Static Air Atmosphere Research Articles

Study on accumulation of heavy metals by green plantations in the conditions of industrial cities

Purpose. Determination of the relationships between the concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd in the atmospheric air and in the assimilative organs of the false acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia) trees the most common species in the system of landscaping of industrial cities. The objectives of the study included finding out the peculiarities of the spatial distribution of metal pollutants in green spaces of Robinia pseudoacacia in Dnipro city. Methodology. The study was conducted in the system of green spaces of the industrial city of Dnipro, in the atmospheric air of which pollutants dominate, whose source is emissions from metallurgy, energy and motor transport. To carry out the experiment, the method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals. The trend of technogenic emissions into the atmosphere was estimated by statistical methods. The spatial distribution of accumulation of essential and toxic metals in the Robinia plantations of the industrial city was built on the basis of the obtained experimental data. Findings. Among the studied pollutants, the maximum concentration in the assimilation organs was found for Zn, whose range was 1530 mgkg-1. Almost the same level of accumulation was reached for Cu and for Pb: 3.917.2 and 8.610.8 mgkg-1, respectively. The presence of Cd, which is not an essential element, has been established, which allows considering Robinia plantations as a potential depositor of Cu and Cd in conditions of polyelemental pollution of industrial cities. Originality. It was established that Robinia plantations as an element of the green infrastructure of industrial cities are characterized by the maximum effect of Cu (among other heavy metals) translocation and are effective potential depositors of Pb when its normative values in the atmospheric air are exceeded.. Practical value. On the basis of the obtained experimental data, the spatial distribution of accumulation of metals as pollutants in Robinia plantations was constructed, which can be considered in the plane of optimization of the state of atmospheric air in the city. The cartographic materials that can be used by the subjects of environmental monitoring and green construction of industrial cities were obtained.

Spectroscopic determination of the stark broadening parameters of Al (I) 305.007 nm in atmospheric air using picosecond time-resolved LIPS

This paper intends to consider new values for the Stark broadening parameters of a singly ionized aluminum (Al I) spectral line 305.007 nm with configuration 3s3p(3P°)4s under atmospheric air conditions using a time-resolved picosecond laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS). A 100.0 mJ, 1064 nm pulse duration of 170.0 ps, Nd: YAG laser is focused on the surface of an aluminum metal target to generate plasma. The observed Al spectra are resolved using a high-resolution picometer-spectrometer, and the electron density and temperature are investigated using the delay times from 400 to 3200 ns, from the laser pulse. The spectral line of the atmospheric helium Hα line at 656.28 nm is used to estimate the plasma electron density. The Boltzmann plot method was used to consider the plasma electron temperature. The assumption of the plasma local thermodynamic equilibrium condition is verified. The electron density and temperature values were observed from 22.433 × 1017 to 0.870 × 1017 cm 3, and 13156 to 9981 K, respectively. The observed experimental values of the Stark broadening parameters of the Al I 305.007 nm varied from 0.244 to 2.156 pm and are inversely proportional to the plasma electron density and temperature values which can be helpful in the plasma fields and astronomical spectroscopy studies.

The concept structure and main characteristics of environmental law and order

In this study, the authors analyze and consider the concept, its legal and methodological aspects, the structure and internal content of environmental law and order, which is one of the main elements enshrined in the basic law of the country. In the epoch of the Anthropocene, environmental legislation and management in the sphere of interaction between society and nature are quite naturally changing. The authors believe that in the new realities of the changing dynamics of environmental management, the role of studying the legal content and structure of environmental law and order is especially relevant. The problems of national environmental legislation, its relevance, timeliness and the necessary coverage of regulatory norms, relevant public relations raises some questions. Such as, and how effective is the social, legal provision of environmental safety in the new realities of environmental threats. For example, environmental man-made disasters, natural disasters caused by global warming, the greenhouse effect, a sharp deterioration in the quantitative and qualitative state of atmospheric air, the ongoing pollution of the oceans and water resources in general, the shortage of drinking water and, significantly, global depletion and the real threat of pollution of the earth. In this regard, we can conclude that there is a "paradigm shift" both in national environmental legislation and in the theoretical aspects of environmental law, the state-legal mechanism of management, and also recognizes the need for a new role in environmental legislation and in the theoretical aspects of environmental law, allowing it to quickly and effectively meet the new dynamics of the changing context of environmental law. There is an urgent need at the present stage of development to increase the growing level of ecological legal awareness of the individual as an element of ecological law and order. Keywords: environmental law, environmental awareness, environmental law and order, environmental protection, environmental education.

