Conditions In Rural Areas Research Articles

Rural Industries and Their Role in the Development of Rural Areas and Afghanistan's National Economy

This study explores the role of rural industries in addressing these issues by examining their potential to improve economic conditions in rural areas and their contribution to the national economy. This study aims to examine the role of rural industries in the development of rural areas and their impact on Afghanistan's national economy. Additionally, it seeks to identify the challenges and opportunities for developing these industries and propose strategies for improving their current state. In this study, I aim to address the following questions: What role do rural industries play in the economic development of rural areas in Afghanistan? What are the major challenges to the development of rural industries in Afghanistan? And how can the potential of rural industries be harnessed to strengthen the national economy? This review study utilizes both analytical and descriptive approaches and relies on credible scientific sources and field data. The information collected includes academic articles, government reports, and statistical data related to rural industries in Afghanistan. Data analysis is conducted descriptively and analytically, focusing on the economic, social, and environmental impacts of rural industries. The findings indicate that the development of rural industries can significantly improve the economy of Afghanistan's rural areas. These industries, by creating employment opportunities, increasing income, and reducing poverty, play a key role in strengthening the national economy.

Determinant of Rural and Urban Student Performance in Ghana

Despite the large number of remedial students entering tertiary institutions in Ghana, very little empirical research has examined the impact of geographical and socio-economic variables on student performance. This study uses microdata on 360 urban and rural remedial students to examine the differences in educational outcomes between those attending remedial schools in rural areas and those enrolled in urban remedial schools. The study further analyzes the determinants of educational outcomes, with a focus on the relevance of geographical location. The descriptive analysis shows that the academic outcomes of urban remedial students are generally better than those of rural students. In contrast, the results from the student’s t-test indicate a statistically significant difference in the performance of urban and rural remedial students. The determinants of these performances include age, gender, number of papers written, parental education, and, most importantly, the location of the remedial student. From a policy perspective, the findings of this paper support actions aimed at improving educational conditions in rural areas.

Declining interest in afforestation under the common agricultural policy. Evidence from Poland and Lithuania

Land afforestation is an important aspect of forested land development. Increasing the area of forest areas through the reforestation of uncultivated, abandoned or agriculturally unsuitable land is considered an important way to diversify economic activities in order to reduce dependence on agricultural activities and improve environmental conditions in rural areas. The main objective of the study is to identify the factors affecting the afforestation of agricultural land carried out in the years 2004–2020 by farmers under the individual financial perspectives of the Rural Development Programme (RDP) in Poland and Lithuania. The study included a review of Polish and Lithuanian regulations aimed at providing financial support for afforestation under the RDP. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the rules and criteria for financial support for afforestation in relation to selected socio-economic indicators of the two countries was carried out. Based on the study results, it can be clearly stated that in both Poland and Lithuania, the support for afforestation under the RDP fails to meet the beneficiaries’ expectations. It would, therefore, be advisable to adapt the Programme to the changing economic conditions and keep the afforested land under the RDP under technical supervision. Support for afforestation should be continued to ensure the improvement in land use and the enhancement of the prospects for long-term economic activity in rural areas as well as to implement the assumptions of the green economy.

Environmental and Life Conditions Associated with Childhood Diarrhea in the Rural Area in Southern Brazil: an Exploratory Study

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the conditions of basic sanitation and its association with the prevalence of cases of childhood diarrhea in the rural area of the municipality of Alpestre (Brazil). Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises a cross-sectional epidemiological study. Data collection was carried out through a survey of information conducted through home interviews. Socioeconomic conditions and basic sanitation were investigated, in addition to caregiver-reported diarrhea in children. For data alnalysis, the information contained in the questionnaires was entered into a database in the Epi InfoTM software. Results and Discussion: This study can be an example of the one health concept approach. The results obtained revealed the prevalence of 13.4% of diarrhea had been associated with factors of the peri-domiciliary environment such as the quality of the water consumed and its storage, sewage treatment, the presence of domestic animals on the rural property, solid waste destination, and socioeconomic conditions. Research Implications: Social and economic policies in favor of environmental health are essential, especially for the health of children. Community health agents are important to the application of public policies related to health education, aiming to expand access to sanitation services and improve conditions in rural areas with a focus on the most vulnerable families. Originality/Value: The relevance of this research is its contribution to the literature by showing tha rural areas have difficult socio-economic conditions, the prevalence of diarrhea was associated with poor sanitation, and public policies related to health education for rural population are needed.

