Ability Of States Research Articles

Complexity of policy making in pandemic crisis: Harmonizing national policy with global prevention pandemic policy

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the complexity of policy making in the pandemic crisis in the current situation. How do the all countries make “trial and error” policy model in dealing with the dynamic changing environment. The administrative state's exclusive ability to guide and manage public policy and administration is increasingly being challenged in both developing and developed countries. The research approach is content review of official documents and online news from each continent, which is defined by a few nations, in order to get a broad image of how complicated policymaking is. This call identifies a slew of regional and global governance actors with sway over state administrative and policy decisions. The findings are there has been a proliferation of institutional procedures and policy-making mechanisms and beyond but frequently conflicting with conventional state policy processes of the government policy delivery. Upcoming Events Formal and informal institutions and actors, often in conjunction with national public administrations, but more often on their own, are at the heart of these policy processes. Multi-stakeholder ventures, global public-private partnerships, and global commissions are all examples of this.

Law enforcement agencies as subjects of cybersecurity in the information space of Ukraine

Information security in Ukraine is an important area for securing space from internal and external threats. It is worth noting that information and state security is a wide field for analysis by both scholars and legislation. After all, attempts to manipulate the public consciousness do not stop, in particular, by disseminating inaccurate, incomplete or biased information. Ukraine's position in the information field is a reflection of the state's ability to defend itself at all possible levels. Cybersecurity of the state is a very important part of information security. This area is much narrower for regulation. In recent years, Ukraine has launched reforms and modernization processes in this area. It is important to emphasize that all processes are closely linked to European integration measures, which can be confirmed by significant financial and information assistance from partners.
 Indeed, possible cyber threats have revolutionized the state system, as well as the citizens to whom the effects of cyber attacks and cybercrime may extend. Therefore, cybersecurity issues are becoming increasingly important, becoming an integral part of national security and as a result of information security, and measures to combat cyber threats are being developed and implemented at the state level. In our country, for these purposes, the Law of Ukraine "On the Fundamentals of Cyber Security of Ukraine" was adopted, which, in particular, regulates the issues of cyber security and identifies the main directions and objectives of law enforcement agencies. The state mechanism for the implementation of certain tasks is necessarily a well-established system of bodies that would implement and perform certain functions in the legal field.
 Empowered law enforcement agencies aim to effectively exercise their powers, which did not matter, the need for coordination and cooperation with each other is becoming more and more acute.
 The importance of law enforcement research on the functioning of cybersecurity is due to the effectiveness of these entities in carrying out tasks. Also, the practical definition of the activities of law enforcement agencies may reveal accompanying problems.

The position of transnational economic structures in the system of international economic relations under globalization

The purpose of the article is to consider the development of transnational economic structures in the context of globalization processes, taking into account economic and non-economic factors. The article examines the theoretical foundations of the processes of transnationalization, the problems of foreign economic relations, the globalization of the economy and its relationship with the processes of economic development. The impact of transnational economic structures on socio-economic structures depends on the state's ability to find effective forms and methods of their use in its national interests. The consequence of the high degree of production internationalization at the largest TNCs was their establishment of dominance in the world commodity markets and in the leading sectors of the world economy. The decisive role of giant monopolies in the world market is determined by the fact that they occupy a dominant position not only in production and commercial export, but also in the trade of patents and licenses, the provision of technical services, the implementation of contract works, since the main part of scientific and technical activities, achievements and advanced production experience are concentrated in their hands. The main reasons for the emergence of transnational corporations under the influence of the integration and globalization processes of the world economy are considered. The thesis is proved that modern transnational economic structures represent economic structures with a complex organization, which strive to achieve a positive synergistic effect and a positive economic result, taking into account discounting at a certain stage of planning. Recently, TNCs have been dynamically increasing the volume of capital investments in developing countries, which is explained by the stabilization of the economic situation there and the appearance of new investment proposals, the implementation of profitable contracts. The analysis of the activities of the largest transnational corporations was carried out and the factors of their success were determined. The advantages and disadvantages of direct foreign investment of transnational economic structures, as the main form of expansion of their activities, are outlined. The main positive features of the TNCs activities in the territories of the countries are: creation of supply and satisfaction of population demand for new products; increase in population employment and creation of new jobs; increase in revenues to the national budgets of countries. The main negative features include: monopolization of power; creation of negative competition for national producers by monopolistic pricing of products; the primary satisfaction of one's own interests, regardless the needs of states. The dynamics of the sectoral and regional movement of direct foreign investments of transnational corporations are considered. Transnational corporations penetrate all sectors of the economy, however, the activities of most TNCs are related to the production sector of the economy. The largest benefits from the financial and economic activity of TNCs are brought to them by the base countries, the domains of which are the most developed states of the world. Keywords: transnational economic structures, globalization, processes of transnationalization, transnational corporations, international economy.

