Static Equipment Research Articles

Evaluation of risk levels in static mechanical equipment: a fuzzy expert system approach

It is necessary to evaluate the risk levels in piping components of offshore production and process facilities (OP&PFs) to investigate potential failures. In an OP&PF, piping plays a vital role within the static mechanical equipment. Inspection planners make recommendations on the thickness measurement locations (TMLs) to be monitored based on: historical data, risk-based inspection (RBI) analysis results, plant inspection strategy guidance, etc. The inspection plans made by inexperienced inspection planners are of poor quality compared to an inspection plan made by an experienced inspection planner. Hence, to mitigate the problem, it is vital to develop expert systems to support inexperienced inspection planners and minimise suboptimal decisions. This manuscript illustrates the use of a fuzzy inference system (FIS) as an expert system for making optimal in-service inspection recommendations based on the current status and trends of TMLs. The proposed FIS enables the expertise of experienced inspection planners to be incorporated via membership functions (MFs) and a rule base, which will maintain the quality of an inspection programme at the intended level.

Automated electrical machine test facilities

Testing electric machines during production and after overhauling is one of the basic production stages, which has a direct effect on the quality of the final products. Increasing the level of automation of the testing process to the point of total elimination of the human factor has been an unsolved problem until recently. On commission from ZAO Transmashkholding and OOO Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Plant (NEVZ) and jointly with the latter, that task was accomplished for the entire range of the traction and auxiliary motors produced by this plant. The specifics of the methods for testing dc and ac electrical machines in accordance with the regulations of the normative documentation—in particular, those that concern the loading conditions—brings about difficulties in the creation of power static converters and automation equipment for test benches to test dc and ac electrical machines. The modes of loading the machines in accordance with a back-to-back diagram required tailored power transformers and converters. The creation of automatic control systems for power equipment—in particular, automated means for measuring the electric and the mechanic parameters of the testing process—necessitated development of complex systems that operate on the “conveyor belt” principle. All safety requirements were met, easy operation was ensured for personnel, the risk of committing errors was minimized, and an acceptable rate of the testing cycle was guaranteed. Operation of the electrical machine test facility at OOO NEVZ over a number of years has proven the effectiveness of the solutions that have been developed. This article describes the experience of developing and producing electrical equipment and automatic control systems for automated test benches to test electrical machines, methods for solving problems that arise when designing such equipment, and examples of different approaches to the design depending on production specifics. Circuit diagrams of the electrical equipment for industrial tests of traction electric motors are provided.

SWEEP FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS (SFRA) FOR DETECTION OF TRANSFORMER MECHANICAL INTEGRITY

Transformer is no nuisance equipment. It is static equipment and it works reliably unless it is abused. Transformers do not develop fault within itself, if maintained periodically as per manufacturer's recommendation. However, the same transformer when subjected to external abnormalities, it can develop fault due to some of the reasons. This paper presents technical details regarding Frequency Response Analysis and the role it plays in transformer test and maintenance. SFRA is an electrical test that provides information relating to transformer mechanical integrity. A new technique for a better and faster sweep frequency response analysis results' interpretation like External Short Circuit which exerts electromagnetic forces on transformer windings. The winding can move laterally and thus it weakens the mechanical structure of transformer. The physical displacement or damages either during earthquake, lightning or other environmental events, In above situation, to diagnose the problem, prevent expensive equipment breakdown and to take control of the equipment, the technique of Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) can be employed to detect the faults in Transformer core and Winding movement.

Mechanization of static mechanical systems inspection planning process

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the evolution of inspection and maintenance (I&M) practices used for aging and newly built oil and gas (O&G) facilities. It also proposes a framework and an approach for mechanizing inspection planning to perform preventive maintenance (PM) activities, taking technical condition (TC) and relative degradation (RD) into consideration. Design/methodology/approach – The paper systematically collects, categorizes, and analyzes the published literature of both researchers and practitioners. It also utilizes industrial experience that has been accrued and utilized from inspection planning practices for static mechanical equipment on aging O&G production plants. Findings – The paper defines significant issues in I&M of O&G assets related to: different philosophies; stakeholders’ requirements trade-off; dependability and asset deterioration challenges; items interacting with inspection planning mechanization processes and I&M optimization approaches. A framework is identified to mechanize the inspection planning process in order to reduce the effect arising from human involvement, while improving the effective utilization of data from different sources. The suggested approach improves the quality of an inspection program, while minimizing the variability and cost to the engineering contractors as well as to the owners of O&G facilities. Practical implications – The mechanization of inspection planning (MIP) is vital to have inspection programs with uniform quality. The currently employed inspection practices face challenges in maintaining uniform quality from one inspection program to another due to the variability present in the planning process, especially among the different inspection planning engineers. The suggested fuzzy logic-based MIP supports the minimization of the variability and increases the quality of inspection programs. Originality/value – The paper provides a comprehensive review of research contributions and industrial development efforts. These will be useful to the life cycle stakeholders in both academia and industry in understanding the inspection planning problem and solution space within the O&G asset I&M context.