Current state and problems of staffing in the agro-industrial complex of Russia

Staffing is a key factor in the effective functioning of the agro-industrial complex (AIC) of Russia. Proper management of human resources contributes to the sustainable development of the industry and increases its competitiveness. The article analyzes the main problems of staffing in the agro-industrial complex, such as the shortage of qualified specialists, low level of personnel training, labor migration and aging personnel. To successfully solve these problems, measures have been proposed, including the development of a continuing education system, increasing wages, improving working and living conditions in rural areas, as well as strengthening interaction between agricultural enterprises and educational institutions. Particular attention is paid to government support and the creation of favorable conditions for attracting young specialists. Recommendations have been developed to improve the personnel situation aimed at ensuring sustainable development of the Russian agro-industrial complex.

Profile of Mortal Injuries in Vehicular Accidents: An Autopsy-Based Study.

Background It is crucial to analyze the trends of fatal injuries amongpedestrians, passengers, motorcycle riders, and drivers of three- and four-wheelers in traffic accidents. Objective To ascertain the trend of fatal injuries to the head, chest, and abdomen across different victim categories in vehicular accidents. Materials and methods An autopsy-based prospective study was carried out in the mortuary of a rural tertiary care hospital. A total of 108 fatal cases of vehicular accidents were taken into consideration. All natural and unnatural deaths, other than those stemming from vehicle crashes, were excluded from this study; only the victims of fatal vehicularaccidents were included. Results Males outnumbered female victims by 8.8:1. The age range of 41-60 years was the most affected (38.9%). The greatest number of victims (17, or 15.8%) were male motorcycle riders in the range of 21-40 years. Most vehicular mishaps (61;56.5%) occurred during the evening. The most frequent injury pattern reported was head injuries (53.4%). Conclusions Motorcycle riders constituted the most severely injured victim category in a vehicular accident. Most mishaps occurred in the dark because of inadequate lighting or bad road conditions in rural areas. Furthermore, the most frequently occurring type of injury was an injury to the head, which may be an outcome of riders' lack of compliance with the mandatory helmet-use policy.

Assessment of Primary Laboratory Facilities for Rural Health Care Preparedness in Osmanabad District, India

Government of India has provided Indian Public Health Standards to improve rural health care services and health status, but still rural laboratory is a cause of concern. This study is performed to understand the laboratory facility-level gaps that need to be addressed to improve the public primary health centres (PHCs) present in rural areas. The laboratory assessment is performed for governance, financing, resources and services, and results are validated with the PHC laboratory performance. The current assessment shows critical gaps in the facilities regarding governance, services, resources and financing required for the laboratory services at the rural primary health care level. Governance and services need to be strengthened the most, followed with sustained availability of resources and financing. Poor health status in rural areas necessitates public health response based on health systems. Therefore, health system preparedness in the form of laboratory services is essential in primary health care facilities.

Вплив «сільських» поведінкових стратегій населення України на якість життя в умовах війни

