voltage stability relative to a network without any device. Keywords: Voltage stability, STATCOM, HVDC, Voltage profile, FACT, MATLAB/SIMULINK, PSAT DOI: 10.7176/JIEA/11-2-02 Publication date: April 30 th 2021

Adaptive recurrent NeuroFuzzy control for power system stability in smart cities

A smart city is a dynamic and sustainable urban system that provides a great quality of service to its residents by optimally managing its resources. In smart cities, low-frequency oscillations are a serious concern to the power system as they adversely affect system’s stability. Moreover, power system stabilizers are inefficient due to their fixed-parameter architecture. Flexible ac transmission system controller performs effective damping of low-frequency oscillations when provided with suitable supplementary damping control like a Static synchronous series compensator. In this context, the paper proposes an adaptive neuro-fuzzy recurrent wavelet control for smart cities that uses the recurrent Gaussian membership function and recurrent wavelet neural network in antecedent and consequent parts respectively. The paper applies the gradient descent optimization with a back-propagation algorithm to update the parameters of suggested adaptive neuro-fuzzy recurrent wavelet control. Simulations are performed on two test systems, both showing the effectiveness of the recommended control scheme as compared to traditional lead-lag control and artificial neuro-fuzzy Takagi Sugeno Kang control. Calculations of performance index for various fault scenarios lead to the conclusion that the control scheme can damp oscillations effectively and enhances the power system’s transient stability.

Improving Power Flow Using Static Synchronous Series Compensator

Due to adaptation of new lifestyles, energy demand in the power sector rapidly increased day-by-day. To overcome this energy gap Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) controllers are the most reliable option irrespective to upgradation of power networks. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is one of a series family, second generation FACTS controller used in power networks to enhance power transfer capacity. In this paper, a new SSSC based indirect controller is proposed for a 500kV grid station. In SSSC, multilevel, 48pulse, Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) based Voltage Source Converter (VSC) is implemented that injects a controllable compensating voltage in series with transmission line. Almost 20% enhanced power flow can be achieved by using proposed cost-effective SSSC controller. The aim of this paper is to find drawbacks associated with previously designed controller and design a new controller for power flow improvement. Also compare their results for power flow in 500kV grid station using MATLAB/Simulink 2017 (a). . . . . .

An optimal transmission line power control under non‐sinusoidal conditions using static synchronous series compensator

In view of the growing load demand in developing countries, overloading in existing transmission lines is a major concern. In addition to the voltage drop due to overloading, the proliferation of non-linear loads in recent years distort the shape of sinusoidal voltage. Stable transmission of power through a transmission line under such condition is a challenge. In the presence of harmonics, control of transmittable power using static synchronous series compensator needs additional efforts, where increased power demand can be fulfilled by taking into consideration various other parameters. If an attempt is made to increase transmittable power through a transmission line using SSSC, power loss, the magnitude of voltage and its shape deteriorate in the presence of non-linear loads. Thus, the trade-off between transmittable power, transmission loss and voltage quality is tackled by optimal control of the compensator. In this study, a novel optimal control of SSSC is proposed with the objective of minimising transmission loss by maintaining the voltage within the limits while enhancing the transmittable power under non-sinusoidal conditions. A two-machine model of power system with 400 kV transmission line with parameters as per standards issued by the Central Electricity Authority is considered for validation of the algorithm using MATLAB platform and results are presented.

Analysis of Hybrid Fuzzy Logic Control Based PID Through the Filter for Frequency Regulation of Electrical Power System with Real-Time Simulation

In the present study, a teaching learning based optimization (TLBO) method tuned hybrid fuzzy logic control based PID through the Filter (FPIDN) is proposed for frequency regulation of the electrical power system problem. The studied electrical power system contains the non-linearity parameters like governor dead band, time delay, and generation rate constraint. The performance of TLBO is analyzed by applying a genetic algorithm (GA) method. It is observed that TLBO outperforms compared with GA. Next, an investigation has been carried out by placing static synchronous series compensator in the tie-line. It is demonstrated that TLBO outperforms GA technique in controller design problem. To confirm the capability of the recommended method, experimental commendation with the hardware-in-the-loop real-time validation based on OPAL-RT has been implemented. Finally, the performance of TLBO tuned FPIDN controller is equated with some recently suggested frequency control problem in a standard two-area system. From the simulation outcome, it is established that the suggested plan offers better compared with existing methods.

SSSC to control Power flow in the Line

FACTS controller is the Power Electronics based static controller which enhance power transfer capability and increase controllability of the power system network. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is VSC based controller which is used in transmission network with the aim of utilization of existing line upto its fullest extent. This paper demonstrates transmission line power flow control with the help of SSSC. A control scheme of SSSC is presented to control active power flow in the line. Increase in the power flow in the line is realized with SSSC operation in capacitive mode of operation and decrease in the power flow is realized with SSSC operated in inductive mode of operation. MATLAB simulation studies are demonstrated to validate the SSSC operation.