Static Finite Element Analysis Research Articles

Design and Testing of a Crawler Chassis for Brush-Roller Cotton Harvesters

In China’s Yangtze River and Yellow River basin cotton-growing regions, the complex terrain, scattered planting areas, and poor adaptability of the existing machinery have led to a mechanized cotton harvesting rate of less than 10%. To address this issue, we designed a crawler chassis for a brush-roller cotton harvester. It is specifically tailored to meet the 76 cm row spacing agronomic requirement. We also conducted a theoretical analysis of the power transmission system for the crawler chassis. Initially, we considered the terrain characteristics of China’s inland cotton-growing regions and the current cotton agronomy practices. Based on these, we selected and designed the power system and chassis; then, a finite element static analysis was carried out on the chassis frame to ensure safety during operation; finally, field tests on the harvester’s operability, stability, and speed were carried out. The results show that the inverted trapezoidal crawler walking device, combined with a hydraulic continuously variable transmission and rear-drive design, enhances the crawler’s passability. The crawler parameters included a ground contact length of 1650 mm, a maximum ground clearance of 270 mm, a maximum operating speed of 6.1 km/h, and an actual turning radius of 2300 mm. The maximum deformation of the frame was 2.198 mm, the deformation of the walking chassis was 1.0716 mm, the maximum equivalent stress was 216.96 MPa, and the average equivalent stress of the entire frame was 5.6356 MPa, which complies with the physical properties of the selected material, Q235. The designed cotton harvester crawler chassis features stable straight-line and steering performance. The vehicle’s speed can be adjusted based on the complexity of the terrain, with timely steering responses, minimal compaction on cotton, and reduced soil damage, meeting the requirements for mechanized harvesting in China’s inland small plots.

Comparison of stability analysis methods for safe design of volcanic rock slope

The performance of the stability chart (SC), limit equilibrium (LE), and finite element (FE) methods for stability analysis of weathered volcanic rock slopes under static and earthquake loads is not fully understood. This research aimed to evaluate the performance of the SC, LE, and FE methods for slope stability analyses by studying a case of a weathered volcanic rock slope at the Leuwikeris Dam diversion tunnel in Indonesia. Site characterisations were carried out to obtain the input parameters for the static and pseudostatic slope stability analyses. The results showed that using various search methods of failure surface and the suggested optimum number of finite elements, multiple non-circular failure surfaces were predicted from the LE and FE methods that were not anticipated in the initial slope design based on the SC method. The location and shape of the failure surfaces from the LE method agreed with those from the FE method. The difference between the Fs values from the static LE analysis and those from the static FE analyses was less than 14%, but the discrepancy increased up to 78% in the pseudostatic analyses. This study highlights the importance of validating the results from one method with the other methods to prevent slope failures.

Research on optimization of flatness evaluation method for antenna array of a radar vehicle

Abstract Radar vehicles play an important role in providing radar services in the aviation field. The flatness of the antenna array is one of the key factors in ensuring the detection accuracy of radar vehicles for airborne targets. In this paper, the mechanical structure of a new type of radar antenna truck is designed, the stress analysis under various working conditions is carried out, the mechanical performance of the whole vehicle is checked, and the evaluation method of the flatness of the antenna array is discussed. Using ANSYS to carry out static finite element analysis and using the deformation results of each element node in ANSYS, the evaluation method based on the multiple regression function is applied to the calculation scheme of antenna array flatness. The final results show that the safety factor of the radar vehicle structure can reach more than 1.75 under extreme working conditions and more than 2.0 under other working conditions. It can work safely. Through the optimization of the shape evaluation method, the accuracy of the final shape calculation result is less than 10mm. The precision of shape error processing is improved.