The purpose of the article is to analyse and understand how «rural» behavioural aspects of the Ukrainian population influence the perception and adaptation to the conditions of armed conflict. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of those rural behavioural aspects that are common to the entire population and may impact adaptation strategies and the improvement of quality of life during military events. In the context of modern conflicts and war scenarios, the study of population behaviour and its impact on the resilience of quality of life becomes particularly significant. Military conflicts not only threaten the safety and stability of society but also sharply increase the importance of understanding population behavioural aspects in the conditions of armed conflict and their impact on the quality of life. The examination of population behaviour during an extreme period of armed conflict potentially provides answers to how effectively the Ukrainian population can adapt to economic difficulties and overcome them. For the investigation of the impact of «rural» behavioural aspects on the quality of life of the population in Ukraine, a combination of specialized and general scientific methods was employed. These include the monographic method, bibliometrics, and content analysis. Additionally, forecasting and modelling methods were utilized to predict the impact of fullscale military actions on poverty, a key indicator of quality of life. After the conducted research, it can be noted that in the conditions of a full-scale invasion by Russian forces, the «rural» behavioural characteristics of Ukrainians exhibit numerous advantages, arising from the close interaction between rural and urban existence. It is demonstrated that a potentially significant portion of the country’s population, particularly those of rural origin, possesses skills in land management. The presence of relatives in villages and small towns, who have large living spaces and substantial land plots, enabled the acceptance of many forcibly displaced individuals during the war. The study confirms that behavioural traits such as the tradition of stockpiling food supplies, maintaining habitable housing conditions in rural areas, and the existence of close familial and social ties have significantly mitigated the impact of the war on the population.

Managing energy consumption by adapted energy performance contracting modes in rural China

Energy performance contracting (EPC) as a market instrument has been effective in promoting energy efficiency worldwide, but it has encountered many insurmountable obstacles in rural energy management. In this study, based on the characteristics of energy management in rural areas, three EPC modes are designed and tested in 24,000 rural households. The test results show that two adapted EPC modes of local government involvement and energy payment directly from the national grid can effectively overcome the barriers encountered in the traditional EPC modes and work well under the economic and social environmental conditions in rural areas. The key to the adaptation of the traditional EPC modes is the introduction of the local government as the third party. Participation of the third party can effectively reduce and remove the barriers and risks and increase the mutual trust between the clients (households) and the energy service companies (ESCOs). Based on the testing results, this study suggests that governmental departments should formulate relevant EPC policies and technical guidelines within the rural context. This research recommends that farmers should not manage their energy services by themselves and it is suggested to out-contracting ESCOs by applying the modes developed and tested by this paper.

Clinical effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation and barriers to completion in patients of low socioeconomic status in rural areas: A mixed-methods study.

To investigate cardiac rehabilitation utilisation and effectiveness, factors, needs and barriers associated with non-completion. We used the mixed-methods design with concurrent triangulation of a retrospective cohort and a qualitative study. Economically disadvantaged areas in rural Australia. Patients (≥18 years) referred to cardiac rehabilitation through a central referral system and living in rural areas of low socioeconomic status. A Cox survival model balanced by inverse probability weighting was used to assess the association between cardiac rehabilitation utilization and 12-month mortality/cardiovascular readmissions. Associations with non-completion were tested by logistic regression. Barriers and needs to cardiac rehabilitation completion were investigated through a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews and focus groups (n = 28). Among 16,159 eligible separations, 44.3% were referred, and 11.2% completed cardiac rehabilitation. Completing programme (HR 0.65; 95%CI 0.57-0.74; p < 0.001) led to a lower risk of cardiovascular readmission/death. Living alone (OR 1.38; 95%CI 1.00-1.89; p = 0.048), having diabetes (OR 1.48; 95%CI 1.02-2.13; p = 0.037), or having depression (OR 1.54; 95%CI 1.14-2.08; p = 0.005), were associated with a higher risk of non-completion whereas enrolment in a telehealth programme was associated with a lower risk of non-completion (OR 0.26; 95%CI 0.18-0.38; p < 0.001). Themes related to logistic issues, social support, transition of care challenges, lack of care integration, and of person-centeredness emerged as barriers to completion. Cardiac rehabilitation completion was low but effective in reducing mortality/cardiovascular readmissions. Understanding and addressing barriers and needs through mixed methods can help tailor cardiac rehabilitation programmes to vulnerable populations and improve completion and outcomes.