Interference Management in 5G Reverse TDD HetNets With Wireless Backhaul: A Large System Analysis

This work analyzes a heterogeneous network (HetNet), which comprises a macro base station (BS) equipped with a large number of antennas and an overlaid dense tier of small cell access points (SCAs) using a wireless backhaul for data traffic. The static and low mobility user equipment terminals (UEs) are associated with the SCAs while those with medium-to-high mobility are served by the macro BS. A reverse time division duplexing (TDD) protocol is used by the two tiers, which allows the BS to locally estimate both the intra-tier and inter-tier channels. This knowledge is then used at the BS either in the uplink (UL) or in the downlink (DL) to simultaneously serve the macro UEs (MUEs) and to provide the wireless backhaul to SCAs. A concatenated linear precoding technique employing either zero-forcing (ZF) or regularized ZF is used at the BS to simultaneously serve MUEs and SCAs in DL while nulling interference toward those SCAs in UL. We evaluate and characterize the performance of the system through the power consumption of UL and DL transmissions under the assumption that target rates must be satisfied and imperfect channel state information is available for MUEs. The analysis is conducted in the asymptotic regime where the number of BS antennas and the network size (MUEs and SCAs) grow large with fixed ratios. Results from large system analysis are used to provide concise formulae for the asymptotic UL and DL transmit powers and precoding vectors under the above assumptions. Numerical results are used to validate the analysis in different settings and to make comparisons with alternative network architectures.

FUZZY LOGIC AND PSO BASED HYBRID TECHNIQUE FORMULATION FOR OPTIMAL PLACEMENT AND SIZING OF INTERLINE POWER FLOW CONTROLLER

Maximum utilization of the available transmission lines is advisable than introducing a new transmission line to the existing power system because of various reasons such as regulatory, environmental, and public policies, as well as escalating costs. This can be achieved by using FACTS controllers which are one of the power electronics based static equipment to control one or more AC transmission system parameters for enhancing controllability and increase power transfer capability. Placing and Sizing of the FACTS controllers in transmission line is a challenging task. To perform this task, we propose a new hybrid technique based on fuzzy logic (FL) and Particle swarm optimization (PSO). Here, we have considered Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) as we are discussing multiline transmission systems. The purpose of fuzzy system is to determine the capacity of IPFC in terms of voltage deviation. The optimal location of IPFC is done by PSO. The proposed technique maintains the voltage stability and minimizes the transmission loss of the power system. For analyzing the nonlinear power flow of the transmission system, Newton-Raphson method is utilized. The proposed multi objective approach is implemented in MATLAB and the performance of the proposed fuzzy-PSO is compared with fuzzy-GA.

A fault detection technique for the steel manufacturing process based on a normal pattern library

Fault detection is increasingly important in the steel manufacturing process. If faults occur, the consequences can be extremely serious in terms of human life, environmental impact and/or economic loss. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent potential accidents by detecting faults as early as possible. However, there are various kinds of faults, and most faults have only a few or even no precedents in the past. Since it is very difficult to obtain time-series data during accidents, the key is to detect the difference from the normal state by utilizing only data under normal operation. As another problem in the steel manufacturing process, each process comprises many thousands of pieces of equipment, and it would be very difficult to construct a fault detection model manually for each of these devices. Therefore, a technique which makes it possible to construct each model and adjust its parameters automatically is required. In order to solve these two major problems, this study proposes a new fault detection concept based on the pattern library. Furthermore, a combination of a static pattern library and a dynamic pattern library is discussed as a means of covering as many pieces of equipment as possible. Offline numerical simulations for both static and dynamic equipment were conducted, and the possibility of the proposed technique was confirmed.

B223 静的機器の多重化について(OS3 軽水炉・新型炉・原子力安全(4))

B223 静的機器の多重化について(OS3 軽水炉・新型炉・原子力安全(4))

Onshore Petroleum Centre of Excellence—collaboration by industry partners, government and TAFE to deliver trained staff for an expanding onshore petroleum industry

