Static Applications Research Articles

Decision-Making Rules and the Influence of Memory Data

The problems that decision-makers face can escalate under imbalances, turbulent development, risks, uncertainties, disasters, and other influences. The development of processes in technical and economic structures is generally considered complex and chaotic, and it usually expands into innumerable dynamic influences. The paper focuses on the evaluation of the decision criteria choice structure, such as the factual cause of the consequences (e.g., future threats, opportunities, chances, occasion). It offers a graphical vision of the future forecast. It draws attention to prevention and prophylaxis versus criterion-generated time–space (TS). The paper deals with the question: Is it possible to choose and recommend the right time and place of process activities? The paper formulates a positive answer and illustrates a range of consequences. Developed activities (investment, production, etc.) take place in a defined TS; over time, they create new time-series states and expand the space by defining processes as a time series of activities. In a broader context, the article deals with the issue of the lifecycle of decision rules (dynamic proposal of opportunities) as the first step of decision making, i.e., the decision about the existence of opportunity. On the one hand, it respects static applications based on equilibrium states, while on the other hand, it draws attention to the need for a dynamic view of turbulent, dynamic, chaotic, and nonlinear phenomena.

Interleukin-1β Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Human Periodontal Ligament-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells under In Vitro Simulated Static Orthodontic Forces.

The periodontal ligament (PDL) responds to applied orthodontic forces by extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, in which human periodontal ligament-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hPDL-MSCs) are largely involved by producing matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their local inhibitors (TIMPs). Apart from orthodontic forces, the synthesis of MMPs and TIMPs is influenced by the aseptic inflammation occurring during orthodontic treatment. Interleukin (IL)-1β is one of the most abundant inflammatory mediators in this process and crucially affects the expression of MMPs and TIMPs in the presence of cyclic low-magnitude orthodontic tensile forces. In this study we aimed to investigate, for the first time, how IL-1β induced expression of MMPs, TIMPs and how IL-1β in hPDL-MSCs was changed after applying in vitro low-magnitude orthodontic tensile strains in a static application mode. Hence, primary hPDL-MSCs were stimulated with IL-1β in combination with static tensile strains (STS) with 6% elongation. After 6- and 24 h, MMP-1, MMP-2, TIMP-1 and IL-1β expression levels were measured. STS alone had no influence on the basal expression of investigated target genes, whereas IL-1β caused increased expression of these genes. In combination, they increased the gene and protein expression of MMP-1 and the gene expression of MMP-2 after 24 h. After 6 h, STS reduced IL-1β-induced MMP-1 synthesis and MMP-2 gene expression. IL-1β-induced TIMP-1 gene expression was decreased by STS after 6- and 24-h. At both time points, the IL-1β-induced gene expression of IL-1β was increased. Additionally, this study showed that fetal bovine serum (FBS) caused an overall suppression of IL-1β-induced expression of MMP-1, MMP-2 and TIMP-1. Further, it caused lower or opposite effects of STS on IL-1β-induced expression. These observations suggest that low-magnitude orthodontic tensile strains may favor a more inflammatory and destructive response of hPDL-MSCs when using a static application form and that this response is highly influenced by the presence of FBS in vitro.

Implementation of Precaptured Videos of Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology Specimens for External Quality Control Purposes

Objective: The objective of this study was examine the feasibility of developing a proficiency testing scheme for cytology labs wishing to be accredited according to ISO 15189:2012, by using videos captured by static telecytological applications. Methods: The current study was carried out on 252 adequate specimens of 157 patients, retrospectively selected from the department’s registry. In all cases, surgical excision followed the initial cytological diagnosis. Three diagnostic categories of cytological reports were used. All cases were confirmed by histological diagnosis of surgical specimens. One representative video from each case was transferred via file transfer protocol to password-protected accounts for remote review by 3 independent cytopathologists. In addition to diagnosis, reviewers commented on overall digital video quality. Contributor’s and reviewer’s diagnoses were collected, recorded and statistically evaluated. Results: Statistical evaluation of cytological diagnoses detected no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between the diagnoses proffered on the basis of precaptured videos and conventional slides. The overall interobserver agreement was ranging from substantial to almost perfect. Conclusions: Videos production by static telecytology applications can be used as an alternative method for cytological diagnosis validation. It is a prompt and valid method for quality assessment and proficiency testing and can be integrated into daily workflow. Pre-captured videos can improve significantly small cytology departments’ quality indices. Precaptured videos can also be used for teleconsultation and second opinion purposes and improve the performance of the already existing static telecytology stations.