Assessment of dental morbidity in school-going children (6–10-year-old): A cross-sectional study

Background Restricted activity days are prevalent in children with oral health problems. Oral health issues cause over 50 billion hours of education to be lost each year, which has an impact on children’s school performance and the potential for success. Mostly it is concluded that dental caries is the most common disease among individuals. In addition, it may create chronic systemic conditions in healthy individuals. In children, it may induce deformities in the growth of the unerupted teeth. This study will help identify the factors and causes of risk factors for morbidities associated with dental problems. It also includes the educational status and socioeconomic condition of their parents, which is conducted in the Wardha district of Maharashtra in the field practice of villages among children. Aim To Assess dental morbidity among schoolchildren in rural areas and their relationship with their socioeconomic status in rural areas of Wardha District. Methodology A questionnaire-based face-to-face interview was conducted in this community-based cross-sectional study to assess dental morbidity in school-going children. The study participants will be children aged 6–10 years in the rural areas of the Wardha district. The variables of this study were the sociodemographic profile, habits, and morbidities of the children.

Increasing Minimum Teacher Salaries: Opportunities and Drawbacks Across Geography and Race

Following record-high public support for improved teacher salaries, many states initiated a variety of pandemic-era reforms to teacher compensation policies to improve teacher morale and retention. In this article, we examine a minimum teacher salary reform in Missouri, a state home to a diverse geographic landscape including major metropolitan areas and large rural regions. On the one hand, we estimate eligible teachers would receive sizable salary increases averaging almost eight percent. Conversely, these teachers were located almost exclusively in the state's rural areas, effectively excluding most urban teachers and students and, due to the state's non-white ethnoracial concentration in urban metropolitan areas, virtually all of the state's non-White teachers and students. As states craft policy reforms to support their teacher workforces, attention must be devoted to the magnitude and the distribution of funding to ensure its equitable allocation across teacher and student characteristics and district urbanicity.

The Impacts of Climate Change on Rural Areas of Afghanistan: A Comprehensive Review

In Asia, Afghanistan is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, with frequent droughts and floods. The agricultural sector, drinking water, health, food security, hunger, and soil quality and organic matter are all negatively affected by climate change. Examining how farms are responding to variations in precipitation and temperature and the effects of climate change are the primary goals of present paper. According to recent studies, Afghani farmers use a range of adaptation techniques to cope with the impacts of climate change. These techniques include altering the type of fertilizers used, crop variety, pesticides, quality of seeds, water conservation, diversifying their farms, planting shade trees, using different methods of irrigation, moving permanently or temporarily, and selling resources. Additionally, studies conducted in the literature revealed that farmers in wetland areas felt less variation in the climate than those in dry areas. In this review, we have found severe influences of climate change on agriculture, poverty and health conditions in rural areas of Afghanistan, therefore it is important for the responsible authorities to take immediate action for climate change adaptation to overcome the severe impacts of climate change in rural areas of Afghanistan.

A Changing Scenario of Living Condition in Rural Haryana: Special Reference to Jind District

Living conditions are taken to mean the conditions in which social human beings live their lives or conditions related to the living standard of the people. Many social, economic, and material conditions affect the living standard of the people in a society. According to the Human Development Index (HDI), positive growth in health, education and standard of living are the important elements that reflect the development of any particular region. That is, these three elements affect the overall living condition and development of the area. Changed form of development is found according to time and place. This research study shows the changing nature of the living conditions of rural people in Jind district of Haryana State. This research work is mainly based on primary and secondary data. Information related to their living conditions has been obtained from the rural people of Jind district. Under the living conditions of the rural people, the changed form of elements related to sanitation, home floor, drinking water, annual income, education, health and consumer assets etc., has been presented. Presently, there has been a positive increase in the availability of many modern facilities in the rural areas of the district. So it can be said that according to the time the present developed villages are following the urban areas. In this research study, it was found that the living conditions of people in rural areas have moved towards a development trend in the present time as compared to 20- 30 years ago. The main objective of this research study is to present the changing living conditions of people in rural areas of Haryana state. It is hoped that this research work will prove helpful in understanding the changing living conditions in rural areas of Jind district.

