State Power Research Articles

Peranan Pemerintah Islam dalam Sistem Negara Moden untuk Menerapkan Nilai Moral Islam: Daripada Penguat Kuasa ke Pemudah Cara

The implementation of Sharīʿah (taṭbīq al-Sharīʿah) by the Islamic government has been a longstanding principle in Islam, where the separation between state and religion, as observed in the West, is absent. However, the extent of the Islamic government’s involvement in enforcing moral standards in the modern state system remains a complex question. The advent of modernity, originating in the West, ushered in a bureaucratic concentration of state power, thereby transforming the process of implementation of morality, relegating them from the concerns of the state. The question thus has arisen whether Islam followed a similar trajectory. Therefore, this article aims to analyse the role of the Islamic government in the modern state era in implementing Islamic morality. This is achieved by unravelling the fundamental elements in the modern state system that have influenced the polemic on the legal enforcement of morality in the modern West, followed by a detailed comparative analysis with the jurisprudence of the Sharīʿah. This study reveals that as the primacy of morality prevails in Islamic law, the Islamic government in the modern state era continues to play a primary role in implementing and enforcing Islamic moral values. Notwithstanding, an approach that highlights a more appropriate role for the Islamic government as a facilitator in implementing Islamic morality, rather than merely as an enforcer, is very much needed.

Shadows of political corruption amidst the trend of declining democracy in Indonesia: Learning from the dynamics of 2024 Presidential Election

This conceptual article is based on primary and secondary data from various sources discussing the dynamics of Indonesian politics and democracy through the 2024 General Election. This article aims to identify various alleged political corruption practices as well as to evaluate the development of the quality of Indonesian democracy implied by the 2024 political process. Although allegations of political corruption are believed to be common among many groups, proving them legally and politically is not easy to do. This leaves a number of notes, especially regarding the nature of power and the trend of weakening the quality of democracy in the country. The 2024 General Election provided some valuable lessons that the aspects of neutrality and independence of state power should be of common concern to reorganize and increase the quality of the future Indonesian democracy.

Legal basis for the use of covert means

Aim: The use of covert means is any information gathering intelligence operation (secret police activity) in which the authorised authorities of the State seek to obtain new knowledge in the course of administrative and criminal proceedings without the knowledge of the holder of the information, by limiting the right of self-determination. In dictatorships, this form of exercise of state power is also dominated by arbitrariness. Constitutional states place the use of secret means on a public law basis. This study aims to demonstrate that it is possible to regulate acts of public authority that are at the heart of secrecy by means of legal instruments whose core is publicity. Methodology: The objective outlined above can only be achieved if the dogmatic and moral characteristics of the legislation are harmonised with the specific characteristics of the secret police. The task is not easy. Legislation is always about the future and is always based on abstract prognosis; covert intelligence aims to discover the past, the present and the future, and the knowledge to be acquired is always unique and concrete. Finidings: The abstract nature of the regulation and the uniqueness of the intelligence operation resolve the contradiction between publicity and secrecy. What is public is the rule, what is secret is the application of the rule to a specific situation. However, legislation can become fully formalised when it no longer imposes limits on the operation of state power, but merely authorises it, opening the way to free discretion. In such a case, the guise of legality conceals an untrammelled power. Value: Law that serves humanity is an effective means of preserving social order. Secret data-collection requires a limitation of rights, yet it is indispensable to combat violations (principle of necessity), provided that it does not cause more serious harm than the threat against which it is used (principle of proportionality).