Cathode water management towards improved performance of protonic ceramic fuel cells

Over protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) cathode, both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydration reaction happen. To maximize the performance, the cathode requires sufficient proton conductivity for facilitating water formation and large number of active sites and high intrinsic activity for catalyzing ORR. Herein, we demonstrate hydration reaction and ORR over PCFC cathode can be optimally balanced through controlling the air flow rate, which adjusts the equilibrium water and oxygen content in the surrounding atmosphere of the cathode. Then the suitable proton uptake can enhance the proton conductivity of the cathode without negatively affecting ORR. The different characteristics of various cathode materials suggest their different optimal operation conditions. Specifically, the optimal performance of SrTi0.1Fe0.9O3-δ, Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ and BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.1Y0.1O3-δ cathodes in PCFCs at 600 °C is reached at different water content in the air atmosphere of 472, 592 and 735 mW cm−2, respectively, showing increased peak power density (PPD) of 13%, 10% and 6% of the corresponding cells as compared to that operating near static air atmosphere. Our study reveals the important environmental demands of PCFC cathode during the operation and provides useful guidance for the further performance optimization.

Effective removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by iron‐carbonized solid waste composite: behavior mechanism and factor analysis

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe spent bleaching earth (SBE) is a solid waste produced during the refining of vegetable oil, with features of high residual oil and difficult disposal. At present, pollution control by the treatment of waste is a hot issue to attract more and more attention. This study used SBE as the raw materials and developed a new type of iron‐carbon composite (FexOy/SBE@C) by loading iron on spent bleaching earth carbon (SBE@C) to remove Cr(VI) in water. SBE@C was obtained by the pyrolysis of SBE.RESULTSThe behavior mechanism and factor analysis of FexOy/SBE@C for Cr(VI) removal in water were investigated for the first time. At first, one‐factor experiments in the preparation process were adopted to obtain FexOy/SBE@C with optimal performance. By characterization analysis of the optimal FexOy/SBE@C before and after Cr(VI) removal, it was found that the Cr(VI) removal mechanism was adsorption followed by reduction. Specifically, the adsorption kinetic and isotherm behaviors of FexOy/SBE@C for Cr(VI) belong to the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm, respectively. Cr(VI) removal by FexOy/SBE@C is spontaneous (△G<0) and endothermic (△H>0). The presence of coexisting anions (i.e., BrO3− < SO42− < PO43−) and the increase of pH (only adsorption at pH>7) are not conductive to Cr(VI) removal by FexOy/SBE@C. Fortunately, N2 atmospheres can promote Cr(VI) removal (~100%) that is significantly higher than those in air atmosphere (63.34%) and natural conditions (82.25%).CONCLUSIONOverall, FexOy/SBE@C has the satisfactory Cr(VI) removal performance through physical adsorption and chemical reduction, and exhibits great potential application value in Cr(VI) elimination from water. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Facile preparation of Ti3C2Tx sheets by selectively etching in a H2SO4/H2O2 mixture.

MXenes and MXene-based composite materials have potential applications in a wide range of areas due to their unique physical and chemical characteristics. At present, it is still a major challenge to develop a simple, safe, and efficient route to prepare MXenes without using fluorinated etchants. Herein, we design a facile method to prepare Ti3C2Tx MXene sheets by selectively etching Ti3AlC2 powders in an aqueous diluted H2SO4 solution with H2O2 as an oxidant. In a system of H2SO4 and H2O2, an aqueous H2SO4 solution with a concentration of 6mol/L is a strongly acidic medium with no volatility, and 30% H2O2 acts as a strong green oxidizer without harmful by-products. The experimental process is safe and convenient to conduct in a beaker under a water bath of 40°C. The etching process can be completed in 1h under the air atmosphere conditions. The experimental results confirmed that the etched Ti3AlC2 powders can be successfully separated into Ti3C2Tx nanosheets under ultrasound treatment without using any intercalation agent. The relevant etching mechanism is may be attributed to the synergy effect of H2SO4 and H2O2, which triggers sequential selective etching of Al layers from the Ti3AlC2 phase. It may provide a new green way to prepare MXene-based materials without using toxic HF or HF-containing etchants.