The impacts of COVID-19 on clean energy labor markets: Evidence from multifaceted analysis of public health interventions and COVID-health factors

COVID-19 pandemic has affected clean energy labor market. Using real-time job vacancy data, this study analyzes the impacts of the pandemic on the U.S. clean energy labor market in 2020, including biomass, energy efficiency (EE), electric vehicle (EV), power/microgrid, solar, and wind industries. This study identifies how COVID-health factors and public health interventions influence clean energy job availability during the early COVID pandemic. Overall, California had the most energy jobs and experienced a significant decrease in April 2020. EV and solar had the highest percentages of job vacancies during the pandemic in general. Still, lockdowns had the most severe influence on EE and wind jobs. Stay-at-home orders negatively affected clean energy job vacancies in biomass, EV, power/microgrid, and wind. Social-gathering restrictions, however, did not have much influence. Increased COVID tests at the state level had the strongest and most positive influence on clean energy job postings, indicating the importance of a state's ability to manage public health infrastructure or crisis issues. COVID hospitalizations negatively influenced the job vacancies in biomass and wind but did not affect the other four sectors; conversely, as COVID death numbers increased, the number of jobs in biomass, EV, power grid, solar, and wind decreased, but not in EE jobs.

Assisted suicide for prisoners: An ethical and legal analysis from the Swiss context.

Should prisoners be allowed to access assisted suicide? Whereas the ethical and legal issues regarding assisted suicide have now been extensively discussed in the literature, surprisingly scarce attention has been given to the pressing issue of inmates requesting assistance in dying. Through an analysis supported by the Swiss legal framework, I first argue that the principle of equivalence in prison medicine, which states that prisoners ought to receive the same level of health care as the general population does not prove a solid basis in arguing for prisoners’ right to assisted suicide. Over the course of the paper, I defend the view that the right to access assisted suicide is to be understood as a liberty that cannot be removed from incarcerated individuals. I argue that removing such a liberty cannot be consistently held within a legal framework where the death penalty does not exist, for doing so necessarily forgoes the State's ability to decide on when and how prisoners' lives end, in turn necessarily leaving them the liberty to end theirs when they decide so. I finally argue against the position that the capacity for autonomous choice is lacking in inmates by disentangling the particular features of the prison‐setting and show that the context of incarceration is not so substantially different from regular cases of suicide assistance that it warrants a difference in treatment. The position I propose proves important in order to both respect prisoners' rights and ensure they retain a minimum level of control over their existences.

Indonesia´s interests in winning biodiesel disputes in the World Trade Organization

This article analyzes the Indonesia's interest in winning in a series of biodiesel disputes against the EU. These disputes formally entered the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the World Trade Organization in 2014 (DS480) and in 2019 (DS593). This article explores how Indonesia could defend its political-economic interest by providing the necessary evidence to the Panel. The logic of the neoliberal institutionalist framework, which does not believe in the harmony of interests, allows for an in-depth analysis of why Indonesia pursues institutional mechanisms within its litigation approach. This research argues that the WTO is perceived as the enabling factor to defend Indonesia's interest, where resource nationalism justifies the state's ability to play an increasingly complex and pervasive role that the private sectors could not otherwise have done. The legal procedures provided for in the WTO system are in line with Indonesia's interest in cooperation and conflict management.

