External Static Field Research Articles

Analysis of the differences and similarities in electromagnetic forces of different equivalent structures of Bi-2212 circular wire

Bi-2212 high-temperature superconducting circular wire exhibit excellent superconducting and electromagnetic properties, making them the preferred material for the next generation of high-temperature superconducting cables, as they can be wound in multiple layers. However, the high stress generated during the transmission of large current by the cable may damage the equipment, and the current density, magnetic field and stress distribution are different in the constant external field and the alternating external field environment. Therefore, it is critical to study the difference between the electromagnetic field distribution and the stress distribution of the circular wire in different forms of external field. In this paper, we focus on Bi-2212 circular wires and establish three types of two-dimensional finite element models using homogenization methods. We emphasize the electromagnetic field, radial stress, and circumferential stress distribution characteristics under constant magnetic field and alternating magnetic field environments. We analyze the similarities and differences among these three equivalent models under the two different external field conditions. When the background magnetic field remains constant, the electromagnetic field, radial stress, and circumferential stress exhibit a center-symmetric distribution. Under an alternating magnetic field, the electromagnetic field and stress exhibit an upper-lower symmetric distribution, with the amplitude being smaller on the left side than on the right side. When the amplitude of the background magnetic field is the same, the electromagnetic field and stress have larger amplitudes under an alternating magnetic field. When the alternating field frequency is large, the current penetration depth in the superconducting region decreases, and a part of the current is driven to Ag and Ag-Mg alloys. The Filament-matrix Homogenized Model accurately reflects the distribution patterns of the electromagnetic field and stress. Under an alternating magnetic field, the Bundle-matrix Homogenized Model has a smaller error in stress amplitude compared to the original structure.

Repairing Noise-Contaminated Low-Frequency Vibrational Spectra with an Attention U-Net.

Low-frequency vibrational modes in infrared (IR) and Raman spectra, often termed molecular fingerprints, are sensitive probes of subtle structural changes and chemical interactions. However, their inherent weakness and susceptibility to environmental interference make them challenging to detect and analyze. To tackle this issue, we developed a deep learning denoising protocol based on an attention-enhanced U-net architecture. This model leverages the inherent correlations between high- and low-frequency vibrational modes within a molecule, effectively reconstructing low-frequency spectral features from their high-frequency counterparts. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method by recovering low-frequency signals of trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (BPE) adsorbed on an Ag surface, a representative system for surface enhancement Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Notably, the trained model exhibits promising transferability to SERS spectra acquired under different surface and external field conditions. Furthermore, we applied this method to experimental IR and Raman spectra of BPE, achieving high-quality, low-frequency spectral recovery.

Reproduction of single-to-double hysteresis transition of nuclear spin polarization in a single InAlAs quantum dot

We have observed a transition from single to double hysteresis of nuclear spin polarization (NSP) with increasing magnetic field in a single InAlAs self-assembled quantum dot, which means the birth of a third stable branch that depends on the field strength. This NSP transition behavior could not be reproduced by standard model calculations using a fixed electron–nuclear spin correlation time τc under different external field conditions. By introducing the field dependence of τc, we were able to successfully reproduce the observed NSP transition. This finding on the phenomenological description of the magnetic field dependence will be a future highlight of τc.

Relative kinetic stability of defect patterns in two-dimensional nematic liquid crystals with rectangular confinement.

Guiding and dynamically modulating topological defects are critical challenges in defect engineering of liquid crystals. Here, we employ molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the transition dynamics and relative kinetic stability of defect patterns in two-dimensional nematic Gay-Berne liquid crystals confined within rectangular geometries. We observe the formation of various defect patterns including long-axis, diagonal, X-shaped, composite, and bend configurations under different confinement conditions. The competition between boundary effects and the uniformity of nematic orientation induces the continuous realignment of liquid crystal molecules, facilitating the spatially continuous transformation of defect patterns over time. This transition involves changes in both defect types and their locations, typically initiating from defect regions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the relative stability of these defect patterns can be effectively controlled by adjusting confinement parameters and external field conditions. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the transition kinetics of defect patterns in confined nematic liquid crystals, thereby enhancing our ability to manipulate topological defects for advanced applications.