Solution microcrystal enables a high-quality CsPbIBr2 film to minimize intragranular charge recombination for air-stable, carbon-based photovoltaics

The colloidal nature of perovskite precursor solution highly determines the quality of perovskite film and the photovoltaic performance of a perovskite solar cell (PSC). Herein, we demonstrate a facile method to fabricate a high-quality all-inorganic CsPbIBr2 film by regulating the temperature of the precursor solution. After characterization, stable microcrystals with a size up to 1 have been formed under high temperatures, more suitable for preferable crystallization by spontaneous nucleation than the precursor solution at room temperature. Consequently, rapid charge transfer across enlarged crystal grain rather than intragranular charge recombination is achieved within the perovskite film because of reduced defects, promoting the efficiency as high as 11.12% for carbon-based PSC, which is higher than that of a control device with 8.51% efficiency. Moreover, the optimal device shows improved stability under air atmosphere and high-temperature conditions.

Clindamycin removal from aqueous solution by non-thermal air plasma treatment: performance, degradation pathway and ensuing antimicrobial activity.

The present study set out to investigate clindamycin (CLN) removal from aqueous solution using non-thermal plasma (NTP) under atmospheric air conditions and to address the effects of some variables including pH, initial concentration of CLN, and working voltage on CLN degradation. The result showed that the NTP system exhibited excellent degradation rate and mineralization efficiency on CLN in 15 min under neutral conditions, which exceeded 90 and 45%, respectively, demonstrating its conversion to other organic by-products. Furthermore, CLN degradation was largely dependent upon the initial pH of solution, applied voltage, and reaction time. Specifically, under acidic conditions (pH = 3), working voltage of 24 kV and after 15 min of reaction, almost 100% of CLN was degraded. NTP-initiated CLN degradation products through LC-MS/MS analysis, determined within 10 min of reaction, inferred that the complex structure of CLN has undergone deterioration by active radical species which subsequently generated small molecular organic compounds. Chemical processes involved in CLN degradation were found to be demethylation, desulfonylation, dechlorination, hydroxylation and deamination. Lastly, antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed that the activity of CLN was reduced following NTP treatment, which is also in good agreement with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values obtained from microdilution analyses.

Influence of calcination atmosphere on Fe doped activated carbon for the application of lead removal from water

In the current work, granular activated carbon (GAC) materials doped with 5 and 10 wt% of Fe were prepared via incipient wetness impregnation method utilizing two different solvents (water and ethanol) and calcined in N2 and static air atmosphere. The prepared materials were thoroughly characterized by FE-SEM, EDS, XRD, FT-IR, XPS and BET surface area techniques. The Fe doped materials were examined for adsorptive removal of lead (Pb2+) ions from aqueous solution. According to the adsorption screening experiments, the 5 wt% Fe doped GAC impregnated in ethanol and calcined under nitrogen demonstrated the highest removal of Pb2+ ions (86.6%). The adsorption results were found consistent with the surface and porous properties of the doped GAC. The 5 wt% Fe-GAC/ethanol/nitrogen illustrated the maximum surface area (715 m2/g), the largest pore diameter and volume, and the lowest size of Fe nanoparticles. The adsorption kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics were evaluated for the remediation of Pb2+ ions by the optimized adsorbent. The kinetic analysis outcomes found well matched with the pseudo-second order model while the isotherm results modelling were well correlated with Redlich-Peterson, Sips and Langmuir models. The Langmuir highest adsorption capacity of Pb2+ ions was 124.3 mg/g at pH 4.7 and room temperature. The process of Pb2+ ions removal by Fe modified GAC was found as endothermic and spontaneous process as confirmed by the analysis of thermodynamic adsorption parameters. It was anticipated that both chemical and physical mechanisms were participated in the adsorption process including electrostatic interactions, complexation, ion exchange and surface adsorption.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN MUNICIPALITIES (A CASE OF IZHEVSK, UDMURT REPUBLIC)

The article discusses the main problematic issues related to the legal protection of atmospheric air. Effective implementation of measures for the protection of atmospheric air contributes to the realization of everyone's right to a favorable environment. The authors note that the atmospheric air protection system provides for the normalization of atmospheric air quality and harmful physical effects on atmospheric air, state accounting of harmful effects on atmospheric air and their sources, as well as a system of regular monitoring of the state of atmospheric air. The article presents data on the results of the study of the state of atmospheric air according to the program of episodic sampling. During the measurements and processing of the results, it was found out that the indicators of atmospheric air pollution on the average for the year on the roadway were higher than the intra-block ones. This is due to the intensive intake of fuel combustion products into the atmospheric air. It is noted that the formation of certain zones of atmospheric air pollution on the territory of the city of Izhevsk is facilitated by a combination of the effects of both stationary and mobile sources. However, in recent years, there has been a trend of reducing emissions from stationary emission sources located in the central industrial zone of Izhevsk.