A Study on Reassessing Tax and Development Research in Present Context

The shortcomings of economic statistics for developing nations, as well as the possibility that bad data have led to inaccurate research findings and bad policy recommendations, are of growing concern. Cross-country tax data provide a striking example, with existing datasets frequently being significantly underreported, analytically imprecise, rife with errors, and glaringly opaque. The International Centre for Tax and Development's new Government Revenue Dataset, which offers a more dependable, transparent, and thorough basis for international research, is introduced in this paper. Initially, this new dataset was used to reevaluate key issues regarding the connections between tax and aid, elections, economic growth, and democratization. Governments receive the money they need from taxes to invest in development, alleviate poverty, and provide public services. It offers a remedy for aid dependency in developing nations and offers the fiscal stability and sustainability required to foster growth. In terms of transparency and fairness, tax system design is also closely related to domestic and international investment choices. Enhancing domestic resource mobilization involves more than just increasing revenue; it also entails creating a tax structure that supports social justice, good governance, inclusiveness, and appropriate income and wealth disparities. The social contract between governments and citizens and the improvement of the state's ability to function effectively both depend on taxes. The taxation system is essential to creating more accountable and effective states because it promotes communication between states and their citizens. Tax administration reforms may spread to other areas of the public sector.

ПРОМИСЛОВЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПРОТИДІЇ ВІЙСЬКОВІЙ АГРЕСІЇ

Introduction. The article substantiates the importance of the industrial development to strengthening the country's defense capability and ensure the civilian population needs. Based on a comparison of the financing of the defense complex in different countries, it is shown that, in addition to direct military expenditures, defense capability depends on a developed industrial complex. Prospective types of industrial activity in Ukraine, which have a high degree of influence on meeting the needs of the economy in the conditions of war time, have been identified. New technologies for ensuring defense capability are defined and tools for digital and innovative transformations in Ukrainian industry are proposed. Materials and methods. The substantiation of the industrial complex capabilities to strengthen the national security, the determination of key areas of production to meet the needs of the economy in the conditions of war time, as well as the set of tools for realizing such capabilities in Ukraine was carried out by dialectical, formal-legal, systemic-structural and comparative methods. The dialectical method made it possible to determine the possibilities of manufacturing modern means of defense and products for the lifesaving of the country's population. With the help of the formal-legal method, the content of the norms of separate current normative legal acts of Ukraine, which define the concept of the country's defense capability, is highlighted. The use of the system-structural method made it possible to determine key strategic goals and key strategic initiatives for digital and innovative transformations in Ukrainian industry. Comparative methods of economic and statistical analysis based on statistical data of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation were used to determine the trends in the financing of defense expenditures in different countries. Results and discussion. Countering military threats depends on the state's ability to ensure the safety of the population and the integrity of the territory, where a powerful industrial complex plays the main role. Financing of the defense sector for the supply of weapons and means of warfare in Ukraine is insufficient compared to other countries, although during wartime its volumes increase. At the same time, it is impossible to imagine a combat-ready army without proper provision of special uniforms, protective equipment, food, fuel and lubricants, medicines, etc. All this confirms the importance of a developed industrial complex in creating available resources to meet the needs of not only the civilian population, but also the needs of the army. To increase the country's readiness for military threats, it is necessary to activate innovative transformations in advance by introducing technologies to production processes in industry, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning; robotics, bioinformatics, blockchain, and countermeasures against cyber threats. The wide application of such technologies in all spheres of scientific, industrial and military activity will allow strengthening the country's defense capabilities and provide additional opportunities for managing combat operations, destroying enemy equipment and preventing infiltration into the country's territory; hiding one's positions and masking; conducting search and rescue operations; data collection and documentation of war crimes; protection, productivity and life support, as well as to counter cyberattacks. Conclusions. As a result of the study, a list of advanced Industry 4.0 technologies was determined, the production of which can be organized at Ukrainian factories with the cooperation of foreign partners. The primary measures to accelerate the technological transformation of Ukrainian production based on the establishment of an effective dialogue between state and local authorities, national manufacturers and scientific and educational institutions, as well as close cooperation with European and international clusters, are substantiated.

THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND RUSSIA'S WAR AGAINST UKRAINE ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN THE CONTEXT OF THREATS TO GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

