Static Perspective Research Articles

Inclusiveness of European Union labour markets in relation to young people

In the recent years the professional situation of young people (aged 15–24) compared to that of older age groups (referred to as adults) has deteriorated. In 2020 the unemployment rate among young people in 23 European Union countries (in 19 countries in 2019, which was the last year before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic) was, compared to 2003, significantly higher than that of adults, showing a growing gap between the situation of these two groups of workers on the labour market. The aim of the paper is to assess the situation of young people on the EU labour markets. The analyses based on data obtained from Eurostat cover the years 2003–2020. For the purposes of the analyses, the concept of ‘labour market inclusiveness’ was introduced, understood as a feature of the economy in which access to jobs is similar for all groups of economically active people. The inclusiveness of the national labour markets in the EU has been defined from a static and long-term perspective. For the long-term approach, the method of statistical measurement of α inclusiveness was applied. The final result of the analysis is a typology of the EU labour markets developed on the basis of the proposed definitions, taking into account the level of inclusiveness and the availability of jobs for young people and adults. The research confirms that the national labour markets are considerably diversified. These differences are visible in terms of the unemployment of young people and adults, the reaction of markets to economic shocks and the level of labour market inclusiveness.

Evaluation of the innovation ability of China's marine fisheries from the perspective of static and dynamic

Marine fisheries innovation ability (MFIA) has been considered as a key factor to promote the modernization and sustainable development of fisheries. In this study, an evaluation index system was constructed from three dimensions: innovation input, innovation output and innovation environment. Using a static evaluation model involving a combined evaluation method based on the Gini criterion and a dynamic evaluation model with speed characteristics, the comprehensive evaluation of the MFIA was firstly conducted from both the static and dynamic perspectives based on 2009–2018 data from 11 coastal provinces and cities of China. The static evaluation results showed that the overall level of the MFIA in China was low with slight growing trend. The 11 provinces and cities could be divided into three levels according to the MFIA, and the stronger the MFIA, the greater the ascent degree. The dynamic evaluation results displayed changing state of the MFIA was closely related to policy orientation in China, and both the time entering the upgrading stage of the MFIA and growing stability of the MFIA were different among the 11 provinces and cities. The dynamic evaluation results were basically consistent with the static evaluation results, which indicated the reliability of the conclusion. The evaluation of the MFIA could provide an insight for regional innovation development level of marine fisheries, and provide a basis for regional governments to formulate more reasonable policies of marine fisheries development.

Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and dynamic efficiency decomposition of carbon emission efficiency in the Yellow River Basin.

The Yellow River Basin (YRB) is China’s substantial energy consumption base. The issue of carbon emission efficiency directly affects the ecological protection and high-quality development of the YRB. It is the key to achieving carbon peak in 2030 and carbon neutralization in 2060 (“30.60”) double carbon emission reduction targets. Therefore, taking YRB as the research object, this paper first calculates the carbon emission and the decoupling state in the YRB. Secondly, the super-efficiency slacks-based measurement (SE-SBM) model is combined with the Malmquist index to analyze the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of YRB’s carbon emission efficiency from static and dynamic perspectives. Thirdly, the dynamic evolution characteristics of carbon emission efficiency are analyzed with the help of the Kernel density function. Finally, the Tobit model analyzes the influencing factors of YRB’s and China’s carbon emission efficiency. The results show that: (1) Among the nine provinces of YRB, the decoupling state between carbon emissions and economic growth in most provinces changes from weak decoupling to strong decoupling, and the decoupling elasticity index shows a fluctuating downward trend. (2) There are significant differences in carbon emission efficiency among provinces, but on the whole, it shows a stable growth trend. The high-value area of carbon emission efficiency is increasing, and the phenomenon of two-level differentiation is improving. The decline of the technological progress index causes the Malmquist index in Qinghai and Ningxia. On the contrary, the rise of the Malmquist index in the other seven provinces is caused by improving the technical efficiency index. (3) Industrial structure, economic development, and industrialization are the main positive factors affecting YRB’s carbon emission efficiency. Urbanization level, green development level, and energy consumption level are the leading negative indicators hindering YRB’s improvement of carbon emission efficiency. Therefore, targeted emission reduction suggestions should be formulated according to YRB’s resource endowment and development stage characteristics.