Improvement of industrial town landscaping system

Air environment status is the most serious problem in the town of Sterlitamak (Russian Federation). The situation is aggravated by the fact that in the conditions of industrial town exist some unfavorable factors. They contribute to the accumulation of emissions from industrial facilities and transport means in the open air. An integrated approach is required to effectively address air basin pollution. This approach should provide for reliable assessment of the air pollution, as well as the development and creation of the systems for monitoring and managing the quality of air basin of the district, the town and the adjacent territory. The article describes the current state of landscaping in Sterlitamak. A lag in the pace of landscaping from the pace of construction which leads to the unsatisfactory state of atmospheric air is revealed. The issues of formation of full-fledged human habitat, in particular, landscaping of territories, are considered. The methods of the monitoring and structuring green spaces which allow increasing in the level of ecological comfort of the environment of industrial town are substantiated. The measures of improving the state of the atmospheric air, such as introduction of unified system of green spaces, landscaping of the sanitary protection zones (SPZ), increasing the number of green spaces in residential areas and landscaping of the railway transport routes are proposed. It is determined that the designing of landscaping of SPZ should be carried out taking into account the nature of industrial pollution, as well as local climatic and topographic conditions. The plants used for landscaping these areas must be sanitary effective and sufficiently resistant to air and soil pollution by industrial emissions. Recommendations on selection of green spaces that contribute to good aeration of the territory and prevent the penetration of harmful emissions into the residential area are given.

Mapping of enviromental pollution of air in Lviv

The condition and composition of air in Lviv are influenced by two main factors: the introduction of pollutants into the atmosphere through various sources and harmful physical effects on it. The latter includes radiation, sound vibrations, noise, and so on. These and other factors disrupt the optimal conditions of the air, which negatively affects human health and the condition and development of animals and plants. The main sources of pollutants in the air of Lviv are as follows: dust — vehicles, woodworking and building materials industry; sulfur dioxide — industrial enterprises, carbon monoxide — vehicles, thermal power plants; nitrogen dioxide — heat power companies; formaldehyde — motor transport, woodworking industry. Today, emissions from mobile sources are the biggest air pollutants in the city. The chemical composition of emissions from mobile sources of pollution is characterized by the predominance of carbon monoxide (up to 74 %), nitrogen compounds, and hydrocarbons (12 % and 11 %, respectively). Today the state of atmospheric air in large cities of Ukraine and, in particular, in the city of Lviv is at an unsatisfactory level. The main problems in this area are the progressive nature of the negative impact on the ecological state of the environment and human health. As there is currently no interactive cartographic material that can visualize the problem of environmental pollution, the main purpose of this work was to create an interactive web map of the quality of life of the population of Lviv in terms of air pollution. To achieve this goal, we collected and systematized geospatial statistical cartographic materials on the ecological conditions of the air in Lviv. The necessary software for the development of an interactive map of air pollution has been selected, and its possibilities have been studied. An algorithm for loading geospatial data into the created web resource has been developed. A template of applications for creating web maps of air pollution in Lviv was selected according to the indicators of 2020, which were measured at 30 crossroads of the city. Thus, two interactive web maps of air pollution in Lviv were developed in the environment «Google My Maps» and «ArcGIS Online».

Synthesis of Cs3MnBr5 Green Phosphors Using an Eco-Friendly Evaporative Crystallization Process.

Green (G) and red (R) light-emitting materials, such as quantum dots, perovskite nanocrystals, and inorganic phosphor powders, owing to their excellent optical characteristics, have attracted researchers’ attention as color-conversion materials for lighting and display applications. However, these materials contain environmentally harmful elements, such as Pb or Cd, and/or they are synthesized using environmentally harmful synthetic approaches and conditions, involving the use of organic solvents, high pressure, high temperature, harsh atmosphere, and long reaction time. In this study, as an eco-friendly synthetic approach to synthesize lead-free Cs3MnBr5 G powder phosphor, we suggest an evaporative crystallization process of aqueous reactant solution. This synthetic process does not use toxic elements or solvents and the crystallization process utilizes only low reaction temperature and short reaction time under air atmosphere conditions. We successfully synthesized Cs3MnBr5 green powder phosphor, with excellent optical properties, by evaporative heating of a 200 nm syringe-filtered solution at 150 °C for 2 h. The synthesized Cs3MnBr5 phosphors have a photoluminescence quantum yield of 66.3%, a peak wavelength of 520 nm, a narrow bandwidth of 38 nm, and a photoluminescence decay time of 0.34 ms under blue excitation. This phosphor is expected to be a useful alternative G-emitting material that can compete with commercial green quantum dots, perovskite nanocrystals, or inorganic phosphors.