Santos, Beach Energy and Senex Energy are collaborating with the SA Government and TAFE SA to set up a hub for onshore oil and gas training in Adelaide. The training facility provides a fully immersive simulated oil and gas production environment, as well as static equipment displays for demonstration and educational purposes. It is used for technical training, including safety, environmental and sustainable operational principles and key maintenance activities. The simulated production environment includes different pump types, gas compressors, a pig launcher and receiver, gas metering skid, field separator and small tanks, as well as associated pressure safety valves, flow valves and other instruments. Water is used to simulate oil and air is used to simulate gas flow. The static equipment display includes various valve types, flanges and a wellhead. Santos, as operator of the SA Cooper Basin joint venture (of which Beach Energy is a member), has committed significant oil and gas production and mechanical equipment, engineering design, transportation and installation of the training facility’s equipment. The SA Government, Senex Energy and Beach Energy have committed funding for fit-out, capital works and the running of the facility for the first two years. Industry partners GPA Engineering, Fyfe Engineering, Logicamms, Veolia Environmental Services, Toll Energy, Transfield Services, Ottoway Engineering, Bureau Veritas, MRC Group, Max Cranes, Whitham Media Australia, Inductabend, Toyota Australia, James Walker Australia, Coventry Fasteners, Centralian Controls and Central Diesel are providing expertise and services. The training facility officially opened on 16 February 2015

Research on Calibration of Power IGBT Model Test Equipment

Power IGBT module and its dynamic and static test equipments are widely used. How to calibrate the IGBT module test equipments is in great demand. Based on the investigation of domestic and foreign method for power IGBT module test equipment calibration, the calibration method of the important parameters, pulse current, for this equipment were researched in this passage. the Rogowski coil and the data acquisition unit were used to realize the pulse current amplitude (up to 5000A) calibration. Calibration device for power IGBT module test equipment was setup, calibration specification for power IGBT module test equipment was authorized to ensure the values of power IGBT module test equipment.

Studies on the Sorption of Benzene over DX 09 Carbon

BET (Brunauer Emmett and Teller) surface area and pores distribution for the samples DX 09 Carbon were measured for of DX 09 carbon by N2 adsorption (195 °C) with Autosorb-1C (American Quantachrome Company).The adsorption of benzene over DX 09 Carbon was measured in the static vacuum adsorption equipment, which was self-constructed in laboratory. It was experimentally found that the BET surface area is about 1008 m2/g, and the structure coefficients for DX-09 carbon were W=0.365 and B=1.32*10-6 measured by benzene adsorption and calculated by D-R equation.

DESIGN PARAMETERS TO OBTAIN AL2O3 NANOFLUID TO ENHANCE HEAT TRANSFER

The study of nanostructures gained more and more gr ound in the past years due to the acceptable electr ical conductivity, mechanical flexibility and low cost manufacturing potential (m ixing, mechanical stirring, ultrasonication, vacuum chambers).The process of obtaining nanofluids with 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% concent ration of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) was studied by mechanical stirring (in the reactor station - static process equipment fitted w ith a stirring device in order to obtain solutions, emulsions, to make or to activate chemical reactions and physic-chemical operations a nd to increase the heat exchange), vibrations and m agnetic stirring. The selected nanoparticles have an average size of 10 nm and wer e dispersed in base fluids consisting of distilled water and low concentration of glycerin (5.4%, respectively 13%). The samples extr acted during the process were analyzed with the qua rtz crystal microbalance (QCM ‐ modern alternative to analyze the complex li quids from water and copolymers to blood and DNA an d the dynamic viscoelasticity of fluids can be determined), in te rms of homogenization and stability (behavior in ti me). Also, a heat transfer study with the reactor station and a comparison between t he heat transfer of the carrier fluid (consisting o f water and 5.4% glycerin) and the heat transfer of the antifreeze used in solar p anels installations was conducted. This study showe d a decrease of the time consumed with heating the nanofluids and an improve ment of the heat transfer due to the nanoparticles of Al 2O3.

배전운영시스템용 응용 프로그램을 위한 공통 데이터베이스 구축

In recent years, the development of application programs for distribution system analysis and control has been essential part for distribution management system (DMS). In this paper, we propose the common database for application programs of distribution management system. The proposed database model has several characteristics as followings. First, the proposed database model is designed for the common use of almost the whole distribution application software. The static equipment model and dynamic type tables are mixed and the parallel table structure is applied. Second, the linked list structure of database are used for the fast processing of applications. The database model includes the hierarchy and non-hierarchy distribution system structure. Third, the reduction method of distribution database is applied. For this, we present the network reduction rules. The basic concept of reduction rules are the electrical unification of successive line section which has not lateral branches and the removal of simple lateral branches which has no devices and other laterals. Proposed database model is tested for the Jeju system of Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO). Through the test, we verified that the proposed database structure can be effectively used to accomplish the distribution system operation.