Using Tencent User Location Data to Modify Night-Time Light Data for Delineating Urban Agglomeration Boundaries

The study of urban agglomeration boundaries is helpful to understand the internal spatial structure of urban agglomeration, evaluate the development level of urban agglomeration, and thus, assist in the formulation of regional planning and policies. However, previous studies often used only static spatial elements to delineate the boundaries of urban agglomerations, ignoring the spatial connections within urban agglomerations. In this study, night-time light and Tencent user location data were evaluated separately and fused to delineate urban agglomeration boundaries from both static and dynamic spatial perspectives. Additionally, it has been shown in the study results that the accuracy of urban agglomeration boundary delineated by night-time light data is 84.90%, with Kappa coefficient as 0.6348. The accuracy delineated by Tencent user location data is 82.40%, with Kappa coefficient as 0.5637, while the accuracy delineated by data fusion is 92.70%, with Kappa coefficient as 0.7817. Therefore, it can be concluded that the fusion of night-time light and Tencent user location data had the highest accuracy in delineating urban agglomeration boundaries, which verified that the fusion of dynamic spatial elements on a single static spatial element can supplement the spatial connection of urban agglomeration. Our findings enrich the understanding of urban agglomerations, and the accurate delineation of urban agglomerations boundaries can aid urban agglomeration planning and management.

Data-Driven Analysis of Final Separation Between Successive Landing Aircraft

In recent years, with the development of air traffic in China, airspace resources cannot keep up with the growth of traffic demand. Therefore, enhancement of runway capacity by reducing wake turbulence separation has become a research hotspot in the air traffic management field. As there are gaps between theory and practice, many scholars are doing practical operation-based evaluations, focusing on the final separations (intervals) between two successive aircraft. However, few studies have considered the impact of different controllers and the evolution of separations over time. This paper is dedicated to analyzing the final separations between leading and trailing aircraft based on the aircraft trajectories. This study carries out the final separation analysis from static and dynamic perspectives, considering the final separations under different traffic pressures, by different controllers, and in the different segregated and mixed operations. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (ZGGG) is taken as an experimental case. The results indicate that the final separation buffer decreases over time. Moreover, under the same high traffic pressures, the final separations could be used to compare the effectiveness of different controllers.

On the Dynamic Nature of Omnivory in a Changing World

AbstractNature's variability plays a major role in maintenance of biodiversity. As global change is altering variability, understanding how key food web structures maintain stability in the face of variation becomes critical. Surprisingly, little research has been undertaken to mechanistically understand how key food web structures are expected to operate in a noisy world and what this means for stability. Omnivory, for example, has been historically well studied but largely from a static perspective. Recent empirical evidence suggests that the strength of omnivory varies in response to changing conditions in ways that may be fundamental to stability. In the present article, we extend existing omnivory theory to predict how omnivory responds to variation and to show that dynamic omnivory responses are indeed a potent stabilizing structure in the face of variation. We end by synthesizing empirical examples within this framework, demonstrating the ubiquity of the theoretical mechanisms proposed across ecosystem types, spatial scales, and taxa.

Analysis of the spatial characteristics and influencing factors of agricultural eco-efficiency: evidence from Anhui Province, China, during the period 2011-2018.