Design of TiO2-based bi-functional catalyst and the catalytic mechanism of enhanced hydrazine borane hydrolysis for hydrogen production

In this study, a scheme of photocatalytic coupled metal catalytic synergistic enhancement of hydrazine borane hydrolysis is proposed, the catalytic reaction mechanism for hydrogen production from hydrazine borane hydrolysis is revealed. In addition, the effects of solvent property, external electric field conditions on the stability of N2H4BH3 molecule are also investigated systematacially. The results show that the band structure of pure TiO2 can be modulated by heterogeneous element N, C, Ni, Ru, the modification effect of co-doping with heterogeneous alloy elements (eg. NiPt@N–TiO2) is best in all doping schemes. The hydrolysis reaction of -BH3 of N2H4BH3 catalyzed by Pt metal is a stepwise dehydrogenation reaction, and the energy barrier of the reaction rate-determining of the B–N bond breakage is 50.49 kcal/mol. There are two possible cleavage reaction pathways for N2H4, which are hydrogen-producing pathway and ammonia-producing pathway, the energy barrier for the reaction rate-determining step is 67.06 kcal/mol and 82.51 kcal/mol, respectively, the hydrogen production reaction takes precedence over the ammonia production reaction. OH− solution is best among the neutral aqueous solution, rich H+, NH4+ and NaOH solution in B–H bond activation of N2H4BH3 molecule, the external electric field can promote the activation of B–H bond in hydrazine borane hydrolysis system, which is positive factor in improving the performance of hydrazine borane hydrolysis.

Effects of external static electrical field on thermal and electrical conductivity in the Al-Cu, Al-Ni, and Al-Si eutectic alloys

This study aims to investigate the effects of external positive and negative static electric fields (E+ and E- respectively) on thermal conductivity (K) and electrical conductivity (σ) in Al-33 wt. % Cu, Al-6.4 wt. % Ni and Al-12 wt. % Si eutectic alloys. For this purpose, the solidifications of Al-Cu, Al-Ni, and Al-Si eutectic alloys were directionally done under E+ and E-. The directions of E were chosen to be parallel (E+) and antiparallel (E-) to the solid-liquid (S-L) growth direction and the magnitudes of E were approximately (+10) and (−10) kV cm−1 and (+16) and (-16) kV cm−1 for the Al-Cu, Al-Ni, and Al-Si eutectic alloys, respectively. The effects of E+ and E− on the K and σ were determined by the longitudinal heat flow and the four-point probe methods, respectively. While the K and σ values decreased with increasing temperature, the K and σ were increased and decreased with E+ and E−, respectively.

Neutron dynamics in ultra-strong electromagnetic fields: an example model

Abstract This work is concerned with the relativistic quantum dynamics of a self-interacting neutron in the presence of an external ultra-strong electromagnetic (EM) field in a cylindrical inertial frame. We first regard the Dirac–Pauli (DP) Lagrangian to study the planar dynamics of a neutron polarized along the z-axis subjected to a confining external static EM field composed of a homogeneous magnetic field in the z-direction and a linear radial electric field in the polar plane. The corresponding discrete Landau energy levels are found. As a nonlinear (NL) example model, we introduce a 1-flavor Nambu Jona–Lasinio (NJL) mass term into the DP Lagrangian. The continuous ground-state Landau levels are determined. We readily obtain modified Maxwell’s equations associated with these levels. We consider a simple application of the model related to the dynamics of neutrons in the presence of strong-QED fields inside the surface of aligned neutron stars. We briefly comment on possible classical solitonic solutions of the model.

Time crystal embodies chimeralike state in periodically driven quantum spin system

Chimera states are a captivating occurrence in which a system composed of multiple interconnected elements exhibits a distinctive combination of synchronized and desynchronized behavior. The emergence of these states can be attributed to the complex interdependence between quantum entanglement and the delicate balance of interactions among system constituents. The emergence of discrete-time crystal (DTC) in typical many-body periodically driven systems occurs when there is a breaking of time translation symmetry. Coexisting coupled DTC and a ferromagnetic dynamically many-body localized (DMBL) phase at distinct regions have been investigated under the controlled spin rotational error of a disorder-free spin-1/2 chain for different types of spin-spin interactions. We contribute a novel approach for the emergence of the DTC-DMBL-chimeralike state, which is robust against external static fields in a periodically driven quantum many-body system.