Development of a Relationship between Pavement Condition Index and Riding Quality Index on Rural Roads: A Case Study in China

The current standard for evaluating road conditions worldwide relies primarily on the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) and the International Roughness Index (IRI). The IRI can be further calculated to obtain the Riding Quality Index (RQI). To assess pavement damage, various imaging equipment is commonly utilized, providing consistent results that align with actual road conditions. For roughness detection, the Laser Profilometer offers excellent results but may not be suitable for rural roads with poor conditions due to its high inspection cost and the need for a stable environmental setting. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop cost-effective, rapid, and accurate roughness inspection methods for these roads, which constitute a significant portion of the road network. This study examined the relationship between PCI and RQI using nonlinear regression on 30,088 valid pavement inspection records from various regions in China (totaling 24,624.222 km). Our objective was to estimate RQI solely from PCI data, capitalizing on its broad coverage and superior accuracy. Additionally, we explored how PCI levels impact RQI decay rates. The models in this study were compared to several models published in previous studies at last. Our findings indicate that the model performs best for low-grade roads with low PCI scores, achieving over 90% accuracy for both cement concrete and asphalt concrete pavements. Furthermore, different levels of pavement damage have distinct effects on RQI decay rates, with the most significant impact observed when the pavement is severely damaged. The models in this study outperformed all the other available models in the literature. Consequently, under limited inspection conditions in rural areas, pavement damage inspection results can effectively predict riding quality or roughness, thereby reducing inspection costs. Overall, this study offers valuable insights but has limitations, including limited global generalizability and the model’s applicability to high-grade roads. Future research is needed to address these issues and enhance practical applications.

Labour resources for farms

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of social conditions of reproduction of labour resources for farms in modern Russia. Based on the analysis of modern publications of the science-intensive Scopus database, the international experience of the development of farming and labour resources of this category of production organizations is considered. Significant substantive trends in the theoretical part of the study were reflected in the methodology and methods of empirical research conducted by the survey method in the South of Russia (Stavropol Krai). In total, 417 people permanently residing in rural areas of Stavropol Krai took part in the survey. Factor analysis of the survey data made it possible to develop a structural model for choosing living conditions in rural areas as a basic basis for the possible inclusion of the able-bodied population in farming activities. The structural elements of the model are: social guarantees at the federal and regional levels and their implementation at a high quality level, the authorities' concern for the well-being of citizens; favourable socio-ecosystem characteristics of in rural areas associated with high-quality nutrition, the possibility of creativity, preservation of folk traditions, manifestations of social initiative; the possibility of a healthy lifestyle of a modern young family with children in an ecologically clean social communications perceived as a safe habitat; inclusion of rural areas in regional socio–cultural and innovative processes; indigenous living – love for a small homeland. The obtained factor model will help in the development of programs for the effective involvement of new participants in the social group of farming and the development of effective state and regional policies in the field of reproduction of labour resources in rural areas of Russia.

Parental Education Conditions in Rural Areas of Bengkulu: Case Study on Responsive Gender, Parenting Styles, Equality Behavior, and Learning Needs

This study is to examine the understand the awareness and knowledge of the community in these areas regarding gender issue, which crucial for informing government policies on community education. This scientific paper employs a qualitative approach to comprehensively describe the nuanced experiences of parental education in Bengkulu, Indonesia. The research was conducted in three rural area Bengkulu Province located on Sumatra Island, Indonesia. parental education in rural areas is hindered by persistence of traditional gender roles that assign distinct responsibilities to women and men. the study revealed that there are distortions in the community understandings of gender in rural Bengkulu. The distortions manifest as a lack of awareness and understanding of gender issues, resulting in inadequate child-parent interaction, especially among fatherless families, perpetuation of gender stereotypes and a deficiency in gender-responsive literacy. The findings indicate that parental education in rural areas is hindered by persistence of traditional gender roles that assign distinct responsibilities to women and men. Understanding the condition of parental education and gender responsiveness in rural Bengkulu is very important because it is directly related to government policy making in the field of public education. This report highlights the importance of promoting gender equality, combating stereotypes, and improving parent education in rural areas to create a more inclusive and responsive educational environment.