Research on the feedback control characteristics and parameter optimization of closed-loop fiber optic gyroscope

The feedback parameter of closed-loop fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) in various engineering applications is discussed. It has been proved that unreasonable feedback parameter will cause great interference and serious distortion to the output signal. Therefore, we build a concise feedback control mode and obtain optimal range of feedback parameter. For different input signals concerned which nearly include all of the application scenarios in practice, detailed simulations and experiments are completed. The results show that the feedback parameter should be small in static applications and moderate for high response requirements. What is more, it should be relatively small when used in low-bandwidth measurement fields to ensure the response performance of low frequency signal and suppress high frequency noise and vice versa. This work plays an important guiding role for related parameter setting in the feedback control system of sensors, especially for gyroscope.

Using dual‐polarization GPS antenna with optimized adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system to improve single point positioning accuracy in urban canyons

<h3>Abstract</h3> This paper builds on the machine learning research to propose two new algorithms based on optimizing the Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) with a dual-polarization antenna to predict pseudorange errors by considering multiple variables including the right-hand circular polarized (RHCP) signal strength, signal strength difference between the left-hand circular polarized (LHCP) and RHCP outputs, satellites’ elevation angle, and pseudorange residuals. The final antenna position is calculated following the application of the predicted pseudorange errors to correct for the effects of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) and multipath signal reception. The results show that the proposed algorithm results in a 30% improvement in the root mean square error (RMSE) in the 2D (horizontal) component for static applications when the training and testing data are collected at the same location. This corresponds to 13% to 20% when the testing data is from locations away from that of the training dataset.

Theoretical study on the effect of applying an external static electric field on the singlet fission dynamics of pentacene dimer models.

We investigate the effect of applying an external static electric field on the singlet fission (SF) dynamics of pentacene dimer models using quantum chemical calculations and exciton dynamics simulations. It is found that the excitation energies of anion-cation (AC) and cation-anion (CA) pair exciton states in the SF process are significantly stabilized and destabilized, respectively, by applying an external static electric field (F) in the intermolecular direction. As a result, this change of excitation energies is found to accelerate the SF dynamics in pentacene dimer models. In particular, in the tilted- and parallel-type pentacene dimer models, SF rates at F = 0.001 a.u. are predicted to be about 2.3 and 3.0 times as large as those at F = 0.0 a.u. while keeping the TT yields large. The present result contributes to paving the way for novel physical and chemical controls, that is, an external static electric field application and donor/acceptor substitution on SF molecules, of SF dynamics.

Implementation of pre-captured videos for remote diagnosis of cervical cytology specimens.

The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of implementing short videos captured by static telecytological applications for remote evaluation of cervical smears prepared by means of liquid-based cytology. The study was performed on representative short videos captured from a total of 404 cervical smears (benign, 135; atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 92; low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 62; high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 87; squamous cell carcinoma, 26; adenocarcinoma, 2) that were sent via file transfer protocol to password-protected accounts for remote review by three independent cytopathologists. In addition to diagnosis, reviewers commented on the overall digital video quality. Contributors' and reviewers' diagnoses were collected, recorded, and statistically evaluated. Statistical evaluation detected no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between cytological diagnoses based on short videos versus conventional slides. The overall interobserver agreement ranged from substantial to almost perfect with κ values of 0.74-0.91. Short videos produced by static telecytology applications can be used as an alternative method for telecytological diagnosis of cervical smears, particularly for quality control purposes. It is a prompt and valid method for quality assessment and proficiency testing and can be integrated into the daily workflow. Short pre-captured videos of cervical smears can be used for rapid and accurate diagnosis, diminishing turnaround times and improving small cytology departments' quality indices. They can also be used for archiving, teleconsultation, and second opinion purposes, improving the performance of already existing static telecytology stations.

Revised non-ordinary state-based peridynamics and a new framework for coupling with finite element method

In this paper, we present a revised non-ordinary state-based peridynamics (RNOSBPD), which works for the arbitrary interaction domain and does not require surface correction and volume correction. For the spherical interaction domain, RNOSBPD recovers non-ordinary state-based peridynamics (NOSBPD) of the published work. This current work also presents a new approach to couple the RNOSBPD with FEM (RNOSBPD-FEM). This new coupling approach is straightforward and is easily introduced into commercial finite element codes. With this coupling method, special techniques, such as overlapping regions, interface elements, or fictitious nodes, that have published in the literature for coupling PD with FEM are not needed. Four static applications are performed and the results show the accuracy and efficiency of the RNOSBPD-FEM.

