Static Printing Research Articles

Fabrication of microelectrode with large aspect ratio and precision machining of micro-hole array by micro-EDM

Micro electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) exhibits good processing capability to miniature structures such as micro-holes, micro-dimples, micro-channels and so on. In present study, the precision micro-EDM of micro-hole array with diameter less than 50 μm was explored. A novel active supplying wire-electro discharge grinding (AS-WEDG) device was developed aiming to reduce the wire fluctuation at grinding location and improve the aspect ratio of microelectrode. With the developed AS-WEDG device, the microelectrode of 40.3 μm in average diameter and 49.6 in aspect ratio was successfully fabricated. For RC-type pulse generator, the effects of open-circuit voltage and capacitance on machining quality of single micro-hole were concerned. By analyzing the wear characteristics of microelectrode, the constant length compensation strategy was adopted during the micro-hole array machining process. Meanwhile, in order to eliminate the adverse effect of cumulative compensation errors, the periodic adjustments of axial position of microelectrode were involved based on the CCD vision system. According to the requirement of inkjet nozzle, array of 256 (2 × 128) micro-holes with average diameter of 46.13 μm was machined on a 50 μm thick stainless steel. The diameter consistency of micro-hole array was assured by showing standard deviation of 0.44 μm and 0.68 μm at entrance and exit side, respectively. In addition, the static printing test verified the good working performance of as-machined micro-hole array by generating uniform droplet velocities.

Establishing state of motion through two-dimensional foot and shoe print analysis: A pilot study

According to the College of Podiatry, footprints rank among the most frequent forms of evidence found at crime scenes, and the recent ascension of forensic podiatry reflects the importance of footwear and barefoot traces in contemporary forensic practice. In this context, this pilot study focused on whether it is possible to distinguish between walking and running states using parameters derived from two-dimensional foot or shoe prints. Eleven subjects moved along four tracks (barefoot walking; barefoot running; footwear walking; footwear running) while having their bare feet or footwear stained with artificial blood and their footstep patterns recorded. Contact stains and associated bloodstain patterns were collected, and body movements were recorded through three-dimensional motion capture. Barefoot walking prints were found to be larger than barefoot static prints (1.789±0.481cm; p<0.001) and barefoot running prints (0.635±0.405cm; p=0.006). No correlation was observed for footwear prints. Running trials were more associated with the presence of both passive and cast off stains than walking trials, and the quantity of additional associated stains surrounding individual foot and shoe prints was also higher in running states. Furthermore, a previously proposed equation predicted speed with a high degree of accuracy (within 6%) and may be used for clinical assessment of walking speed. Contact stains, associated bloodstain patterns and stride length measurements may serve to ascertain state of motion in real crime scene scenarios, and future studies may be capable of designing statistical frameworks which could be used in courts of law.

Why the Compact Disc Was Not a Revolution and Cityfish Will Change Textual Scholarship, or What Is a Computational Edition?

The digital scholarly editions that textual scholars and digital humanists produced for over two decades have often been accompanied by claims about their revolutionary nature. Technological innovations are prone to induce such claims, as the case of the compact disc audio carrier exemplifies. However, on closer inspection we are hard pressed to identify the revolution that such innovations bring about. Arguments that textual scholars have put forward to claim fundamental differences between print and digital scholarly editions turn out to be weak. Some, therefore, claim that in fact no essential changes exist between print and digital text, nor between print or digital textual scholarship. However, none of the arguments takes into account the most striking difference between print and digital text, which is the performative potential of the latter. Digital text is endowed with a performative aspect through software code. However, current digital scholarly editions adhere almost exclusively to a representational philosophy in which the idea of text as a static materialized object is unaltered digitally remediated, that is: they are mostly static digital objects mimicking static print books. Perceived primarily as infrastructure underpinning digital scholarly editions, executable program code has until now largely been ignored by textual scholarship as a methodological means. Code, as will be explained, is the very embodiment of the ontological difference between print and digital text—it is text performing. This ontological shift and the emergence of a performative digital textual heritage do justify explorations of the methodological affordances that code creates for textual scholarship. As an example of such an exploration the idea of the computational scholarly edition is introduced (as opposed to the merely digital” scholarly edition) and a tentative implementation is presented. Finally it is argued that, rather than to extradite them, it is more productive to embrace digital and computational exploratory niches in textual scholarship.