Sustainable agriculture is important for preserving environmental health and simultaneously gaining economic profits while maintaining social and economic equity. One way to evaluate sustainable agriculture is by studying agricultural eco-efficiency (AEE). Hence, this study constructed a data-driven method to evaluate and optimize AEE with the aim of providing a basis for improving the sustainable development of regional agriculture. Sixteen cities in Anhui Province, China, were considered in the study, and the variables used were agricultural resource inputs, environmental pollution, and agricultural economic development. Agricultural non-point source pollution (NPSP) emissions were considered the undesired output to build an AEE evaluation index system. Furthermore, a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was established to analyse AEE from the static and dynamic perspectives. The spatial development and the temporal and spatial characteristics of AEE were also analysed. In addition, we applied a random effect (RE) panel Tobit model to quantitatively analyse the influencing factors of AEE from the input perspective and then proposed reasonable suggestions for improving the sustainable development of regional agriculture. Our findings show that the overall agricultural development in the 16 cities in Anhui Province has been continuously improving, even though there is an agglomeration of spatial development in some regions. In conclusion, this study provides suggestions and references for policy makers and agricultural practitioners regarding how to improve regional AEE and promote the sustainable development of the regional agricultural economy.

Evaluation and Dynamic Evolution of the Total Factor Environmental Efficiency in China’s Mining Industry

The mining industry plays an extremely important strategic role in China’s economic and social development. In the new era of pursuing circular/green/efficient development, the evaluation of the total factor environmental efficiency (TFEE) of China’s mining industry is essential for alleviating resource waste and environmental pollution. The Epsilon-Based Measure (EBM) model effectively solves the shortcomings of radial and non-radial DEA models. In addition, the Malmquist–Luenberger (ML) index can measure the dynamic change of efficiency value. Combining the EBM model and the ML productivity index, this paper evaluates the TFEE from the static and dynamic perspective in China’s 31 provincial mining industries over the period 2007–2016. The Theil index is employed to reveal the root of the overall provincial TFEE gap (OGTFEE) in China’s mining industry. The results show that the average total factor static environmental efficiency (TFSEE) of China’s provincial mining industry exhibits a low score of 0.6589 and with significant spatio-temporal differences. The provincial TFEE gap within four major areas (WGTFEE), especially that in east and west areas, is the main cause of the OGTFEE in China’s mining industry. Technical change contributes more to the TFEE decline in China’s mining industry. There are differences in improving the TFEE among China’s 31 provincial mining industries, and corresponding countermeasures can be formulated accordingly. This study provides theoretical and practical basis for the clean and green development of China’s mining industry.

Income trajectories and self-rated health status in the UK

In line with the wide recognition of the connection between socioeconomic status and health outcomes, attention in the recent literature is extending the static perspective to the dynamic implications of income on health. This study contributes to the growing literature on the income-health nexus by evaluating income dynamics on various self-rated health measures in the UK. We explore the impact of different indicators of income experiences on self-rated health and wellbeing outcomes using data from the 11 Waves of Understanding Society UK Household Longitudinal Study between 2009 and 2019. First, we estimate a fixed-effects ordered logit model for various health and wellbeing measures, allowing us to control for unobserved time-invariant heterogeneity. Second, we evaluate the effects of income trajectories by linking longitudinal household income to cross-sectional health outcomes. Our results confirm the general evidence of positive impacts of increasing family income on health. Besides, we find that stability in income position is strongly associated with improved health and wellbeing. On the other hand, income volatility increases the odds of reporting poor health outcomes, particularly for those in low-income households. Also, more years spent in a lower-income quartile reduces the odds of reporting improved self-rated health. Finally, the significant difference in the estimated effects of income before and after 2016 highlights the significant shifts in the effects of income trajectories on self-reported health and wellbeing following the National Living Wage policy implementation.

The interactive dispatch strategy for thermostatically controlled loads based on the source–load collaborative evolution