Manufacturing of 3D Printed Laminated Carbon Fibre Reinforced Nylon Composites: Impact Mechanics

This paper presents the manufacturing development of laminated Carbon Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics Polymer (CFRTP) specimens, which show significant improvement of mechanical properties in comparison with existing thermoplastic composites. There is a need to improve structural performance of thermoplastic composites by using a fully integrated chopped and continuous carbon fibre bundle into a thermoplastic resin matrix in a laminated shape with various stacking sequences. The developed manufacturing technique is capable to print components with various fibre orientations, which is spotted as the novelty of this research. The CFRTP specimens were tested under quasi-static tensile and low-velocity impact loading to proof the improvement of mechanical performance in both static and dynamic applications. Our results indicate a significant improvement in impact resistance and energy absorption capability of CFRTP composites in comparison with existing thermoplastic composites.

Influence of Static VAR Compensator Application for Improving Power Quality in Distribution Lines Supplied Industry

The voltage drop in distribution line unavoidable but can be reduced until the allowable limit. The voltage drop occurred due to currents flow in impedance lines. Harmonics caused by non-linear loads that are often found in the industrial used electronics devices. This study is to discuss the application of static var compensator (SVC) to improve the power quality in distribution lines. Harmonics analysis of the loads industries are modelled as arc furnace and adjustable speed drive (ASD) using software ETAP simulation. The loads are connected to the IEEE 14 busses system. Fast decoupled method was used for investigating the voltage drop at each buss. Harmonics analysis was carried out to find harmonics level contents i.e., total harmonics distortion of voltage (THDV) and current (THDI). Values of THDV and THDI resulted are evaluated by state electrical company (PLN) standard. The load flow study result shows that there are some busses have voltage below the standard and harmonics analysis beyond the allowable limit but the voltage at Bus 14 is lowest, therefore SVC is connected to it. The results show all the voltage is fulfilling the standard. The SVC installation on this case is less significant it affects on mitigating harmonics.

The fracture properties of fiber metal laminates based on a 3D printed glass fiber composite

Fiber Metal Laminates (FML) are structures that contain a sequential arrangement of metal and composite materials, which are of great interest to the aerospace sector due to the superior mechanical performance. The traditional manufacturing process for FML involves considerable investment in manufacturing resources depending on the design complexity of the desired components. To mitigate such limitations, 3D printing enables direct digital manufacturing to create FML with customized configurations. In this work, a preliminary mechanical characterization of additively-manufacturing-enabled FML has been investigated. A series of continuous glass fiber-reinforced composites were printed with a Markforged system and placed between layers of aluminum alloy to manufacture hybrid laminate structures. The laminates were subjected to tensile, interfacial fracture toughness, and both low-velocity and high-velocity impact tests. The results showed that the FMLs appear to have a good degree of adhesion at the metal-composite interface, although a limited intralaminar performance was recorded. It was also observed that the low and high-velocity impact performance of the FMLs was improved by 9–13% relative to that of the constituent elements. The impact performance of the FML appeared to be related to the fiber fracture, out of plane perforation and interfacial delamination within the laminates. The present study can provide an initial research foundation for considering 3D printing in the production of hybrid laminates for static and dynamic applications.

Enhanced antifouling strategy with a strong synergistic effect of fluorescent antifouling and contact bacteriostasis using 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin

Low surface energy coating can protect marine equipment from biofouling, however, remaining a challenge in static applications due to the lack of shear force provided by water scour. Herein, we developed a polyurethane with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polytetrahydrofuran (PTMG) as main chains and 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin as antifouling group by condensation polymerization. Besides the fluorescence response to the ultraviolet band in seawater with high transmittance, the typical benzopyrone framework of 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin endows antibacterial properties. Owing to the strong synergistic effect of fluorescence antifouling and contact bacteriostasis mechanism, the PDMS-based fouling-release surface achieves a superior antifouling effect with an extremely small amount (less than 0.20 wt%) of the antifouling group, which is almost the lowest among previous research. And 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin can be naturally derived from plants, which explored novel research for environmentally friendly antifouling strategy.