Development and comparison of field assisted sintering techniques to densify CeO2 ceramics

Cerium dioxide (CeO2) was densified by conventional and field assisted sintering techniques in order to examine the effect of a range of sintering parameters on the resultant pellet microstructure, namely: temperature, hold time, atmosphere, electric field strength and polarity. CS at 1400 °C for 2 h in static air atmospheres provided the highest densities and grain sizes compared with an argon atmosphere, due to the retention of near stoichiometry maintaining sintering kinetics. SPS produced dense ceramics at similar sintering temperatures (1300 °C), but with greatly reduced sintering hold (5 min) and cycle times. However, microstructural inhomogeneity arose from the direct current polarity which led to oxygen ion diffusion toward the positive electrode. FS was performed with an alternating current electric field and produces samples of comparable density at sintering temperatures of ~1100 °C for a hold time of around 1 h with no inhomogeneity due to the alternating current employed.

Risk assessment for public health from air pollution in the industrial regions of Ukraine

The main purpose of the research is to improve the efficiency of management decisions in the field of environmental protection through using the methods for assessing the public health risk at the current level of air pollution. Methodology. The article presents a hierarchical methodological approach for determination of the level of air pollution hazard at the state, regional and local levels. The state of atmospheric air is greatly affected by emergencies associated with accidents at chemically hazardous facilities, which result in burst releases of hazardous chemicals into the environment. When determining the environmental risk of deterioration in the state of atmospheric air, the chemical hazard indicator was taken into account. Results. On the territory of the East of Ukraine there is the largest number of potentially dangerous enterprises. A new methodology of determination of the hazard level of air pollution is presented at the existing trends of anthropogenic load and the possible occurrence of technogenic emergencies. Assessment of public health risk due to air pollution in the Mariupol city showed an extremely high level of danger. The determination of the risk as a macroecological indicator according to the new method shows a high level of hazard of air pollution in the industrial developed regions of Ukraine. The shortcomings of the methodical approach of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA US), widely used in many countries of the world, are shown. An analysis of methodological approaches to assessing the public health risk has shown the promise of using the methodology for assessing potential risk in determining the level of environmental hazard of industrial enterprises. The assessment of the public health risk in the current quality state of air is given by two different methods for the regions of Ukraine with a high level of ecological and chemical hazard. The improvement of the methodology for assessing the risk to public health due to air pollution is proposed, which is presented as a scientific novelty. Currently when Ukraine has been affected by hostilities and the economic crisis, the issue of priority funding for environmental protection is very important. The implementation of the proposed methodological approach will make it possible to scientifically determine regions with an increased level of hazard to public health and minimize financial resources for improving the air quality, which has actual practical significance.

Development of anti-oxidation Ag salt paste for large-area (35 × 35 mm2) Cu-Cu bonding with ultra-high bonding strength

In this paper, by proposing a novel and low-cost Ag salt paste, a robustly and large-area (35 × 35 mm2) bare Cu to Cu bonding was realized under a low sintering pressure of 0.8 MPa and a low sintering temperature of 300 °C in air atmospheric conditions. The relationship between the bonding strength and microstructure changes of sintered Ag under various bonding conditions was investigated in detail. The large-area bonded plate exhibits low porosity about 10% and low percentage of voids, which result in ultra-high bonding strength over 58 MPa. More importantly, the introduction of reducing agent formic acid (CH2O2) and the low porosity successfully improve the anti-oxidation of novel Ag salt paste during sintering process, result in pure Cu-Ag-Cu bonding. The cross-section of the Ag joints was obtained to explain the bonding pattern, in which Cu was oxidized only at the edge of the sintering interface, and no Cu oxide generated in middle bonding section. The development of novel Ag salt paste successfully addresses the energy-intensive process and low bonding strength faced by large-scale sintering, which greatly promotes the high-temperature applications of power device.