Fatigue Life Analysis and Equal Life Optimization Design of Fluid End of Septuple Fracturing Pump

Abstract To determine the cause of failures phenomenon of fatigue cracks in the crossbore area of septuple fracturing pump 4 inch fluid end, optimal design the fluid end based on the idea of equal fatigue life to reduce non-uniformity and prolong fatigue life. Firstly, the static finite element analysis under 14 design conditions and 1 test condition are calculated, the results fulfill the static strength requirements. Next, based on the static of 14 actual working conditions, find cycle peaks through constant amplitude alternating load, the fatigue life and distribution rule were calculated. Then, increase the single side width increment e to 75mm, non-uniformity between 7 cylinders is reduced from 26.6% to 1.35%, the fatigue life is prolonged by 98.2%. Finally, by parameter optimization of the crossbore fillet radius Ru to 15mm and reducing the distance from the central axis of the suction cylinder to the top 25mm, the non-uniformity of the cylinder 4 is reduced from 20.07% to 7.67%, the fatigue life is prolonged by 40.9%, and it is prolonged by 179.4% totally. The results show that the analysis method by finding cycle peaks can accurately calculate the fluid end fatigue life. The equal fatigue life parameter optimization approach has obvious consult significance for reduce non-uniformity and prolong fatigue life of septuple fluid end.

Influence of strut angle and radius on the energy absorption and failure mechanisms in 3-strut, 4-strut and 6-strut lattice structures

Abstract 3D-printed truss structures have remarkable potential in the aerospace and weight-critical technologies fields. However, design parameters need to be carefully considered. A low overhang angle or diameter can result in discrepancies. This research presents an approach by examining the effect of strut overhang angle and radius on the mechanical properties of 3-, 4- and 6-strut lattice structures under compressive loading. 1.6- and 2.4-mm diameter struts were designed with 45°, 50°, 55° and 60° overhang angle strut lattices. Experiments were simulated and compared with test results for each parameter. Even if joint regions have little effect on specimens’ density, it has a remarkable effect on mechanical properties of the specimen. To simulate this, many studies were investigated to simulate joint regions. The study’s goal is to deepen the understanding of how design variations in strut lattice structures influence their energy-absorbing characteristic and mechanical behavior, using a combination of static tests and finite element analysis for validation. This insight is crucial for optimizing lattice design to balance weight, strength, and energy-absorbing capacity effectively. The experimental test result and numerical result showed rather good agreement. It is observed that joint regions, overhang angle, and diameters were the main parameters affecting specimens’ mechanical behavior.

Fatigue Life Prediction of a Rubber Mount Considering the Self-Heating by the Hysteresis Loss of the Rubber Material Subjected to Cyclic Loadings

Failure analysis and fatigue life prediction are important steps in the design procedure of industrial products to assure the safety and reliability of their components. A model to calculate the heat generation by the hysteresis loss in natural rubber subjected to cyclic loads in a uniaxial direction was introduced and the fatigue life prediction model of the rubber was established based on the theory of continuum damage mechanics (CDM). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to measure the viscoelasticity of the rubber material. The heat generation in the rubber material was calculated using a subroutine with the programming software C++ and the temperature rise in the rubber material was analyzed by a thermal finite element analysis (FEA) method. Then static mechanical FEA models of a rubber mount were established and the strain contours of the rubber mounts at various loads were calculated. The total principal strain was used as the fatigue parameter to predict the fatigue life of the rubber mount. Finally, the fatigue lives of the rubber mounts at various loads were measured on a test rig to validate the accuracy of the prediction method. The test results indicated that the fatigue lives predicted considering the temperature rise agreed better with the test results compared with those not considering the temperature rise and we suggest our fatigue prediction method should be applicable to both rubber and other types of components.

Numerical and experimental investigation on flexural properties of selective laser melting (SLM) manufactured strut lattices structures from Ti-6Al-4V and Inconel 625

Lattice structures hold a significant importance in the aerospace industry due to their ability to tailor the physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of complex components for optimal performance. This study is focused on evaluating the flexural properties of four lattice configurations - re-entrant, truncated octahedron, Kelvin, and octet cells - through static finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental three-point bending tests, as well as examining their microstructural features (as they affect the materials’ mechanical properties). High-performance alloys used for gas turbines components manufacturing, Ti-6Al-4 V and Inconel 625, were fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) process. The necessity of this research resulted from the lack of information in the scientific literature regarding flexural properties of various additive manufactured cell types and metallic materials. The aim was to compile data that could be used to create a comprehensive database for various industrial applications. Findings from both simulations and experimental analyses indicated that the octet cell had the highest performance, with experimentally measured flexural strengths of 878 MPa for Ti-6Al-4V, respective 674 MPa for Inconel 625. Contrarily, the re-entrant cell exhibited the lowest performance, with flexural strengths of 125 MPa for Ti-6Al-4V and 116 MPa for Inconel 625. Failure in the re-entrant cells was attributed to the bending fracture of vertical rods at the connecting nodes or lattice struts, while other cell types experienced damage through a combination of bending and shear mechanisms. Dimensional deviations observed in all specimens were attributed to defects such as surface roughness, the stair-stepping effect, and internal stresses.