Static Printing of Food Material by Utilizing High Precision Food Printer

Static Printing of Food Material by Utilizing High Precision Food Printer

User-Friendly Resource Design: Providing Accessible Ground Squirrel Extension for the Web

Author(s): Dimson, Monica; Baldwin, Roger A.; Quinn, Niamh | Abstract: In terms of internet access, California farmers are some of the most well-connected in the country. According to the USDA, 70% of farms in the U.S. have access to the web as of 2015. In California, 93% of counties exceed that national average. This prompts us to take advantage of the opportunity to employ passive extension approaches, such as websites, which can save both time and resources for Extension audiences and personnel alike. Because digital media can be distributed without the expenses associated with static print resources, this allows us to update our information platforms with greater ease and frequency. Our goal is not to replace print publications, but to adapt Extension resources for a web context and thus connect with a large and geographically extensive audience, especially those who may not customarily seek or have access to more traditional Extension services. A website allows homeowners, landowners, and pest-control professionals to consult this resource freely, at their leisure, and to adopt best management practices more quickly. However, the movement toward cloud-based resources comes with greater web familiarity and thus greater expectations for the websites people use. We are currently developing a ground squirrel best management practices website. In order to provide a user-oriented experience comparable to that of other digital media resources, we need to consider the specific needs and behaviors of a web-based audience. We aim to achieve this by synthesizing new and existing resources into consumable, approachable content on a website that focuses on usability, clarity, visual impact, and site-wide cohesion. We will discuss these goals and how we achieved them.

Dynamic Visual Elements in the Digital Media Design

Until the 1990s, with the development of digital technology, planar visual communication of objects from the static prints change to dynamic multiple media, from the pure visual change for visual and auditory etc. Various senses express way, Digital media is also in various art form in the line of sight of people, affecting people psychological activity, survival needs and social experience. The paper discusses dynamic visual elements in digital media of new features.

Inverting the Panopticon: Google Earth, Wonder and Earthly Delights

AbstractThis essay considers the user experience of Google Earth, comparing the world it presents with other world views including static print maps, medieval mappaemundi, and Hieronymus Bosch’s Garden of Earthly Delights. It also considers the scopic environment of Google Earth in relation to Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon, a theoretical prison design intended to provide a single guard the ability to view every inmate while remaining unobserved. The Google Earth interface generates wonder and geographic longing, but also empowers the user by granting new and flexible controls that differ from those available to users of print and manuscript maps. Ultimately, Google Earth is not an application that provides great utility, as traditionally defined – it does not help us navigate the physical world. Instead, it does something much more powerful: it gives us a new way to contemplate the world in which we live.

Comparison of Small and Large Scale Wheel Tracking Devices

ABSTRACT This paper presents a comparison of results from two wheel tracking devices. It is part of a larger on-going collaborative research project between the University of Nottingham in the UK, Delft University of Technology in The Netherlands and LCPC in France on the development and Finite Element (FE) implementation of a non-linear elasto-visco-plastic constitutive model for asphalt. Two devices, a large scale and small scale device, encompassed by the European Standard and the former British Standard were used. Rutting evaluation at the same temperature, on two different materials for pavement surface layers was tested under the same conditions allowing the evaluation of the rutting rate to be determined which was found to be very close from one test to another but sensitive to mixture type. In addition to rutting results, the contact dimensions and pressures from the two devices are evaluated in both the static case and during motion using a flat force transducer on the surface of the slab. The stresses induced in the slabs were calculated using finite element simulations and the measured contact conditions. For different pressure distributions under the wheel the isotropic and deviatoric stresses at the centre of the slab were compared which showed the importance of a good understanding of the wheel/slab contact conditions. The paper provides experimental rutting results obtained at the same temperatures for two characteristic materials on two devices. For future mechanical modelling the wheel print was found to be smaller during the motion than static prints. For wheels using inflated tyres a constant pressure over and elliptic area was found to be appropriate. For hard rubber wheels a rectangular area with an elliptic pressure distribution is more realistic.

High deposition rate aluminium-doped zinc oxide films with highly efficient light trapping for silicon thin film solar cells

Aluminium-doped zinc oxide films were deposited on glass substrates at high rates by reactive mid-frequency sputtering. The in-line sputter system allows oxygen influx along the middle and sides of a dual-cathode system. The effect of varying the oxygen flow from the sides on the electrical and optical properties together with the surface morphology after wet chemical etching was investigated. Increasing the amount of oxygen flow from the sides improved the resistivity profile of static prints and gave highly conductive and transparent films in dynamic deposition mode. The etched films developed rough surface textures with effective light scattering that could be controlled by the oxygen balance between the middle and sides. Optimally textured films were used as front contacts in 1 cm 2 single junction microcrystalline solar cells yielding an initial efficiency of 8.4%. The improvement in light trapping led to short circuit densities higher than that of the reference solar cells.