Generation of localized, half-frequency spin waves in micron sized ferromagnetic stripes: Experiments and simulations

Generation of localized, half-frequency spin waves in micron sized ferromagnetic stripes: Experiments and simulations

Minimization of a ship's magnetic signature under external field conditions using a multi-dipole model

The paper addresses the innovative issue of minimizing the ship's magnetic signature under any external field conditions, i.e., for arbitrary values of ambient field modulus and magnetic inclination. Varying values of the external field, depending on the current geographical location, affect only the induced part of ship's magnetization. A practical problem in minimizing the ship signature is separating permanent magnetization from induced magnetization. When the ship position changes, a signature measurement has to be made under new magnetic field conditions to update the currents in the coils. This is impractical or even difficult to do (due to the need for a measuring ground), so there is a need to predict the ship's magnetization value in arbitrary geographical location conditions based on the reference signature determined on the measuring ground. In particular, the model predicting the signatures at a new geographical location must be able to separate the two types of magnetization, as permanent magnetization is independent of external conditions. In this paper, a FEM model of the vessel is first embedded in an external field and permanent magnetization is simulated using DC coils placed inside the model. Then, using the previously developed rules for data acquisition and determination of model parameters, a multi-dipole model is synthesized in which the induced and permanent parts are separated. The multi-dipole model thus developed has been successfully confronted with the initial model in FEM environment. The separation of permanent and induced magnetization allows the latter to be scaled according to new values of the external field. In the paper, the situation of determining a signature at one geographical position and its projection onto two other positions is analyzed. Having determined the signature with a high degree of accuracy anywhere in the world, it is possible to perform classical signature minimization by determining DC currents in coils placed inside the ship's hull. The paper also analyzes the effectiveness of ship's signature minimization and the influence of ship's course on the signature value. The advantage of the method presented in this paper is an integrated approach to the issue of scaling and minimization of ship magnetic signature, which has not been presented in the literature on such a scale before.

Metastability for the degenerate Potts Model with positive external magnetic field under Glauber dynamics

We consider the ferromagnetic q-state Potts model on a finite grid graph with non-zero external field and periodic boundary conditions. The system evolves according to Glauber-type dynamics described by the Metropolis algorithm, and we focus on the low temperature asymptotic regime. We analyze the case of positive external magnetic field associated to one spin value. In this energy landscape there is one stable configuration and q−1 metastable states. We study the asymptotic behavior of the first hitting time from any metastable state to the stable configuration as β→∞ in probability, in expectation, and in distribution. We also identify the exponent of the mixing time and find an upper and a lower bound for the spectral gap. Finally, we identify all the minimal gates and the tube of typical trajectories for the transition from any metastable state to the unique stable configuration by giving a geometric characterization.

Exploring electronic characteristics of bilayer HfS2 under mechanical strain and external electric field: A first-principles approach

This study employed the density functional theory (DFT) to explore the dynamic stability of different stacking configurations of bilayer HfS2 (2L-HfS2) and the influence of external conditions on its electronic properties. These results indicate that the AA configuration is the most stable among the various stacking configurations. Calculations of the carrier effective mass revealed that the artificially stacked 2L-HfS2 maintained a small effective mass of electrons and holes and exhibited high carrier mobility. Further investigation revealed diverse trends in the electronic properties of 2L-HfS2 under vertical strain, in-plane strain, shear strain, and an applied external electric field. These variations encompass bandgap size alterations, band structure evolution, and transitions in the metallic behavior. This systematic study elucidates the regulatory effects of different strains and external electric field conditions on the electronic properties of 2L-HfS2, thereby providing a vital theoretical foundation and experimental guidance for its application in electronics and optoelectronics.

A novel Ag-loaded 4 Å zeolite as an efficient catalyst for epoxidation of styrene.