Static Game Models and Applications Based on Market Supervision and Compliance Management of P2P Platform

This article focuses on the two-party static game between market supervisory organization and peer-to-peer (P2P) lending platform. Considering 4 game modes with both “strong supervision” and “weak supervision” of market supervisory organization and “compliance management” and “noncompliance management” of P2P lending platform, the paper establishes a static game model between P2P lending platform and market supervisory organization and solves the market equilibrium solutions. Based on income, cost, disguised cost, and fine of P2P lending platform and income, cost, and reward of market supervisory organization, it discusses conditional strategies that P2P lending platform selects “compliance management” or “noncompliance management” and that market supervisory organization selects “strong supervision” or “weak supervision,” respectively. Furthermore, the relevant influencing factors are analyzed which come from 18 P2P lending platforms in Guangdong Province of China, and the conclusions were in good agreement with the actual market. The research has scientific guiding significance.

The method of increasing the efficiency of the man-machine system functioning by improving the quality of decision support system software

The article addresses improving the performance of man-machine systems (MMS) by improving the quality of decision support system software (DSSS). The proposed solutions are based on existing models and methods, which have been analysed in detail in a scientific study, in particular the application of methodical static application debugging in certain solutions obtained. It is proposed to use the methods for solving the problem of MMS control according to the vector criterion as the basis for solving this problem. A mechanism for synthesizing a comprehensive plan of operations to improve the quality of the DSS software is proposed, and the possibility of analysing the step-by-step implementation of a plan to obtain an analytical assessment is shown. For this purpose, a comprehensive plan is presented in the form of a relevance tree, built in accordance with the provisions of graph theory and the rank approach. The time complexity of the algorithms implementing the relevance tree tasks was evaluated. Based on the formalized solutions obtained, it was found that the maximum number of edges for a graph that implements the relevance tree does not exceed , the number of views of edges does not exceed , that is, the total number of operations that implements the scanning of edges and adding them to the weighted minimum cover (WMC) does not exceeds . It is established that during the implementation of the operation of adding ribs in the WMC, at each step, after the fixation of the previous result, the number of ribs to be examined decreases, so the total complexity of the algorithms will not exceed . The solutions obtained meet the requirements of DSTU ISO/IEC 9126, ISO DSTU / IEC 14598, and take into account the requirements of the Software Quality Requirements and Evaluation series of standards as the value of the vertices of the event tree graph. In the process of solving the problem, the specificity of the functioning of the MMS was taken into account, the possibility of formalizing various aspects of knowledge (aesthetic, disizional, causal, diontic) and ensuring a given level of efficiency in finding solutions.

Finite Control Set MPC with Fixed Switching Frequency Applied to a Grid Connected Single-Phase Cascade H-Bridge Inverter

Finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) has been widely investigated in recent years due to its ability to handle optimization problems with multiple control objectives in a diverse variety of systems. Moreover, its direct implementation in digital-based systems has made it an attractive strategy in static power converter applications. However, its characteristics such as variable switching frequency and spread harmonic spectrum limit the use of standard MPC due to power losses, audible noise, steady-state performance, and resonances. To mitigate these problems and extend the FCS-MPC applications to new areas, this paper proposes a new hybrid predictive control scheme, capable of achieving a harmonic spectrum distribution similar to that obtained with a pulse-width modulation scheme. The proposed strategy is based on a system model to generate an optimization, and, at the same time, an input restriction in the cost function of the standard FCS-MPC. This new approach is validated through experimental tests carried out in a grid-connected Cascaded H-bridge inverter.

Robust Statistical Detection of GNSS Multipath Using Inter-Frequency C/N0 Differences

Multipath detection and mitigation are crucial issues for global navigation satellite system (GNSS) high-precision positioning. The multi-frequency carrier power-to-noise density ratio (C/N0)-based multipath detection technique has achieved good results in real-time static and low-dynamic applications, and shown better practicability because of the low computational load and the requirement for little additional hardware. However, the classic multipath detection method based on inter-frequency C/N0 differences directly employs the 3σ rule to determine the threshold without considering the distribution of detection statistics and their variation characteristics with elevation angle, and ignores the interference of outliers to the reference functions. A robust multipath detection method is proposed in this paper. The reference functions of C/N0 differences are fitted using least absolute deviation (LAD) to obtain more accurate nominal values. According to the skew characteristics of the detection statistics, a medcouple (MC)-based adjusted boxplot is employed to determine the threshold. The performance of the new detection method is verified in the multipath environments. The experimental results show that compared with the classic method, the new multipath detector has strong robustness and can respond more accurately to large changes in multipath (MP) combination values at most elevation angles. It is sensitive to short-delay multipath and diffraction, and is an important supplement to multipath detection techniques.