Legal basis for the use of covert means

Aim: The use of covert means is any information gathering intelligence operation (secret police activity) in which the authorised authorities of the State seek to obtain new knowledge in the course of administrative and criminal proceedings without the knowledge of the holder of the information, by limiting the right of self-determination. In dictatorships, this form of exercise of state power is also dominated by arbitrariness. Constitutional states place the use of secret means on a public law basis. This study aims to demonstrate that it is possible to regulate acts of public authority that are at the heart of secrecy by means of legal instruments whose core is publicity. Methodology: The objective outlined above can only be achieved if the dogmatic and moral characteristics of the legislation are harmonised with the specific characteristics of the secret police. The task is not easy. Legislation is always about the future and is always based on abstract prognosis; covert intelligence aims to discover the past, the present and the future, and the knowledge to be acquired is always unique and concrete. Finidings: The abstract nature of the regulation and the uniqueness of the intelligence operation resolve the contradiction between publicity and secrecy. What is public is the rule, what is secret is the application of the rule to a specific situation. However, legislation can become fully formalised when it no longer imposes limits on the operation of state power, but merely authorises it, opening the way to free discretion. In such a case, the guise of legality conceals an untrammelled power. Value: Law that serves humanity is an effective means of preserving social order. Secret data-collection requires a limitation of rights, yet it is indispensable to combat violations (principle of necessity), provided that it does not cause more serious harm than the threat against which it is used (principle of proportionality).

3D DEM simulations of cyclic loading-induced densification and critical state convergence in granular soils

Granular soils exhibit very complex responses when subjected to cyclic loading. Understanding the cyclic behavior of such materials is not only crucial for engineering applications but also the bottleneck of most of constitutive models. This study employs 3D Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations to explore the accumulative plastic deformation and the internal fabric evolution within granular soils during cyclic loading. Two novel observations are identified: (1) A distinct and unique linear relationship between post-cyclic loading void ratio e and log (p*/p0) is found independent of the amplitude of cyclic load and the initial stress state prior to cyclic loading, where p* is the mean pressure incorporating cyclic loading stress and p0 is the mean pressure prior to cyclic loading; (2) When resuming drained triaxial loadings after cyclic loadings, we observe that both microstructural and macroscopic variables converge to the same values they would have reached for pure monotonic drained triaxial loadings. This intriguing behavior underscores and extends to more general loading paths the influential and attractive power of the critical state.

The image of Yemelyan Pugachev in Tatar historical folklore

This article examines samples of the Tatars’ non-fairy tale prose, which reflects the historical figure of the popular uprising leader in the Urals and the Volga Region, Yemelyan Pugachev. The author summarizes the popular assessment of the Peasant War leader’s actions, found in the historical tales of the Tatars from the republics of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan and other regions of Russia. Based on the analyzed sources, it is possible to obtain valuable information about those socio-political clashes that have left deep traces in the worldview and psychology of the local population. The relevance of the research topic is due to the need to understand the role of one of the key personalities for the Bashkortostan Tatars, Yemelyan Pugachev, as well as the need to replenish the knowledge about the local history specifics and the national policy of the tsarist government. The object of the study is the Tatar people’s historical tales about uprisings and riots. The subject of the study is the image of Yemelyan Pugachev in Tatar historical tales. The purpose of the work is to identify the features reflecting the image of Yemelyan Pugachev in Tatar tales and the prerequisites that form the basis of the popular assessment of this hero’s deeds. The objectives of the article are to review historical tales about popular uprisings, unrest and riots and their leader, to identify the specifics, reflecting people’s indignation based on the transformation of the dissenter’s image, an opponent of state power in the oral folk art of the Tatars living in various regions of Russia, in particular in the Volga Region and the Urals. The article concludes that despite the strengths and weaknesses of Yemelyan Pugachev’s personality, the people portray him with respect, recognizing his strength and charisma, but they are in no hurry to take the “oath of allegiance”; at the same time, through the description of everyday events, he reveals himself, first of all, as a Person.

Sosialisasi Dan Penerapan Instalasi Prototipe Panel Surya 150 WP di SMK Prudent School Kota Tanggerang

As a power plant, the sun can produce unlimited light. Use of solar panels as a transformation device that transforms solar energy into electricity. The electricity produced is sent to the battery and stored as an emergency resource. Much appreciated for progressed innovation, sun-oriented boards can be utilized as a substitution for current power; in any case, the State Power Enterprise still gives power. SMK understudies can learn the significance of the plan and utilization of sun-based boards. In the other stage, SMK understudies will utilize model sun-based boards to introduce the coach given. Through the execution and socialization of sun-powered boards, SMK Judicious School City Tangerang works as arranged, and understudies can introduce models accurately from control to stack. Understudies and instructors will get fabric and explanations of current advancements within the most recent sun-oriented modules to empower advanced improvement.