In this study, a novel Ag-loaded 4 Å zeolite was synthesized through the combined action of strong ultrasound and a high-voltage electrostatic field (the Z-Ag-UE) and its catalytic activity was evaluated in the epoxidation of styrene. The prepared catalysts were characterized using XRD, SEM, XPS, BET, TG, ICP-OES. The results showed that the silver evenly dispersed inside the octahedral 4 Å zeolite structure rather than being attached to the surface of the material like in the impregnation method, and this Ag-loaded 4 Å zeolite had a high surface area, uniform particle size distribution, and excellent high temperature thermal stability. The catalytic performance of the Ag-loaded 4 Å zeolite was investigated by varying the reaction conditions such as the amount of catalyst, temperature, and reaction time. Under optimized conditions, the Ag-loaded 4 Å zeolite showed high selectivity and conversion for the epoxidation of styrene, achieving a conversion rate of up to 98% and a selectivity of 94%. In particular, the catalyst had excellent recyclability and was reused more than fifteen times with the catalytic performance remaining unchanged. This method of loading metal prepared under external field conditions provides a new method and idea for future research in related fields.

Reactive molecular dynamics study on carbon steel corrosion induced by chloride: Effects of applied potential and temperature

The corrosion and oxidation mechanisms of steel in chloride-contaminated environment were studied through the utilization of reactive molecular dynamics simulations with self-developed force fields under various applied electric fields and temperatures. The impact of variations in the external electric field on the thickness of the oxide layer and the dissolution of iron during the corrosion reaction process was scrutinized. The results reveal that under an electric field strength of 10 MV/cm, marginal corrosion was observed within the iron matrix during the simulation period. The surface lattice of the iron matrix retained a relatively intact and regular arrangement. However, under alternative external electric field conditions, as the strength of the external electric field increased, the corrosion behavior of iron in chloride ion solutions became increasingly severe, leading to deeper oxidation levels. Additionally, localized pitting on the iron matrix surface gradually evolved into larger corroded spots. Simulation results within the temperature range studied (278 K, 298 K, 318 K) suggest that temperature elevation amplifies the thermodynamic energy of chemical reactions on the iron surface, consequently leading to a reduction in the bond strength of Fe-O and increase in the corrosion extent.

Theoretical evaluation of gas sensing and capturing characteristics on the point defective diboron dinitride monolayer

Defects can significantly alter the properties of 2D material surfaces, thereby affecting the application results. In this work, the adsorption behaviors of H2S, SO2, NH3, and NO2 gas molecules on rationally defective diboron dinitride (n-BN) monolayers in the presence and absence of an external electric field and moisture condition are studied by the first-principles calculation approach. The results demonstrate that the boron and nitrogen defects are more likely to be generated and both defective monolayers have strong absorption effects on SO2 and NO2 gas molecules with absolute values of adsorption energy above 2.5 eV. And the conductivity change after adsorption of NO2 molecule is particularly pronounced in nitrogen defect monolayer, thus greatly increasing the sensitivity to the gas molecule. Based on the high sensitivity, the defective monolayer could be an ideal one-time scavenger for SO2 and NO2 gas molecules. While the H2S and NH3 molecules could obtain the appropriate adsorption energy and the adjustable recovery time on the defective monolayer under the dry or existent external electric field environment. These results make it possible to design a useable gas device with good gas sensing and capturing characteristics on the defective n-BN monolayer.

Insight into light‐ and static‐electric‐field‐induced polarization on polaron‐pair dynamics in neat P3HT device: A transient‐absorption‐spectroscopy‐based study

AbstractWe have investigated the polaron‐pair dynamics following the excitation of vibrationally hot exciton states in organic semiconductor‐based optoelectronic devices to better understand the photophysical properties, which can help to improve the device performance. In our earlier work, published at ‘Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2019,21, 21236‐21248’, we have investigated the role of the static electric internal and external fields on the polaron‐pair dynamics in a neat poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) based device. From this, we have concluded that the polaron‐pair dissociates into charge carriers due to the internal field present inside the device and the dissociation process accelerates when an external electric field is also applied in reverse bias. Apart from the electric‐field‐induced dissociation process, we now have also been interested in the light‐ and electric‐field‐induced polarization effect on the polaron‐pair dynamics. For this, in the present study, we have used femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to investigate the polaron‐pair dynamics in a neat P3HT‐based device for different angles of incidence of the light with an additional variation of the static electric field. It is well‐known that thin‐film photovoltaics can be designed for improved angle‐dependent responsivity at specific angles and the photon harvesting efficiency depends on the incident angle of light. Internal electric fields together with the electric field of the incident light both influence the charge generation efficiency of the device, which is determined by the photophysical processes happening between electronic excitation and the formation of charge. The change of reflectivity due to the variation of incident angle and the effect of the electric‐field induced polarization make an overall impact on the polaron‐pair dynamics as demonstrated by our investigations.