Finite element static analysis of polyurethane-sandwiched skewed bridge decks

Bridge decks are the surface structure of bridges that carry the weight of the vehicles. But nowadays, the need for a sustainable approach is required. So, the use of a sustainable material for construction and retrofitting purposes is the need of the hour. In the present study, a novel synthetic material polyurethane has been used in the sandwiched deck of the bridges. The study deals with the variation in skew angles to determine the response of the sandwiched bridge deck under Indian loading conditions. In this study, the response of deflection, equivalent stress, and stresses in $X$ and $Y$ directions on the bridge deck due to the variation in skewness, the thickness of the steel plate and the thickness of polyurethane deck are analysed using finite element method. Further, the bridge deck is sandwiched using steel and polyurethane having different thicknesses, and the responses are recorded. Afterward, a bridge deck is modelled using only polyurethane, to pursue sustainability and justify the RRR (reduce, reuse, and recycle) concept of waste management. The models are developed and analysed using ANSYS workbench. On increasing the skew angle for the sandwiched deck, the deflection and stresses are decreased; so, the skewed deck is more effective than the straight one. It is found that the deflection and stresses are reduced about 8 times and 4 times respectively, when the thickness of polyurethane is increased from 250 mm to 1500 mm. Therefore, it is a good and effective solution for pedestrian bridges and many other such small-scale applications.

Effects of steady-state fluid-structure interactions on air-supported membrane structures subjected to wind actions

With the perspective of static aeroelasticity, steady-state influences of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) on wind loads and responses of rectangular-planed air-supported membrane structure (ASMS) are investigated in this study. Steady-state FSI simulations are performed by coupling Reynolds-averaged computational fluid dynamics solving wind loads and static finite element analysis solving structural deformations. The feasibility of these simulations is validated with wind tunnel tests concerning time-averaged results. In contrast to analysis without static aeroelasticity, significant variations in wind pressure distributions and amplifications on structural wind responses due to steady-state FSI effects are observed. Subsequently, influencing factors and mechanisms of steady-state FSI effects are analyzed. These time-averaged effects are more significant with the increasing magnitude of structural wind actions, lower internal pressures and less membrane tensile stiffness. Though unlikely to induce irreversible effects as shell structures, the buckling of ASMS can make steady-state FSI more pronounced because of the coupling between stronger flow separation and larger membrane deformations. Accompanied with steady-state FSI, such buckling effect usually contributes to varying locations of the structural maximum responses and noticeable increases in response amplification factors, which deserves attentions in practice. Practically, it is realizable to evaluate these steady-state FSI effects above with simulations because of the much lower computational cost and reliable accuracy.

FEA-Based Camshaft Design and Analysis on a Range of Heat-Treated Materials

Camshafts play a critical role in internal combustion engines, dictating the timing and duration of valve opening and closing events. To ensure optimal engine performance and longevity, camshaft design must balance factors such as strength, durability, and weight. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) offers a powerful tool for evaluating camshaft designs under varying operating conditions. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the design and analysis of camshafts using FEA, focusing on the influence of different heat-treated materials. The study begins with an overview of material selection criteria for camshaft applications, considering factors such as strength, fatigue resistance, and wear characteristics. Various materials high-performance alloys are investigated for their suitability and performance enhancements through heat treatment processes such as carburizing, quenching, and tempering. A detailed 3D CAD model of the camshaft geometry is developed, capturing key features such as lobes, journals, and bearings. Finite element meshing techniques are employed to ensure accurate representation of the geometry and precise stress analysis. Boundary conditions are defined to simulate realistic operating conditions, including forces exerted by cam followers and valve springs. Material properties are assigned to finite elements based on the selected materials and heat treatment parameters. Static and dynamic FEA analyses are conducted to evaluate stress distribution, deformation, fatigue life, and natural frequencies of the camshaft under varying load scenarios. The results of the FEA analyses are used to optimize the camshaft design iteratively, considering factors such as weight reduction, performance enhancement, and durability improvement. Validation of FEA results is performed through physical testing and comparison with empirical data. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into the design and analysis of camshafts using FEA, highlighting the importance of material selection and heat treatment processes in optimizing camshaft performance and reliability in automotive engine applications. Key Words: Design, Analysis, geartrain, idler gear, FEA, reciprocating motion, Solid works, CAD, ANSYS, efficiency, IC engines, camshaft.

