State Promotion Research Articles

Prospects оf сooperation between Ukraine аnd Iran

Due to a combination of favorable factors, the Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the leading regional states in the Middle East and one of the prominent geopolitical actors on the world stage. Successful location at the crossroads of the East-West and North-South international routes, the presence of significant resource and geopolitical potential allow Iran to form and adhere to its own foreign policy. The state's promotion of its own interests in the Middle East, activities in other parts of the world, development of nuclear, space and missile programs in combination with opposition to the above by Western countries and regional rivals determines Iran's special role in the international arena. The determining factor is that the country has been subject to various types and severity of international sanctions for the past 40 years, and political, ideological and ethno-religious factors limit the traditional possibilities of the country's foreign policy, which is offset by Iran's flexibility. The study focuses on the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The aim of the work is to investigate a set of factors and actions that allow to designate the Islamic Republic of Iran not only as a key regional player in the Middle East, but also as an important geopolitical actor on the world stage. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set and solved, namely, the current geopolitical problems of Iran were analyzed and further prospects for cooperation between Ukraine and Iran were identified. Methods of analysis and synthesis were used during the study. The special relevance of the study of IRI's position in the international arena is due to the insufficient disclosure of this issue in domestic publications of the expert community. While the example of Iran is interesting in terms of ways and tools to form regional leadership, as well as promoting its own positions around the world in the face of constraints on the part of the world community.

Sectoral Divergence of Industrial Catch‐Up in China's Loosely Coupled System: A Comparative Study of FPD and IC Manufacturing Industries*

The flat panel display (FPD) and integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing industries have similar intrinsic characteristics in terms of their technology. The Chinese central government also makes significant efforts to nurture them both as core industries of the electronics sector. However, the level of industrial catch‐up in the two sectors across recent years has varied greatly. What drives the divergent patterns of industrial catch‐up in FPD and IC manufacturing in China? This paper analyzes the divergent patterns of industrial catch‐up in FPD and IC manufacturing by examining the configurational effects of three main components: the central state's promotion of industry, technology regimes and market conditions, and corporate governance. The different sets of configurations explain why innovation occurs in some industries and not in others within China's loosely coupled system. This study argues that different arrangements in industrial policy, combined with technical regimes, market conditions, and corporate governance triggered a virtuous cycle in which organizational capabilities are strengthened in FPD industry, while the reverse occurs in the IC manufacturing industry. Incorporating configurational effects enriches the evolutionary perspective on catch‐up and allows for a comparison between the catch‐up conditions across multiple levels.