Currently, threats to food security reach a global scale. To a large extent, this is caused by the full-scale invasion of Russia on the territory of Ukraine and the losses that occurred as a result of the war. In general, before the war, Ukraine supplied 10% of world exports of wheat, more than 15–20% of barley, and more than 50% of sunflower oil. After the Russian invasion, Ukraine restricted the export of some grains. According to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Michelle Bachelet, due to Ukraine's war with Russia, the number of people with a lack of food will increase by 47 million during the year and will be almost 323 million by the end of the year. First of all, the term food security refers to the availability of food for people without any scarcity, and it is considered that food security is effectively achieved when a person is not afraid of or susceptible to hunger, and is used as a criterion to prevent food shortages or disruptions in the future in a few factors Such factors are considered dangerous, including drought and wars and other problems, if they threaten food security. Absolute food security is defined as the production of food in one country at a level equal to or even exceeding domestic demand and can sometimes be considered to achieve the concept of complete self-sufficiency. Indicators of relative food security relate to the state's ability to produce and supply what the population needs in the form of food in whole or in part. From this we conclude that the concept of food security refers to the need to provide the population with the necessary food products, which may depend on cooperation with other countries or only on self-sufficiency. The Covid-15 pandemic and the war have broken many chains of the global food security system, and as a result, there have been significant disruptions in the uninterrupted supply of food to consumers at reasonable prices. The methodology is based on the analysis of scientific problems according to the nature of the research object, based on such methods of scientific knowledge as direct (empirical) analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, historical method. The results of the study relate to the presentation of the concept of food security and the degree of influence on it by natural disasters and geopolitical conflicts, in particular the war between Russia and Ukraine, the study of individual indicators of Ukrainian exports that affect the food security of some Arab and African countries, as well as the volumes of production and exports in different periods . Such indicators show a brief overview of the importance of Ukraine as a "food-nurse" for some countries and the consequences that will occur if the supply of agricultural products from Ukraine is stopped from both large and small businesses.

ДЕРЖАВНЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ІННОВАЦІЙНО-ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА

The article substantiates the main theoretical and methodological principles of state regulation of innovation and entrepreneurship investment development. The purpose of the article is to form the conceptual foundations of state regulation of entrepreneurship innovation and investment development based on the development of new adaptation mechanisms under the conditions of transformational economic processes. The main characteristics of Ukrainian entrepreneurship have been highlighted, which determine its priority for the state economic policy in comparison with other spheres of economic activity. The main components of innovative and investment development of entrepreneurship, on which the attention of state authorities should be focused, have been substantiated, and the main goals of state regulation are highlighted. The main factors influencing the innovation and investment development of entrepreneurship have been identified, which include the level of corruption, the state's ability to provide preferential conditions for conducting business, and the state and prospects of state support for foreign economic activity. It has been substantiated that the synergistic approach directs the process of managing innovation and investment development in the direction of self-organization of complex systems, which includes the entrepreneurship sector with its complex multifunctional aspects of existence. Synergistic resources of innovation and investment development of entrepreneurship and their effective use completely depends on the actions of the state apparatus and the formed state policy in this direction. The mechanism of state regulation of innovation and investment development of entrepreneurship has been developed, its structure, tasks and functional content have been determined. Implementation of the mechanism is carried out by including a number of organizational and financial instruments. Among the organizational ones, it is advisable to single out the regulatory and legal and programmatic components, which relate to legal support and regulatory support of the implemented procedures. The financial component of the mechanism's instrumental support is a set of means of tax regulation and promotion of self-investment of entrepreneurship, as well as financial and investment instruments of state influence.

The Critical Impact of Better Civil Services Reforms on the Better Governance of the Country: A Study of Pakistan

A long history of poor management, rampant corruption, and politicization of civil service has left Pakistan in an economic quagmire, inequitable growth, and political instability. Pakistan’s civil service,by all parameters, has failed to provide effective service delivery and other basic services of public welfare. In the public eye,the country’s civil service officers are seen as non-compliant and least responsive, and uncompassionate behavior coupled with bureaucratic hurdles further aggravate the exploitation of the common masses. The lack of transparency and the military's ability to interfere in the public domain have raised concerns about the state's ability to maintain order. The government should prioritize reforms to transform the Armed Forces into a more effective and efficient organization. Since its inception in 1947, Pakistan has made many attempts to reform civil services, but no real change on the ground calls for turning the elusive dream of civil service delivery into reality. If the flaws of an unreformed bureaucracy remain unaddressed, the government may risk its chances of gaining public support.