Performance of miniaturized atomic clocks in static laboratory and dynamic flight environments

Miniaturized atomic clocks with high frequency stability as local oscillators in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers promise to improve real-time kinematic applications. For a number of years, such oscillators are being investigated regarding their overall technical applicability, i.e., transportability, and performance in dynamic environments. The short-term frequency stability of these clocks is usually specified by the manufacturer, being valid for stationary applications. Since the performance of most oscillators is likely degraded in dynamic conditions, various oscillators are tested to find the limits of receiver clock modeling in dynamic cases and consequently derive adequate stochastic models to be used in navigation. We present the performance of three different oscillators (Microsemi MAC SA.35m, Spectratime LCR-900 and Stanford Research Systems SC10) for static and dynamic applications. For the static case, all three oscillators are characterized in terms of their frequency stability at Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany's national metrology institute. The resulting Allan deviations agree well with the manufacturer's data. Furthermore, a flight experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the performance of the oscillators under dynamic conditions. Here, each oscillator is replacing the internal oscillator of a geodetic-grade GNSS receiver and the stability of the receiver clock biases is determined. The time and frequency offsets of the oscillators are characterized with regard to the flight dynamics recorded by a navigation-grade inertial measurement unit. The results of the experiment show that the frequency stability of each oscillator is degraded by about at least one order of magnitude compared to the static case. Also, the two quartz oscillators show a significant g-sensitivity resulting in frequency shifts of − 1.2 × 10−9 and + 1.5 × 10−9, respectively, while the rubidium clocks are less sensitive, thus enabling receiver clock modeling and strengthening of the navigation performance even in high dynamics.

정적 스쿼트 동작 시 발란스 보드와 전신 진동자극기 적용이 신체 근활성도 변화에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of balance board and whole-body vibration stimulator application on body muscle activities during static squat motion. Twenty adult males(age, 21.90±0.36 years; height, 174.30±1.09 cm; body mass, 66.50±1.00 kg; and BMI, 21.90±0.31 kg/m2) were participated in this study as subjects. Three types’ static squat motions were performed(basic static squat motion, BSSM; static squat motion with balance board, SSBB; static squat motion with whole-body vibration stimulator, SSVS). We measured the right side’s body muscle activities of the rectus abdominis(RA), internal oblique(IO), external oblique(EO), rectus femoris(RF), vastus lateralis(VL), and vastus medialis(VM). The research findings were as follows. There was a significant higher RA, IO, and EO muscle activity of SSBB and SSVS(p=.001, p=.004, p=.000). And RF, VL, and VM muscle activities were greatest during SSVS(p=.000). These findings are expected to serve as references for static squat motion applications in training programs for body muscle strengthening.

Dynamic Path-decomposed Tries

A keyword dictionary is an associative array whose keys are strings. Recent applications handling massive keyword dictionaries in main memory have a need for a space-efficient implementation. When limited to static applications, there are a number of highly compressed keyword dictionaries based on the advancements of practical succinct data structures. However, as most succinct data structures are only efficient in the static case, it is still difficult to implement a keyword dictionary that is space efficient and dynamic . In this article, we propose such a keyword dictionary. Our main idea is to embrace the path decomposition technique, which was proposed for constructing cache-friendly tries. To store the path-decomposed trie in small memory, we design data structures based on recent compact hash trie representations. Experiments on real-world datasets reveal that our dynamic keyword dictionary needs up to 68% less space than the existing smallest ones, while achieving a relevant space-time tradeoff.

Non-intrusive reduced order modelling for the dynamics of geometrically nonlinear flat structures using three-dimensional finite elements

Non-intrusive methods have been used since two decades to derive reduced-order models for geometrically nonlinear structures, with a particular emphasis on the so-called STiffness Evaluation Procedure (STEP), relying on the static application of prescribed displacements in a finite-element context. We show that a particularly slow convergence of the modal expansion is observed when applying the method with 3D elements, because of nonlinear couplings occurring with very high frequency modes involving 3D thickness deformations. Focusing on the case of flat structures, we first show by computing all the modes of the structure that a converged solution can be exhibited by using either static condensation or normal form theory. We then show that static modal derivatives provide the same solution with fewer calculations. Finally, we propose a modified STEP, where the prescribed displacements are imposed solely on specific degrees of freedom of the structure, and show that this adjustment also provides efficiently a converged solution.