With the urbanization and the decarbonization of the heating sector, thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) with a rising energy consumption proportion, have become important demand response (DR) resources, which can provide considerable regulation flexibility for transition to renewable energy. Depending on the measurement or the forecast, TCLs dispatch methods established from the static perspective, failed to sufficiently consider the impact of DR chain reactions and the varying characteristics of TCLs response flexibility, which lead to the deterioration of the reliability and the availability of its dispatch potential. To address these issues, this paper proposes an interactive dispatch strategy based on the source–load collaborative evolution. Firstly, in light of system dynamics, a response evolution dynamic model is established by dividing of TCLs response process into multiple subsystems, which constitutes a comprehensive picture of TCLs response dynamics. Secondly, TCLs response flexibility is evaluated from the current and the evolution perspectives, which can enhance the reliability and stability of TCLs response by considering the potential response flexibility variations caused by the chain reaction of responses. Thirdly, an interactive dispatch strategy is devised by synthesizing of the source–load collaborative evolution dynamics from the dimensions of the elaborate state and the equivalent energy, which not only improves the dispatch performance, but also reduces the computational complexity. Based on the established strategy, TCLs response flexibility can be guided explicitly and quantitatively, like the energy storage in the dispatch, which improves the controllability and feasibility of TCLs response in DR service. Finally, the validity of the proposed strategy is verified via the comparison of it with the methods based on the static response mode.

Estimation of China’s Green Investment Efficiency in Belt and Road Countries -Based on SBM-Undesirable Model and Malmquist Index Model

Green and low-carbon development is an important element of the Belt and Road Initiative, and a reasonable and objective evaluation of China’s green investment efficiency in B&R countries is of great significance to promote the sustainable development of those area. This paper applies the Slack-based measure model that considers undesirable outputs and Malmquist total factor productivity index to measure the efficiency of China’s green investment in B&R countries from 2011 to 2018 from both static and dynamic perspectives, as well as provides an in-depth analysis of the differences, changes, and influential factors. The empirical results reveal that the overall efficiency of China’s green investment in B&R countries is relatively low, showing a distinctly uneven trend and the main driving force of the decline in total factor productivity comes from technical change. Some significant differences have also been reported amongst these countries in terms of their industrial development and income levels. These findings provide a valuable reference for B&R countries to identify unique strategies that can promote their green total productivity factor.

How Different Drivers of Liability of Foreignness Affect Emnes Asymmetrically at the Pre-M&A Stage: Static and Dynamic Views

This study investigates how the drivers of liability of foreignness (LOF) influence the likelihood of emerging multi-national companies completing overseas acquisition deals and explores contingencies that moderate the adverse effects of LOF from both static and dynamic perspectives. We test our hypotheses and find that (1) statically, the formal institutions of laws and regulations per se as well as culture distance are sources of LOF, rather the distance between the laws and regulations of home and host countries. (2) Organization-inherent characteristics, like an industry that may trigger legitimacy concerns, have moderating effects on LOF, while state-ownership is not proved to be a significant moderating factor. (3) Dynamically, different drivers of LOF exert asymmetric effects on firms with prior international experience: cultural distance ceases to exert a significantly negative influence on the completion of acquisitions, but the negative effect stemming from formal institutions is reinforced.

Network Patterns of Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration in China Based on Baidu Migration Data

As a new product of the Internet and big data era, migration data are of great significance for the revealing of the complex dynamic network patterns of urban agglomerations and for studying the relations between cities by using the “space of flows” model. Based on Baidu migration data of one week in 2021, this paper constructs a 30 × 30 rational data matrix for cities in Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration and depicts the network pattern from static and dynamic perspectives by using social network analysis and dynamic network visualization. The results show that the network of Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration is characterized by a circular structure with Zhengzhou as the center, a city belt around Zhengzhou as the connection, subcentral cities as the support and peripheral cities as the extension. Zhengzhou is the core city of the entire network, related to which the central and backbone networks divided in this paper account for nearly 40% of the total migration. Shangqiu, Luoyang, Zhoukou and Handan also play an important role in the structure of the migration network as subcentral cities. For a single city, the migration scale generally peaks on weekends and reaches its minimum during Tuesday to Thursday. Regarding the relations between cities, the migration variation can be divided into four types: peaking on Monday, peaking on weekends, bimodal and stable, and there are obvious phenomena of weekly commuting. In general, the links between cities outside Henan Province and other cities in the urban agglomeration are relatively weak, and the constraints of administrative regionalization on intercity migration are presumed to still exist. According to the results, the location advantage for multi-layer development and construction of Zhongyuan Urban Agglomeration should be made use of. In addition, the status as the core city and the radiation range should be strengthened, and the connections between the peripheral cities and the other cities should be improved, so as to promote the integrated and efficient development of the whole urban agglomeration.