BOTANIC URBANISM: The Technopolitics of Controlled Environments in Singapore's Gardens by the Bay

AbstractThis article examines the development of Singapore's Gardens by the Bay, a parkland and botanical gardens complex on a reclaimed land platform which opened in 2012. It provides three readings of the development based on different types of technopolitical governance. First, it discusses the significance of the location of the Gardens on one of Singapore's reclaimed land platforms, part of the ‘terraforming’ strategies of the government's land development process. Second, it situates the project within the state's complex botanical relationship with colonial and postcolonial knowledge circuits, and suggests that this is part of the governance challenge of ‘acclimatizing’ to the tropical climate. Third, it suggests that the Gardens are part of an ‘exhibitionary complex’ based on engaging publics with the state's ability to harness science to provide a controlled, ordered polity. To illustrate this, the article brings together the political discourse of two Singaporean prime ministers with a discussion of the architectural design and environmental engineering of the project, and the curatorial practices of the state's National Parks Board. The article demonstrates the complex interplay of environmental, architectural and botanical engineering with state strategies of both citizen engagement and tourist attraction, and the importance of the practice of exhibition within urban megaprojects.

The Anatomy of Stalinist Police States

Abstract This article examines the building of Communist surveillance networks in Czechoslovakia and Poland in the early 1950s, focusing on the methods employed by the operational divisions of the secret police in these countries and their system of “preventative policing,” and shows how the secret police networks shaped the information reaching Communist party leaders and Soviet advisers in East-Central Europe during the Stalinist period. By examining how the regimes collected information on the economy, religious institutions, higher education, and other areas of everyday life, the article traces how blanket surveillance networks became more institutionalized, insular, and scripted over time, hindering the state's ability to collect and process meaningful information. These problems were symptomatic of larger informational barriers facing Soviet-style regimes.

Explaining divergent National Responses to Covid-19: An Enhanced State Capacity Framework

ABSTRACT We develop a state capacity framework to account for different national responses to Covid-19. Our starting point is the influential idea that neoliberalism has a major role to play in state failure to control the pandemic. By implementing neoliberal reforms, states have ostensibly rendered themselves incapable of preventing or mitigating the viral outbreak. A focus on the British experience lends weight to this perspective. But when viewed in a comparative light, the picture is less straightforward. By comparing the British and Australian cases, we see a similar embrace of neoliberal reforms across the whole of government, yet with strikingly divergent outcomes. How can we account for this dramatic difference? To answer this question, we offer an enhanced state capacity framework to improve our understanding of diverse national responses to Covid-19. Our larger objective is to enrich the existing state capacity literature in two ways. First, we extend the existing state capacity framework by introducing a new category – salutary capacity – to encapsulate a state's ability to correct and counteract the course of a national health emergency. Second, we introduce the idea of political choice to emphasise the importance of agency in offsetting the institutional weaknesses associated with neoliberal reform.

POLAND'S ENERGY SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL INITIATIVES

The current conditions of global development actualize the need for political actors to form a high level of energy security. It expands the state's ability to ensure the sustainability of economic development and the ability to withstand likely threats. The issue of energy security and sovereignty are key on the agenda of the EU, which seeks to implement a strategy of global leadership. The environmental modernization of the EU energy sector and each member state must comply with the main goal of «The European Green Deal», which is to reduce carbon emissions by 55% before 2030. The subject of the study is the substance and peculiarities of the formation of energy security in Poland. The aim of the study is to analyze the mechanisms of energy security of Poland in the context of EU environmental initiatives. Research methodology: systematic approach, method of analysis and comparison. The issue of energy security is recognized as key in achieving sustainable economic development in Poland. The content and basic principles of state energy security are presented in the National Security Strategy and detailed in the Energy Policy. Among the main directions of ecological modernization of the energy sector the following have been identified: efficient consumption of national energy resources; modernization of the energy sector and infrastructure; diversification of natural gas, oil, liquid fuel supplies; optimization of energy market functioning; construction of nuclear power plants; expansion of alternative energy sources; modernization of heating and co-generation energy systems; increasing energy efficiency. Polish officials have emphasized the need for a three-phase energy transition, involving a reduction in the production and use of coal, a gradual increase in the share of natural gas and the expansion of opportunities to use energy from alternative sources. The modernization of Poland's energy sector correlates with the implementation of «The European Green Deal» and other EU environmental initiatives. Energy sovereignty is secured through domestic and foreign financial assistance. The National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management of Poland attracts investments in environmental projects related to the development of geothermal energy and improvement of infrastructure energy efficiency. EU special funds (European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund, Cohesion Fund, Just Transition Fund and Modernization Fund) provide funding for national or regional projects aimed at the comprehensive modernization of the Polish energy sector and the implementation of commitments to achieve climate neutrality. Poland pursues an active policy of cooperation in the energy sphere with other states – Denmark, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Projects such as "Baltic Pipe" and "The Baltic Synchronisation Project" are in the active implementation phase. The results of the study: energy security is a key factor in the sustainability of economic development of Poland, the implementation of the modernization of the national energy complex correlates with the EU environmental initiatives, which contributes to the attraction of domestic and foreign investment, as well as the resources of public diplomacy.