Providing food to the population of Kazakhstan: priorities, mechanisms

Goal - the current state and problems of development of agriculture in Kazakhstan are considered - basics of providing food to the population of the republic and development of recommendations for improving agricultural policy. Methods – systematic approach, abstract-logical, monographic, economic-statistical. Results - the authors note that the Republic of Kazakhstan ranks 32nd in the Global Food Security Index for 2022. The country has sufficient natural resources to strengthen agri-food sector, and there is the necessary level of physical availability of food products. At the same time, the share of consumer spending on food products exceeds 50%, which indicates a relatively low degree of economic accessibility of food products. The republic is directly dependent on imports of beef, pork, poultry, fish, seafood, vegetable oils, sugar and chocolate. Dairy products are uncompetitive in comparison with similar Russian and Belarusian products, which leads to significant volumes of imports. Positive results of the functioning of agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan include exceeding gross grain harvest of the threshold level of food self-sufficiency. Conclusions – recommendations prepared as part of the study are aimed at further spreading agricultural cooperation in livestock and crop production, implementing the import substitution policy in agricultural sector, increasing profitability of small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises, improving domestic technological and resource base, and living conditions in rural areas. Improving food security will be possible if there are effective measures of support from the state for agricultural producers, which implies necessary level of subsidies, reimbursement of capital costs, preferential lending, and provision of targeted financial assistance.

Rural-urban disparities in nutritional status among ever-married women in Bangladesh: A Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition approach

This study aims to investigate socioeconomic disparities in nutritional status among ever-married women in Bangladesh and to break down urban-rural differences in the underlying causes of undernutrition. We utilized data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18, a sample size of 18328 ever-married women, including 5170 from urban residences, and 13159 from rural residences. To explore socioeconomic inequality, we employed a concentration indexing measure, while a multiple binary logistic regression model was carried out to identify the determinants associated with the outcome variable. A Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis was performed to decompose the urban-rural gap in women’s nutritional status using associated factors. The prevalence of undernutrition among ever-married women in Bangladesh was 12 percent. Notably, this percentage varied by region, with urban residents accounting for 8.6% and rural residents accounting for 13.3%. Our findings confirmed that undernutrition was more prevalent among women with lower wealth indexes in Bangladesh, as indicated by the concentration index (CIX = −0.26). The multivariable analysis investigating the determinants of undernutrition status among ever-married women, with a focus on residence revealed significant associations with respondent age, education, marital status, mass media access, wealth status, and division. According to the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition and its extension, the prevalence was significantly higher in rural residences of Bangladesh than in urban residences, and the endowment effect explained 86 percent of the total urban-rural difference in undernutrition prevalence. The results of this study indicate that the factors that influence women’s nutritional status in rural areas play a significant role in the gap, and the majority of the gap is caused by education and economic position. In order to effectively promote maternal health policies in Bangladesh, intervention techniques should be created that are aimed at the population, that is, the poorest and least educated.

Debt's DoubleEdged Scythe: Assessing Farmer's Indebtedness on Sustainability

Farmers’ debt is a major issue in India’s current agricultural environment. It is widely considered as one of the main obstacles to rural development. A decrease in agricultural output and a worsening of socio-economic opportunity disparities are the results. In the 77th cycle of the NSS, from January to December 2019, the situational assessment of agricultural households and land and holdings of households in rural India-2019 performed. In each of these surveys, information on household debt was gathered. Approximately 35% of rural families (45.1% of agricultural households and 21.5% of non-agricultural households) reported spending money on fixed capital. In metropolitan areas, 15% of families reported spending money on fixed capital formation (25.3% self-employed households, 11% other households), the debt percentage of cultivators is higher than that of non-cultivators in rural India. This demonstrates the farmer’s descent into debt. Government should initiate the over-come indebtedness not only urban area but also rural area of state. Government programs have a significant impact on farmers’ decisions therefore the study may offer advice to policymakers on effective ways to raise knowledge about debt reduction among farmers and rural residents. Financial incentives, such as a 0% interest rate, might go a long way toward enlightening rural farmers.&#x0D; Keywords: NSS survey, 77