Static Finite Element Analysis of Roll Cage of Patrolling ATV Developed by CSMT, BSF Academy Tekanpur

Static Finite Element Analysis of Roll Cage of Patrolling ATV Developed by CSMT, BSF Academy Tekanpur

Structural Optimization and Process Scheme of Large-span Gantry Crossbeam based on Response Surface

A comprehensive design method for large-span gantry beams, combining process techniques and structural optimization, is proposed to address significant deflection deformation issues caused by their own gravity and the gravity of front attachments. Selecting the beam section type, finite element static analysis is performed using ANSYS Workbench for both cast and welded gantry beams. The maximum static deformation values of the beams for both process schemes are compared to determine the process scheme for the large-span beam. Subsequently, multiple structural dimensions of the welded gantry beam are parameterized, and sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the degree of influence of each parameter on the optimization objective. Parameters with relatively small effects on the corresponding objectives are eliminated. A response surface multi-objective genetic algorithm optimization based on Box-Behnken design experimental design method is employed to minimize deflection deformation and reduce weight. The response surface model is fitted with expressions, and variance and significance analyses are conducted to validate the model's reliability. The optimal Pareto solutions are determined based on the response surface model using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. A comparison between the beams before and after optimization shows a reduction of 0.052 in maximum static deformation of the welded beam, representing an 8.3% decrease. Additionally, the mass decreases by 1710 kg, indicating a 14.63% reduction, demonstrating significant optimization effects.

Mechanical Performance Investigation of a Flat-Roof and Four-Slope Folded Plate Structure

The flat-roof and four-slope folded plate structure is a space thin-walled structure composed of four trapezoidal plates and a rectangular plate parallel to the bottom surface, which is widely used in various engineering applications. In order to clarify the force transmission path and stress distribution law under the action of this structural load, the folded plate structures were made by utilizing the plexiglass with the thicknesses of 3 and 4 mm, respectively, and had the simple support on opposite sides and fixed support on another opposite side. Then, the static load tests and ANSYS finite element analysis were implemented, and the results were compared. It shows that the test results are basically consistent with the finite element calculation results, the maximum stress values of the folded plate structure along the X and Y directions appear in the same position, and the maximum stress value of a 3 mm thick folded plate structure is greater than that of 4 mm. The junction position of the roof and the slope plate is the dangerous section, and the special treatment should be made for this section to prevent the damage of folded plate structure in the practical engineering. Moreover, some reasonable measures also should be taken to meet the design requirements of the plate–plate junction position.

Evaluate the effect of bone density variation on stress distribution at the bone-implant interface using numerical analysis.

The current study aims to comprehend how different bone densities affect stress distribution at the bone-implant interface. This will help understand the behaviour and help predict success rates of the implant planted in different bone densities. The process of implantation involves the removal of bone from a small portion of the jawbone to replace either a lost tooth or an infected one and an implant is inserted in the cavity made as a result. Now the extent of fixation due to osseointegration is largely dependent on the condition of the bone in terms of the density. Generally, the density of the bone is classified into four categories namely D1, D2, D3, and D4; with D1 being purely cortical and D4 having higher percentage of cancellous bordered by cortical bone. A bone model with a form closely resembling the actual bone was made using 3D CAD software and was meshed using Hyper Mesh. The model was subjected to an oblique load of 120 N at 70° to the vertical to replicate occlusal loading. A finite element static analysis was done using Abaqus software. The stress distribution contours at the bone-implant contact zone were studied closely to understand the changes as a result of the varying density. It was revealed that as the quantity of the cancellous bone increased from D1 to D4 the cortical peak stress levels dropped. The bone density and the corresponding change in the material characteristics was also responsible for the variation in the peak stress and displacement values.