Financial security of the state in the field of circulation and use of virtual currencies

Financial security of the state in the field of circulation and use of virtual currencies

Perlindungan hukum pelaku usaha komoditi pertanian melalui penguatan anggaran dalam rangka mencegah krisis pangan

The magnitude of the influence of food availability and affordability of prices will provide certainty for the people's trust in the state, especially the Indonesian government, which has Pancasila as the basis for the manifestation of national and state life, must be translated so that its main mission can be understood. In the spirit of a rule of law approach, legal protection for the guarantee of food availability must be considered, so that the main objective of forming a state for the welfare of the people can be realized and felt. Economic democracy based on social justice, which has been translated by economic experts and lawyers into a popular economic model, has a framework that must be clarified. The existence of an agricultural country necessitates a concentration on the agricultural sector. The issue of shrinking agricultural land for food production compared to the area of oil palm land is a manifestation of the weakening role of the government. So that the stimulus to agriculture must be carried out. The application of the cost of food production as well as the guarantee of the lowest price is urgently needed. Of course with a complete explanation that the food problem is not just a guarantee of supply. However, the state's ability to produce independently is the key to state sovereignty.How to cite item: Irfan, M. (2021). Perlindungan hukum pelaku usaha komoditi pertanian melalui penguatan anggaran dalam rangka mencegah krisis pangan. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 12(2), 187-194. doi:https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v12i2.5809

Antitrust compliance: system standardization issues

The article examines the etymology and prehistory of the introduction of the institution of antimonopoly compliance in Russian business practice, the relationship of this institution with the institution of general compliance. The article considers the definition of the concept of antimonopoly compliance, enshrined in the new article 91 of the Federal Law "On Protection of Competition".The authors propose their own definition of the concept of antimonopoly compliance as an activity of an economic entity aimed at ensuring compliance with antimonopoly legislation by employees of an economic entity and an economic entity as a whole by preventing and suppressing violations of the requirements of such legislation and regulatory legal and law enforcement acts based on it.The authors also substantiate the advisability of developing a special national standard GOST R "System of internal compliance with the requirements of antimonopoly legislation (antimonopoly compliance system) of an economic entity".It is noted that the effectiveness of the antimonopoly compliance system will depend not only on the ability of an economic entity to form an antimonopoly compliance system on the basis of an appropriate national standard, but also on the state's ability to determine and guarantee effective incentives to comply with antimonopoly legislation.The authors substantiate the advisability of supplementing the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation with provisions that provide for the obligation and limits to reduce the amount of punishment or replace the punishment with a softer one in the event of an anticompetitive administrative offense by a person who has implemented an effective system of antimonopoly compliance.

Local engagement in environmental peacebuilding: protected area development as a pathway to peace in Afghanistan

ABSTRACT This article interrogates local engagement in protected area development as a mechanism for peacebuilding in Afghanistan. Using interviews with representatives from the Band-e-Amir Protected Area Committee, I argue that protected area engagement produced mixed outcomes. In one sense, local engagement generated confidence that democratic processes introduced through governance reforms could transform power structures and resolve conflict. Yet, these same processes eroded confidence in the state's ability to deliver benefits and serve as a foundation for peace. This case suggests a need to consider how environmental peacebuilding at subnational scales can impede post-conflict peacebuilding through its effect on state-society relations.

THE ESSENCE OF FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC REGULATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY

The article reveals the theoretical foundations of the system of financial and economic regulation of agricultural production, based on domestic practice and best foreign practices. Various author's approaches to the structuring of the components of financial and economic regulation of agricultural enterprises are considered. It is established that improving the efficiency of support for national agricultural producers depends on the rate of real economic growth, which, on the one hand, will increase the state's ability to subsidize agricultural enterprises, and on the other - increase domestic sources of investment in agricultural projects.