Numerical Simulation of Fluid-Structure Coupling for a Multi-Blade Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine

The aerodynamic characteristics of the vertical-axis wind turbine with three, four, five, and six blades are studied numerically. A coupling model of fluid flow and solid turbine blade is established to model the interactions between air and wind turbine. The pressure distribution and blade deformation affected by air are obtained and discussed. For the four wind turbines with different numbers of blades, the maximum pressure in the entire machine structure occurs at the variable angle position of the blades in the windward region under the same wind speed. Mainly due to the rapid airflow variation, complex turbulence, and significant influence of the wind field on the blades in this position, this part of the blades is prone to bending or damage. Under identical external wind field conditions, wind turbines with four and six blades exhibit significantly higher equivalent pressures on their surfaces compared to those with five and three blades. The maximum equivalent pressure of six blades can reach 3.161 × 106 Pa. The maximum deformation of the blade basically occurs at the tip and four sides of the blade. The six-blade wind turbines withstand higher and non-uniform surface pressures on their blades, resulting in the largest deformation of up to 11.658 mm. On the other hand, the four-blade wind turbine exhibits the smallest deformation. The above conclusions provide theoretical guidance for the design and optimization of vertical-axis wind turbines.

Cooling of the Nuclear Spin System of a Nanostructure by Oscillating Magnetic Fields.

We propose a method of cooling nuclear spin systems of solid-state nanostructures by applying a time-dependent magnetic field synchronized with spin fluctuations. Optical spin noise spectroscopy is considered a method of fluctuation control. Depending on the mutual orientation of the oscillating magnetic field and the probe light beam, cooling might be either provided by dynamic spin polarization in an external static field or result from population transfer between spin levels without build-up of a net magnetic moment ("true cooling").

Effect of memory behavior on electric-field-induced phase transition and electrocaloric response in antiferroelectric ceramics

Field-induced phase transition in antiferroelectric (AFE) materials always facilitates giant positive/negative electrocaloric (EC) responses for a promising cooling application, while it is not only associated with external field conditions but also applied field history, i.e., memory behavior. Herein, we demonstrate that memory behavior increases the likelihood of observing an EC response when the operating field is parallel to the pre-poling field, as compared to the antiparallel condition. Additionally, when the temperature is slightly above the AFE-ferroelectric (FE) phase transition temperature, the field-off process induces a two-step microstructure change, characterized by a rapid domain rotation followed by a slow phase transition, which finally produces an abnormal EC heat flow signal. Through a Landau theory analysis, this kinetic behavior is contributed to the competition between the ferroelectric (FE) order pinned by memory behavior and the thermal agitation favored AFE state. This work deepens the understanding of the phase transition in the ferroelectric system.

Decomposition of the induced magnetism degaussing problem for fast determination of currents in demagnetization coils wrapped outside an object under arbitrary external field conditions

Safe passage of ships in the presence of sea mines can be ensured by limiting or reducing the ship’s magnetic footprint. For vessels with plastic hulls, the main component that requires magnetic damping is the engine. Demagnetization of such an object can be achieved by wrapping it with coils and setting the direct current appropriately. For each specific geographic location, the currents in the coils can be determined iteratively from measurements of the magnetic signature in the cardinal directions. In this paper the magnetic signatures are calculated using decomposition-based approach for each coil and each component of the external field separately. Hence the overall magnetic signature of the object can be reproduced in arbitrary external magnetic field (i.e. anywhere on the Earth). Knowing the influence of each coil, it is possible to formulate the optimization task (signature minimization) and determine the currents. The presented method is verified in FEM software with the use of engine models of both symmetrical and asymmetrical shapes. Since the determination of the currents takes place as a result of solving the optimization problem, the effectiveness of obtaining the results, the speed of convergence and the dependence on initial conditions is under investigation. The effect of the model mesh size on the quality of object signature reduction is also analyzed. The developed method can be used for a real object. In that case acquiring the data then requires the measurements of the object placed inside the Helmholtz coils.