Humboldts Preußen: Wissenschaft und Technik im Aufbruch by Ursula Klein

Reviewed by: Humboldts Preußen: Wissenschaft und Technik im Aufbruch by Ursula Klein Kathryn Olesko (bio) Humboldts Preußen: Wissenschaft und Technik im Aufbruch. By Ursula Klein. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2015. Pp. 336. €49.95. This book is a game-changer. Written for a semi-popular press and in a style that will reach a wide audience, it challenges received views on the role of science and technology in Prussia by taking seriously the knowledge economy of state enterprises. Klein's focus is on the state's cultivation of "useful sciences" during the middle years of Alexander von Humboldt's life (1769–1859). Although the timeframe is judiciously chosen—it covers the enigmatic transition period bordering 1800—the title "Humboldt's Prussia" demands explanation. Humboldt was in Prussia for only a few years between 1799 and 1829, when he toured the Americas, lived in Paris for twenty years, and visited Russia, residing in Berlin only during 1805–7 and 1827–28. But his life before those journeys sets the leitmotiv for the book: Humboldt's early service as a Prussian mining official stationed in Saxony and Bavaria provides Klein with a fitting venue to introduce the central importance of useful knowledge to Prussia's administration. Like Joel Mokyr and Margaret Jacob, Klein focuses on a sociocultural constellation that has largely escaped notice: the state's promotion of science and technology in areas like agriculture, mining, and the manufacture of goods like porcelain. She asks us to view Prussia's industrialization as occurring over the long term, in spurts and lulls, and not as an eruption occurring in the 1830s and 1840s. By systematically integrating useful forms of knowledge into manufacturing, she claims, the state promoted the development of laboratory science and precise forms of measurement. Her story begins with Humboldt in cameralist Prussia. Through Humboldt's engagement with state mining projects—especially his visits to foreign salt mines, where he was instructed to look for methods Prussia could adopt—she explores the activities of other administrators who lectured on applied projects in Berlin, promoted the hiring of administrators with technical expertise, conducted experiments in the hopes of finding practical solutions to pressing problems, and developed ways of ending Prussia's reliance on unreliable imports, such as sugar and Virginia tobacco, by introducing new plants or substitutes. Chemistry occupies a special place in her story. As the majority (85 percent) of Prussian manufacturing in 1800 was in textiles, the state supported chemists for the development of color dyes. Pharmacy laboratories, heavily regulated by the state, were crucial for the introduction of refined precision measurements in chemistry through the adoption of pharmacy scales in chemical laboratories. The Königliche Preußische Porzellanmanufactur founded in 1763 was, after textiles, one of the largest industries in Prussia, and so the state encouraged the testing of new porcelain recipes and experimentation [End Page 1085] with new colors, including yellow from uranium, discovered by the Prussian chemist (Chymicus) Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789. Prussia's administration—especially the departments of forestry, mining, and infrastructure and building—emerges from this story as a crucial promoter of technical expertise in state service and even of the overall development of theory-based science and technology. Numerous smaller institutions in Berlin benefited from its support: the botanical garden, pharmacy laboratories, artillery laboratories, the surgical and medical college, and later chemical laboratories. The direction in which the administration's compass pointed was steadfast and clear. It tried to establish educational institutions that could train future generations; here its success was uneven. Nonetheless the Prussian penchant for bureaucratic control, oversight, and regulation worked to strengthen technical education by vetting instructors, reviewing curricula, and requiring reports on student performance. Instruction itself proved to be an important feedback mechanism: the need to organize material for teaching put the state in the position of supporting homegrown textbooks that systematized knowledge, which in turn furthered the state's practical goals. As state administrators cultivated useful knowledge, that useful knowledge transformed them into experts working for the common good. Klein's contributions to understanding the nascent stages of industrialization have multiple consequences. Two are crucial. She reinterprets the founding of the University of Berlin in 1810 and...

RELIGION AND THE LAW OF CHARITY: A LIBERAL PERSPECTIVE

AbstractThis article considers the treatment of religious purposes in charity law from a liberal perspective informed by the work of the political philosopher Joseph Raz. The article begins by describing briefly the main ideas in Razian liberalism. It then considers the key question when thinking from a Razian perspective about the treatment of religious purposes in charity law: To what extent does the state's promotion of religious purposes via charity law promote the conditions of autonomy? Finally, the article considers the practical reasoning of state officials who deliberate about religious purposes in the charity law setting, asking to what extent such reasoning meets an ideal of public reason informed by Razian liberalism. The article concludes that in many, but not all, respects the treatment of religious purposes in charity law is consistent with Razian liberal commitments.

The state, markets and higher education reform in Botswana

Market forces are being introduced in public spheres such as higher education and public health, which hitherto were closed to such forces. Ironically, it is the state that is responsible for this process of marketisation. Some see this state action as leading to a growing influence of the state in public policy while others see an attenuation of its role. Critiquing this market–state incompatibility thesis from a geo-spatial perspective on globalisation, this paper calls for an articulation of state–market relations that emphasises their interpenetration. Using Botswana as a case study, the paper argues that although on-going tertiary education reforms in the country are characterised by the state's promotion of market forces this does not mean that the state is retreating, leaving the sub-sector to the vagaries of the market. Contrarily, the state is employing marketisation to reform the sub-sector so that it is responsive to labour and skills demands of an economy aspiring to be knowledge-based.

In Search of an Innovative State: The Development of the Biopharmaceutical Industry in Taiwan, South Korea and China

ABSTRACT Recent developments in the biopharmaceutical industry in Taiwan, South Korea and China bear witness to the transformation of these states in nurturing an innovation‐based industry. This article argues that the segmentation of the value chain of the biopharmaceutical industry has provided industrializing countries with a window of opportunity. These East Asian states have modified their former catching‐up approaches by establishing a more effective institutional platform that can attract knowledge‐creation players to the industry. Through case studies, the authors show that the Taiwan state's promotion of the biopharmaceutical industry has been based on an incremental approach; existing state policies have been modified to cope with the demands of the industry, which has resulted in the continuation of its SME‐based industrial structure. The methods of the Korean state have been more radical, in that the policies that previously favoured the chaebols have gradually been reoriented toward the promotion of smaller, science‐based firms that now co‐exist alongside the chaebols. Finally, the Chinese state and local governments have sought to promote this innovation‐based industry by building biotech parks. This approach has resulted in a boom in new science firms, which have become increasingly isolated from the flourishing domestic SOE‐led market.