Structural Stability and Weak Points Mechanism of a High and Vertical Enclosed Isolated Phase Bus

Recently, with the rapid rise of new energy generation, pumped storage power stations also have experienced rapid development. Due to the considerable vertical height of these power stations, high and vertical enclosed isolated phase buses (EIPB) are more and more widely used. This type of high and vertical EIPB structure differs from the horizontal EIPB structure, as it is more significantly influenced by the gravitational load during actual operation. Thus, it is crucial to investigate the stability of the novel high and vertical EIPB structure under its own gravity load. In this study, the strength of the I-beam and cross-arm of the EIPB under the influence of the gravitational load was studied through analytical calculations and finite element static analysis. The results indicate that the strength of the I-beam and cross-arm is within the threshold of the corresponding material’s load-bearing capacity, demonstrating the stability of the EIPB structure. This work holds significant value for the structural design and further optimization of high and vertical EIPB.

Advancing Modular Steel Structures: An Innovative Paradigm in Corner Connections for Enhanced Stability and Efficiency

This research addresses the structural challenges inherent in modular steel connections, exploring innovative approaches beyond traditional methods. Pre-fabricated modular steel structure connections normally incorporate a combination of welding, bolts, plates, and innovative methods, including post-tensioning and corner box inter-locking techniques. These connections are usually tested in a cantilever beam setup to assess their strength and structural behavior. As the load increases, the connection's resistance decreases, materials weaken, and deflection grows steadily until structural failure occurs. This often results in a low slip resistance within the connection corner, highlighting the need for upgrading and enhancing corner connections in pre-fabricated modular steel structures. Previous studies have mainly focused on variations of traditional techniques, such as different bolt setups and plate thicknesses for square sections of hollow steel members. This research proposes and analyzes a novel corner fitting connection applicable for connecting four modular units, forming an inter-sliding box design. The proposed connection, secured by bolts, significantly reduces construction time, eliminates the need for expert labor, and minimizes human error. The static finite element analysis demonstrates that the performance of the proposed inter-modular connection consistently falls within the rigid of both Eurocode and UK standards for service load, transitioning to semi-rigid towards the ultimate. Additionally, substantial improvements in displacement along the X, Y, and Z directions at the connection point and an increase in the initial rotation from 18.3 KN.m to 85 KN.m highlight the effectiveness of the proposed technique in enhancing pre-fabricated modular steel connections.

Design and testing of an arc resistant power transformer with a reinforced turret

This paper presents the design and testing of a full-scale 510-kV, 415-MVA HVDC converter transformer prototype designed to withstand the resulting pressure of a 20 MJ low-impedance fault in oil occurring inside a bushing turret, which is one of the major causes of transformer fires. In addition, there is currently few studies and recommendation regarding this failure mode, which is the main motivation for initiating this study. In total, two full-scale units were designed and built: First consisting of a reinforced turret and a transformer tank designed for arc resistance using nonlinear static finite-element analysis with design pressures retrieved from explicit dynamic simulations, and a second reference unit, with a conventional turret design. Both units were then experimentally tested with a methodology based on injecting pressurized air into the water-filled units, with test equipment dimensioned and calibrated to achieve a linear injection of energy equivalent to a 23 MJ arc in oil in 100 ms. The reinforced turret and transformer tank was able to contain the arc energy and performed as predicted by the nonlinear static and explicit dynamic simulations. The energy levels used in tests are, to our knowledge, the highest reported for a low-impedance fault occurring inside a turret, demonstrating the feasibility of designing a transformer to safely withstand mentioned faults without rupturing. The suggested reinforced turret is a robust and maintenance free solution offering passive protection against internal arcing, without the need of additional relive devices. It will significantly reduce the risk of fires, improve overall safety of the substation, and has the potential to be optimized for different arc energy levels and voltage class for turrets, cable boxes and chimneys.