Stability Improvement in Power Systems Using Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) is a system composed of static equipments used for ac transmission of electric energy to improve the power transfer capability and to enhance controllability of interconnected network. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is the most widely used FACTS device for providing fast acting reactive power compensation on high voltage electricity transmission network. This paper deals with the designing of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference controller (ANFIC) and fuzzy based Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) controller for the performance analysis of UPFC. The controller have been designed and tested for controlling the real and reactive power of UPFC. Fuzzy-PI controller is used to control the shunt part of UPFC. The system response under high short circuit level is tested on 5-bus system and 118-bus system. Computer simulation by MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to verify proposed control strategies.

The Research of Reactive Power Output of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator when Large-Scale Wind Power Integration

The technology of large-scale wind power connected to grid is a key technology in the application of wind power. However, the large-scale wind power will cause the negative effect on the voltage of grid. So, the regulation of reactive power is necessary, which can stabilize the voltage level of the grid. The doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) themselves own the ability of providing reactive power. Considering the reactive power demand when the power grid is operating, and then rationally allocating static and dynamic reactive power compensation equipment, the operational efficiency can be improved. The particle analyzes the reactive power limit of DFIG, considering the limit of stator and rotor. In this way, the reactive power compensation capacity of DFIG is used first, the use of reactive power compensation equipments are greatly reduced, so the economy of the wind farm is obviously improved.

S171015 常時モニタリング実施時の損傷見逃し確率に基づくリスク評価法の検討([S171-01]産業機械の安全(1))

This research is about method for evaluation of probability of failure to adopt the statistical unsupervised damage diagnostic for the risk based maintenance. Generally, evaluation of probability of failure for the static equipment is conducted by the progress prediction of the damage based on the hazard data base. However, about the non static equipment, since the damage mode is not limited to predictable damage like corrosion, a lot of damage is caused accidentally. So evaluation of the reliability just from the prediction of the damage is difficult. Therefore, for the non static equipment, reliability evaluation based on the monitoring data is effective. Then in this research, the method to evaluate the probability of failure from the proposed damage diagnostic method is proposed and the validity of the method is experimentally confirmed.

Finite Element Analysis of the Base of the Auxiliary Supporting Equipment of the Self-Propelled Road Header Based on ANSYS

Through the static analysis of the base of the auxiliary supporting equipment of the self-propelled road header, by ANSYS software base are static finite element simulation calculation. The finite element simulation method in the research that the move of roadheader auxiliary support base on the reliability of the static equipment is Reliability and accuracy. For accurate analysis self-advance of roadheader auxiliary support equipment of static base provides an efficient way

A structured approach to improved condition monitoring

Improved condition monitoring of production equipment enhances process safety and the ability to prepare maintenance, to perform maintenance efficiently, and thus reduce downtime and associated costs. Currently, there is a somewhat limited focus on condition monitoring of static equipment, such as heat exchangers and separators. This is due to organizational barriers, available technology, and budget constraints at management level. The objective of this article is to present a three-step approach that supports the decision-maker in the selection of condition monitoring methods for production equipment. The approach is exemplified by a heat exchanger and the focus is on condition monitoring in the operational phase, including assessment of life cycle costs (LCC).

Coarse head pose estimation of construction equipment operators to formulate dynamic blind spots

Several hundred workers die in construction in the United States every year because equipment operators are unable to see their fellow workers during operation of their vehicle. In this paper we propose a step towards improving this situation by providing an automated method based on range imaging for estimating the coarse head orientation of a construction equipment operator. This research utilizes commercially-available low resolution range cameras to measure the continuously changing field-of-view (FOV) of an equipment operator in outdoor construction. This paper presents a methodology to measure so-called dynamic blind spot maps. The dynamic blind spot map is then projected on a known static equipment blind spot map that already exists to each construction vehicle. A robust computational coarse head pose estimation algorithm and results to three different pieces of construction equipment and multiple operators are presented. The developed method has the potential in automatically determining the spaces around vehicles that are currently not in the field-of-view of the vehicle operator thus providing eventually additional means and technology for improving safety in construction.

Monitoring the mechanical integrity of heat exchangers

AbstractMonitoring the mechanical integrity (MI) of offshore oil and gas facilities is important. It enables early fault detection of emerging failure conditions and allows more time for planning and preparing remedial actions, which reduces revenue losses resulting from unnecessary and poorly coordinated maintenance actions. Static equipment, such as heat exchangers, constitutes crucial parts of offshore processing facilities. Heat exchangers are challenging to maintain, especially in ageing facilities, and major maintenance problems are the result of (a) poor designs, (b) poor utilization of process information, (c) poor interpretation of results, and (d) poor development and management of high‐quality maintenance and MI programs. This article addresses the most important technological, human and organizational challenges concerning monitoring of MI of shell and tube heat exchangers, and discusses recommendations for future improvements. A good MI program benefits the operation and maintenance of heat exchangers, and will lead to improved safety and reduced costs. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011