Seafaring Citizenship: What Being Filipino Means at Sea and What Seafaring Means for the Philippines

This article considers international seafarers' experiences of being Filipino aboard ship. Existing scholarship on overseas Filipino workers has focused on land-based migration, neglecting the experiences of Filipino seafarers – who dominate the international seafaring labour market – and the space of the ship as an important site in which diasporic identities are mediated. The author argues that seafarers' experience of being ‘in the same boat’ provides a metaphor for the state's promotion of a particular form of seafaring citizenship that enables and encourages mobility.

Surveillances croisées et rivalité gréco-turque en Thrace occidentale : entre coercition et contrôle social

This article examines the construction of a Turkish minority in Western Thrace from a historical perspective. It suggests that the identification of Turks in Thrace as a minority is due, first, to the fact that Greek authorities impeded the economic development of the region and its Muslim minority, and, second, to the Turkish state's promotion of Turkish national identity among this minority. In other words, this article deals with two concurrent state policies in Western Thrace, with particular attention to both the Greek and Turkish authorities' changing techniques of surveillance (among the Muslim population) following the warmer relations between the two countries that began at the end of the 1990s.

The Land of Lincoln: Genesis of a Vernacular Region

Abraham Lincoln is prominent in the business names across central Illinois. A review of Lincoln place and business names serves as the source to delimit the vernacular "Land of Lincoln." Lincoln as a town name is common in Illinois, although the state is not prominent as part of the overall nationalistic place-naming enterprise. Business names associated with the popularization of travel to Lincoln historic sites and the state's promotion of central Illinois as Mr. Lincoln's country serve as a gauge of the rise and extent of the Land of Lincoln. Within Illinois, the vernacular region focuses on Springfield and trends to the southeast where the Lincoln family entered the state.

Gide in the U.S.S.R.: some observations on Comradeship.

After 1914-18, Gide emphasized the value of the Comradeship of Mankind rather than the essentially individualistic ethos to which he had been previously committed. However, while believing in the social benefits of tolerating pederasty, he still saw a person's difference from the norm as the guarantee of authenticity. Political idealism and curiosity took him to the U.S.S.R. in 1936, and on his return he criticized the inertia, ignorance, and conformism which he considered were encouraged by the Soviet state's promotion of the family unit. This essay examines how his attitude towards sexuality led him to question alleged political freedoms and to see in the Soviet oppression of minorities, including homosexuals, the denial of the revolutionary spirit.

Curriculum Organisation and Classroom Practice in Primary Schools ‐‐ can we learn from middle schools?

Abstract Primary schools will change significantly if recent recommendations are implemented. The National Curriculum thrust towards subjects and the Secretary of State's promotion of specialist approaches could have a profound effect on the way primary schools are organised. Key Stage 2 curricular approaches are similar to those advocated for middle schools, but a middle school philosophy could only be sustained in schools of a certain size and where teachers were committed to middle school ideals. Too often ideology and practice are divergent. There are particular lessons to be learned from the middle school experience in relation to administrative viability and the need to secure teacher appreciation and support for whatever reform is contemplated.

State promotion of high-definition television

Governments have used a number of mechanisms to support research and production in domestic industries that are considered strategic. In recent years the Japanese system of administrative guidance and support for pre-competitive research joint ventures has arguabh proved the most successul High-dgfnition teleuislon ( H D V provides an interesting new case study in government support for high-tech industries. Wzile the failure of the EC's venture in this jeld is perhaps unsurprising, the MUSE pryect in Japan has suffered a similar fate. Success in HDTV har been achieved by the US government's novel use ofpre-competitive contests in which domestic and overseas companies are free to form consortia and to arrange side-payments which share out the winning ‘prize’. This innovation in the state's promotion of innovation may haue wider applications, though its repeated use could inhibit research by individual companies able tojee-ride on the contest winners.

A forest beyond the trees: Tree cutting in rural Ghana

In this paper I examine the complexity of human forces involved in tree cutting in a Ghanaian forest region. I provide evidence to link the indiscriminate tree-cutting activities of some local communities to the gradual loss of communal control over land and the replacement of kin group control with state property regimes. I point to the interrelated factors of the state's promotion of an exportled development strategy, the intensification of agricultural commercialization, and household and group variations in access to land as all having deleterious impacts on local traditions of sustainable forestry.