Design and Research of Series Actuator Structure and Control System Based on Lower Limb Exoskeleton Rehabilitation Robot

Lower limb exoskeleton rehabilitation robots have become an important direction for development in today’s society. These robots can provide support and power to assist patients in walking and movement. In order to achieve better interaction between humans and machines and achieve the goal of flexible driving, this paper addresses the shortcomings of traditional elastic actuators and designs a series elastic–damping actuator (SEDA). The SEDA combines elastic and damping components in parallel, and the feasibility of the design and material selection is demonstrated through finite element static analysis. By modeling the dynamics of the SEDA, using the Bode plot and Nyquist plot, open-loop and closed-loop frequency domain comparisons and analyses were carried out, respectively, to verify the effect of damping coefficients on the stability of the system, and the stiffness coefficient ks = 25.48 N/mm was selected as the elastic element and the damping coefficient cs = 1 Ns/mm was selected as the damping element. A particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based algorithm was proposed to introduce the fuzzy controller into the PID control system, and five parameters, namely the the fuzzy controller’s fuzzy factor (ke, kec) and de-fuzzy factor (kp1, ki1, kd1), are taken as the object of the algorithm optimization to obtain the optimal fuzzy controller parameters of ke = 0.8, kec = 0.2, kp1 = 0.5, ki1 = 8, kd1 = −0.1. The joint torque output with and without external interference is simulated, and the simulation model is established in the MATLAB/Simulink environment The results show that when fuzzy PID control is used, the amount of overshooting in the system is 14.6%, and the regulation time is 0.66 s. This has the following advantages: small overshooting amount, short rise time, fast response speed, short regulation time, good stability performance, and strong anti-interference ability. The SEDA design structure and control method breaks through limitations of the traditional series elastic actuator (SEA) such as its lack of flexibility and stability, which is very helpful to improve the output effect of flexible joints.

Robustness versus redundancy of existing structures: critical review and application

Progressive collapse is defined as the propagation of failure from local damage that results in structural collapse. Throughout history there have been many tragic building and bridge collapses that have increased the amount of interest and research in the field of progressive collapse, albeit more so for buildings than bridges. Even though there is no universally accepted definition of robustness, structural robustness can be generally described as the ability of a system to absorb an initial damage and not collapse. Although often used interchangeably with robustness, redundancy is defined as the ability of a system to carry additional load after the first member has failed. The objectives of this paper are to 1) present a critical review of definitions for robustness versus redundancy from a structural engineering perspective, accompanied by a review of relevant robustness measures published in literature, and 2) quantify the improvement in structural robustness of a bridge after strategically upgrading elements to mitigate a brittle failure mode of the system using holistic structural robustness and structural redundancy indices. The upgrade is completed on an existing truss bridge subjected to corrosion damage. Nonlinear static finite element (FE) analyses of the bridge in intact and damaged states are first performed to assess the structural robustness of the damaged system with respect to the intact version. A strategic upgrade is then proposed for the bridge to increase its robustness and redundancy and illustrate the application of the indices when improving the safety of existing structures. Research is ongoing to optimize upgrade schemes to increase structural robustness and structural redundancy while minimizing the cost and carbon footprint associated with structural repairs.

Rate induced thermomechanical interactions in NiTi tensile tests on strips

The paper uses tensile experiments on NiTi strips at different displacement rates to establish and simulate the thermomechanical interactions caused by the latent heat of the reversible transformation between the austenitic and martensitic phases. The evolution of deformation in the specimen is synchronously monitored with digital image correlation, and the temperature field through infrared imaging, essential for structural modeling. Transformation leads to localized deformation that propagates through the specimen, while the latent heat released/absorbed at the propagating fronts locally heats/cools the specimen. The sensitivity of the transformation stress to temperature results in a complex interaction between the heat transfer conditions and the nucleation and evolution of transformation in the specimen. At low rates of loading, the alternate phase propagates nearly isothermally with a small number of fronts producing relatively flat stress plateaus. Higher rates lead to significant heating/cooling that results in progressive nucleation of multiple fronts and apparent "hardening" responses. The experiments are simulated in a three-dimensional static displacement transient temperature finite element analysis, using a new fully coupled thermomechanical constitutive model. Transformation strain and entropy are its internal variables whose evolution is governed by the motion in the stress-temperature space of a single transformation surface governing both transformations. The prevailing localization is captured by the introduction of softening over the unstable branches of the recorded isothermal material response. The results demonstrate how the important role of the thermal interaction between the specimen and the environment can be addressed. This, together with appropriate calibration of the constitutive and structural model, enable the analysis to reproduce the effect of rate on the recorded response, the evolution of localization patterns, and the associated thermal fields. The results can guide the development of constitutive and structural models of phase transforming materials with strong thermomechanical interactions.