Lasting impressions: Motifs in protein–protein maps may provide footprints of evolutionary events

Imagine a paleontologist confronted with of a fossil of a single footprint. She could probably risk some conjectures about the imprinting creature, such as whether it possessed paws, claws, or feet, and estimate its weight, height, and other attributes. But the information contained in a single static print remains limited. The situation improves if a multitude of footprints from a population of creatures becomes available. Now, stride lengths can be calculated, variability between individuals can be assessed, and speeds can be estimated. Furthermore, correlating footprints from different geographies could lead to clues about the population's migration patterns. With appropriate assumptions, our paleontologist could begin to map how the population evolved over time. As this example illustrates, even though a footprint is a static entity, the sum of many footprints could in principle provide clues about the dynamics of a population. In this vein, the work of Middendorf, Ziv, and Wiggins in this issue of PNAS (1) seeks to understand the broad strokes of the evolutionary dynamics that shaped a species from a static network of protein–protein interactions. By way of “footprints,” Middendorf et al . (1) use substructures in the protein–protein network called network motifs whose count provides a window into the dynamics that left the record. These counts are the markers that the authors use to “learn” which motifs differentiate between competing hypothetical evolutionary schemes. The outcome of the study suggests a dominant evolutionary mechanism that shaped Drosophila melanogaster . Networks of all sorts evolve, and it is often possible to form hypotheses about such evolution by direct examination of the structure of the network (2–4). Consider the U.S. telephone network, which evolved over the past 100 years in response to changes in traffic load and advances in technology. The telephone network was originally engineered to carry …

Extreme ultraviolet microexposures at the Advanced Light Source using the 0.3 numerical aperture micro-exposure tool optic

In an effort to continue the rapid pace of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) learning, the focus of developmental EUV lithography has shifted from low numerical aperture (NA) tools such as the 0.1NA engineering test stand to higher NA tools such as the 0.3NA micro-exposure tool (MET). To support this generation of lithographic optics, a static printing station has been developed at the Advanced Light Source. This synchrotron-based printing system relies on a scanning illuminator to provide real-time coherence (pupil-fill) control. Here, we describe a MET printing station and present early printing results obtained with the Sematech Set-2 MET optic. The resolution limit of baseline EUV resist is presented as well as 30nm equal-line-space printing in an experimental resist.

Sub-70 nm extreme ultraviolet lithography at the Advanced Light Source static microfield exposure station using the engineering test stand set-2 optic

Static microfield printing capabilities have recently been integrated into the extreme ultraviolet interferometer operating at the Advanced Light Source synchrotron radiation facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The static printing capabilities include a fully programmable scanning illumination system enabling the synthesis of arbitrary illumination coherence (pupil fill). This new exposure station has been used to lithographically characterize the static imaging performance of the Engineering Test Stand Set-2 optic. Excellent performance has been demonstrated down to the 70 nm equal line/space level with focus latitude exceeding 1 μm and dose latitude of approximately 10%. Moreover, equal line/space printing down to a resolution of 50 nm has been demonstrated using resolution-enhancing pupil fills.

Comparison of footprint parameters calculated from static and dynamic footprints

In attempting to establish relationships between ‘foot-type’ and pathology, many researchers have chosen to use parameters calculated from static footprints to define study groups. In this study the ability of such static information to reflect the dynamic foot was investigated by comparing values for three parameters (Stahelis Arch Index, Chippaux-Smirak Index, Footprint Angle) calculated from static and dynamic prints. Three static and three dynamic footprints were obtained for 20 subjects. Reliability of the electronic data collection technique ( P<0.001) was good for all three parameters, while linear parameters displayed greater between-print reliability ( P<0.001) than the angular. Parameters calculated from dynamic prints were found to differ significantly ( P<0.05) from those calculated from static prints, although good correlation’s between the two states ( P<0.001) indicate a general dynamic increase of 28%. Further, the Stahelis arch and Chippaux-Smirak indices, both claiming to measure the same condition, correlated very well with each other ( P<0.001). Continued investigation of footprint parameters appears warranted.

Speculations on Process Knowledge and the Textbook's Static Page

A tremendous amount of energy goes into the contracting, developing, marketing, and revising of composition textbooks. And a significant amount of energy goes into criticizing them.2 More than we critics would like to admit, editors-good editors anyway-try to respond to this criticism. Thus we are seeing a new generation of textbooks that incorporate current work in rhetoric, psychoand sociolinguistics, the composing process, and writing across the curriculum. But the surprising thing is that such innovation goes on in the absence of fundamental research into what happens when students read current or traditional textbooks. True, some authors conduct field tests, but, for reasons that I hope will become clear in this essay, field testing provides limited answers to basic questions. We need more basic research than we now have into the interaction of reader and text when the text is one intended to teach a complex process. Without such research, we will never know whether or not our improvements--our attempts to revise and revitalize textbooks-are really contributing to growth in composing. But is such research really necessary, or would it simply be a desirable but ultimately academic exercise? Won't textbooks continue to become more effective as our knowledge about composing increases? Not necessarily, for we have good reason to suspect that knowledge of any complex process-like knowledge about composing-cannot be adequately conveyed via static print. As soon as such knowledge hits the page of a text, its rich possibilities are narrowed and sometimes rigidified. While I certainly don't want to suggest that no student learns from composition textbooks, I do want to raise the possibility that students learn about the process of writing from a textbook less frequently and less effectively than many of us think. To argue the legitimacy of the foregoing assertion, I'll begin with general speculation on the value of textbook discussions of writing and move toward more specific consideration of problem-solving in the act of composing. Though I will state