Multispan classification methods and interaction mechanism of submarine pipelines undergoing vortex-induced vibration

Due to the complicated conditions of the seabed, pipelines may have multiple free spans adjacent to each other, forming a multispan pipeline. Because a submarine pipeline is a continuous structure, the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of free spans can produce interactive effects. However, little attention has been focused on methods for classifying multispan interactions and on the interaction mechanism. This paper therefore investigates the interaction mechanism of multispan pipelines from static and dynamic perspectives, and two multispan classification methods based on modal frequencies and energy transfer are proposed. For static analysis, the natural frequencies of multispan pipelines under different conditions are calculated, and the changes in frequency are used to characterize the influences of different spans. For dynamic analysis, a multispan vibration prediction approach considering the fluid-structure-sediment interaction is constructed, and the dynamic characteristics of the pipeline undergoing VIV are analysed. The mutual influence between spans is judged by the energy transfer between different pipe sections. In addition, a series of experimental tests on a multispan pipeline with sediment coupling is carried out to verify the proposed multispan classification methods for submarine pipelines.

Financing Efficiency Evaluation and Influencing Factors of Hydrogen Energy Listed Enterprises in China

Existing studies of financing efficiency concentrate on capital structure and a single external environment or internal management characteristic. Few of the studies include the internal and external financing environments at the same time for hydrogen energy industry financing efficiency. This paper used the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model and the Malmquist index to measure the financing efficiency of 70 hydrogen energy listed enterprises in China from 2014 to 2020 from both static and dynamic perspectives. Then, a tobit model was constructed to explore the influence of external environment and internal factors on the financing efficiency. The contributions of this paper are studying the internal and external financing environments, and integrating financing cost efficiency and capital allocation efficiency into the financing efficiency of hydrogen energy enterprises. The results show that, firstly, the financing efficiency of China’s hydrogen energy listed enterprises showed an upward trend during the years 2014–2020. Secondly, China’s hydrogen energy enterprises mainly gather in the eastern coastal areas, and their financing efficiency is more than that in western areas. Thirdly, the regional economic development level, enterprise scale, financing structure, capital utilization efficiency and profitability have significant effects on the financing efficiency. These results can promote the achievement of “carbon neutrality” in China.

Analysis of Dynamic game with government subsidy in the telecommunication industry

With the development of the telecommunication industry, 5G service has become the core focus point in every country. This paper establishes a three-oligarchs game model in the Chinese communication service industry to study the oligarch game of communication service based on the 5G service and the influence of relevant government policies. Combined with the game theory and complex system theory, this paper analyzes the three oligarchs in the Chinese telecommunication industry from static and dynamic games perspectives. Firstly, the government's incentives and subsidies are conducive to enhancing the 5G service level in telecommunication oligarchs. Secondly, the cost subsidy and lump-sum incentive will have different impacts on the stability of the dynamic system; Thirdly, the government's incentive and subsidy are not conducive to the enthusiasm of enterprises' desire to get profit. Therefore, the government should not over encourage and subsidize mature enterprises when making relevant decisions and could fully consider the proportions of different incentives and subsidies when making decisions, combined with the actual demand situation to achieve the best effect.

Correlation Analysis between Stock Price and Accounting Profit Based on a Vector Autoregressive Model

The study of accounting profitability was initiated by the famous American scholars Ball and Brown in the 1960s. In recent years, with the continuous development of market economy, the continuous improvement of the accounting legal system and accounting standards for enterprises has promoted the research on accounting profit in capital market in China. Due to the restriction of some objective conditions, there are not many valuable research results on the relationship between accounting earnings and stock price changes, and the research methods suitable for the study of accounting earnings still need to be explored and summarized. The China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) has required listed companies to publish quarterly financial and accounting reports since 2002, and the condition of using the regression analysis method to study the accounting profit of listed companies is available. In this context, this paper designs a vector autoregressive model to study the correlation between stock price and accounting profit. First, combining the literature and the research results of accounting profit at home and abroad, this paper expounds the statistical analysis of accounting profit. Then, this paper analyzes the accounting profitability of listed companies in China from static and dynamic perspectives. Finally, according to the accounting profit status and profitability statistical analysis of accounting information, accounting profit and growth relationship, and accounting profit information and the relationship between stock prices, this paper is concluded. Also, this paper shows how to improve the profitability of listed companies and how can investors effectively use the accounting earnings information of listed companies for stock investment and put forward corresponding policy suggestions.