Analyzing the state and protection of environment in the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast

Subject. Environmental pollution affects the living standards of the population, the economic situation of the region, its investment attractiveness, thus determining the need to assess the ecological situation and environmental costs. Objectives. The study aims to provide a quantitative assessment of air pollution, contamination of water basins, soil, condition of waste disposal, forest health, and current costs and investments in fixed assets for environmental protection. It also reviews the content of regional environmental projects of the Nizhny Novgorod Odlast and their financial support. Methods. The study draws on generalization of official statistical information, materials of federal and regional executive authorities, and employs methods of structural, dynamic, trend, and comparative analysis. Results. I reviewed the state of atmospheric air, soil, water and forest resources, industrial and household waste disposal, identified sources of nature pollution, estimated the costs of environmental protection, unveiled prospects for improving the quality of environment within the framework of environmental projects in the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Conclusions. The pollution of atmospheric air and soil is quite low in the region, however, only 40% of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere are neutralized, half of the wastewater is polluted. The most important problem is solid and liquid waste management. Investments in fixed capital are more than twice as high as the current costs of environmental protection, significant investments in the improvement of the Volga and rivers of the Volga basin are envisaged within the framework of regional projects "Ecology".

Copper(II)-Catalyzed Selective CAr-H Bond Formylation: Synthesis of Dialdehyde Aniline.

A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of dialdehyde aniline in good yields (up to 83%) is explored using Cu(OTf)2 as the catalyst, Selectfluor as the radical initiator, and DMSO as both the carbon and oxygen sources. Experimental studies indicate that the reaction is achieved by the formylation of two CAr-H bonds, first at the para-position and then at the ortho-position. A possible mechanism is proposed, including the thermal homolysis of Selectfluor, the Cu(II)-facilitated formylation of the CAr-H bonds, and the hydrolysis of the amide under alkaline conditions in air atmosphere.

Thermal Decomposition Characteristics and Kinetic Analysis of Chicken Manure in Various Atmospheres

Thermal decomposition technology is one of the main ways to treat biomass wastes. By utilizing chicken manure as raw material, thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetry (TG and DTG) are carried out on chicken manure at various heating rates (5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min) under nitrogen and air atmosphere to explore the thermal decomposition characteristics and kinetics. The obtained results indicate that there are great discrepancies between them in these two atmospheres. Chicken manure is pyrolyzed under nitrogen; however, it is first thermally decomposed and then developed for combustion under air. The temperature range of the main peak of thermal decomposition in the air atmosphere is significantly lower than that in the nitrogen atmosphere by about 30 °C. Furthermore, the fluctuation of the DTG curve pertinent to the air atmosphere is commonly greater than that obtained in the nitrogen atmosphere, and the main combustion section usually presents an obvious W-shape peak. The thermal decomposition kinetics of the chicken manure is also determined as random nucleation model F1 by employing the Malek method, and the mechanism function is derived by f(α)=1−α. Under nitrogen atmosphere, the activation energy is between 24.18~31.55 kJ·mol−1. Under air atmospheric conditions, the minimum activation energy of the second temperature section is 8.85 kJ·mol−1, and the activation energy of the first section is less than that of the third section. In the presence of both nitrogen and air, the best result for the thermal decomposition of the sample is attained under the action of 10 °C/min heating rate. The corresponding activation energies are 31.55 kJ·mol−1 and 95.91 kJ·mol−1, respectively.

Environmental Consequences Of the Capital Relocation In the Republic Of Kazakhstan

The large-scale socio-economic and political changes that have taken place in the post-Soviet space since the early 1990s have led to cardinal transformations of the economy and settlement in the former Soviet republics. The purpose of the study is to identify patterns and main features of the transformation of the environmental situation in the old and new capitals of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The subject of this article is the ecological transformation in former and modern capitals of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which was affected not only by post-Soviet changes but also by the transfer of capital functions from Almaty to Nur-Sultan. For a comprehensive analysis of the situation, the state of atmospheric air, water, soil and green spaces were considered. Quantitative calculations and qualitative assessment of the ecological situation showed that the environmental situation of both cities in 2020 was very similar, but the environmental state transformation index does not reach the level of Almaty due to the higher self-cleaning potential of the city and a newer and, accordingly, more environmentally friendly traffic flow. In two cities over the past 20 years, we registered a negative trend in impact level on water sources: a decrease in water consumption in Almaty by 45%, in Nur-Sultan by 27% since 2000. Modernization of plumbing and sewerage systems can reduce water leaks and improve wastewater transport to wastewater treatment plants. In 1998–2020, the environmental situation in Nur-Sultan changed much faster than in Almaty due to the low base effect and the transfer of capital functions because of the emissions from motor transport. However, for Almaty and Nur-Sultan, it can be concluded that the environmental situation by 2020 had been deteriorating much faster than it improved after the collapse of the USSR.