Understanding the Role of Humanistic Factors in Trade Network Evolution across the Belt and Road Initiative Countries Using the Exponential Random Graph Model

Humanistic factors have been playing increasingly significant roles in international trade. Recently, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) proposed by China has drawn worldwide attention. This paper examines the roles of humanistic factors in international trade networks across the BRI countries. Firstly, we analyzed the structural characteristics of the import trade network across the 61 BRI countries and subsequently adopted the cross-sectional exponential random graph model (ERGM) and temporal ERGM to analyze the role of different humanistic factors in the evolution of import trade network from the static and dynamic perspectives, respectively. The results show the following: (I) the network scale of the import trade across the BRI countries has been expanding, the network density of the trade has been increasing gradually, and the “small-world” characteristics of import network are gradually revealed; (II) all of the factors such as a common (official or spoken) language, a common legal origin, a common religious belief, and ever sibling relationship help the BRI countries establish closer import trade ties; and (III) the differences of trade liberalization and financial liberalization, gross domestic product (GDP), and population in different countries also contribute to the evolution of import trade network among the BRI countries, and the countries with relatively higher GDP and greater population are more active in the import trade network.

Top Management Team Stability and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Moderating Effects of Performance Aspiration Gap and Organisational Slack

Although studies on the impact of senior executives on corporate social responsibility (CSR) are relatively sufficient, they take a static perspective when investigating the different attitudes of senior executives towards fulfilling social responsibility. Few studies consider the impact of the dynamic changes in a top management team (TMT) on sustainable corporate development, especially social responsibility. We perform regression analysis on 2010–2019 data from Chinese listed firms to examine the relationship between TMT stability and CSR performance and consider the moderating roles of the performance aspiration gap and slack resources. We find that TMT stability has a positive impact on CSR performance and that the performance aspiration gap and slack resources negatively moderate the relationship between TMT stability and CSR performance. This study expands the current literature on the relationship between TMT characteristics and social responsibility, sheds light on what situations can cause agency problems, and provides practical guidance for the sustainable development of a firm and adequate performance of CSR.

Spatio-Temporal Effects of Multi-Dimensional Urbanization on Carbon Emission Efficiency: Analysis Based on Panel Data of 283 Cities in China.

Under the influence of complex urbanization, improving the carbon emission efficiency (CEE) plays an important role in the construction of low-carbon cities in China. Based on the panel data of 283 prefectural-level cities in China from 2005 to 2017, this study evaluated the CEE by the US-SBM model, and explored the spatial agglomeration evolution characteristics of CEE from static and dynamic perspectives by integrating ESDA and Spatial Markov Chains. Then, the spatial heterogeneity of the impacts of multi-dimensional urbanization on CEE were analyzed by using the Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR). The results show that: (1) with the evolution of time, the CEE has a trend of gradual improvement, but the average is 0.4693; (2) from the perspective of spatial static agglomeration, the “hot spots” of CEE mainly concentrated in Shandong Peninsula, Pearl River Delta, and Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration; The dynamic evolution of CEE gradually forms the phenomenon of “club convergence”; (3) urbanization of different dimensions shows spatial heterogeneity to CEE. The impact of economic urbanization in northern cities on CEE shows an inverted “U” shape, and the negative impact of spatial urbanization on CEE appears in the northwest and resource-based cities around Bohai Sea. Population and social urbanization have a positive promoting effect on CEE after 2010. These findings may help China to improve the level of CEE at the city level and provide a reference for low-carbon decision-making.