Authority and Coercion Beyond the State? The Limited Applicability of Legitimacy Standards for Extraterritorial Border Controls

Extraterritorial border controls prevent migrants from arriving at the territory of the state and effectively undermine rights to apply for asylum and protections against non-refoulement. As a result, a wealth of scholarship argues that external border controls are illegitimate exercises of state power. This paper challenges two versions of this argument, first, the claim that carrier-sanctions are illegitimate because they subject migrants to morally impermissible forms of coercion and, second, the claim that carrier-sanctions are illegitimate because they subject migrants to illegitimate claims to authority.Against coercion-based accounts of legitimacy, this paper defends the view that while carrier-sanctions are coercive, the coerciveness of a policy is not relevant to its legitimacy. What is relevant is instead whether the authority claimed by the state is legitimate. Against authority-based accounts, this paper argues that states are unable to claim authority in the relevant sense over migrants that are present in the territories of other states.The paper concludes by suggesting that the charge that carrier-sanctions are illegitimate should shift towards the state that allows carriers to enforce these policies on their territories. No state has the legitimate authority to permit other states to pressure carriers to prevent migrants in need of protection from travelling. The state that introduces carrier-sanction legislation, on the other hand, is not exercising illegitimate authority though they may act contrary to demands of justice.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Digitalization Projects in the Field of Citizen Appeals, Considering Regional Specifics

The article examines the essence, goals and types of citizens' appeals, the procedure for their consideration, as well as the regulatory and organizational support of working with citizens' appeals. The issue of appeals of individuals to the executive bodies of state power in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation was considered in more detail. The problems of implementing digitalization projects in the field of receiving citizens' appeals are considered, the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of the implementation of digitalization projects in the field of receiving citizens' appeals is adapted, taking into account the specifics of the region, a comparative analysis of the implementation of digitalization projects is carried out on the example of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, comparing the results obtained for 2020-2022.

Reflections on an anniversary

My first book, in many ways a lonely project at the time, is now part of a steadily growing body of comparative-historical scholarship in the social sciences. Studying socio-political changes of all kinds – including today’s democratic backsliding in the United States and beyond – is best done, as States and Social Revolutions helped to demonstrate, by probing and juxtaposing fully contextualised cases. It still makes sense for scholars to (directly or implicitly) compare historical trajectories, tease out the intersections of social inequalities and struggles over state power, and address the evolving global contexts as in local, regional, or national episodes play out. This way of studying political conflict and change is what I believe endures from States and Social Revolutions, as new generations of scholars go far beyond the arguments of that book born decades ago.

On some current aspects and new approaches to scientific understanding of the national characteristics of Russian statehood formation and evolution

The object of the study is the process of Russian statehood formation and historical transformation. The subject of the study is the analysis of existing in the Russian scientific and public thought (pre-revolutionary and modern) different approaches to the interpretation of national features of Russian statehood foundations origin and evolution. The authors emphasize a number of fundamental problems of Russian statehood development, which today require creative comprehension by scientific community. The article substantiates the position on the enduring significance of domestic researchers’ and thinkers’ conclusions about the uniqueness of the process of Russian statehood foundations origin in the Old Russian state, which was fundamentally different from similar processes in Western states, the Tsardom of Muscovy political system specificity, which consisted in the cathedral structure of the state and received ideological justification in the “autocratic sobornost” doctrine. Special attention has been paid to the conclusions related to assessing significance of the long coexistence in the Russian state of two parallel beginnings such as the monarchical vertical of power and the rich veche tradition, which compensated for the relative weakness of the monarchy in technical and political sense. For the first time the issue of what place in Russian statehood transformation was occupied by the Time of Troubles of the early 17th century has been investigated in detail. Attention has been drawn to the conclusions of pre-revolutionary scientists and thinkers about the determining role of the Time of Troubles, which it played in the new attitudes’ formation to the state and state power in Russian society, including in the context of modern interpretations. The determining role of zemstvo bodies in the years of the Time of Troubles in the collapsing state preservation and revival has been pointed out. The conclusion has been made about the similarity of the Russian system of power with the Byzantine model, traditionally characterized by a combination of a rigid monarchical vertical and horizontal of developed self-government. The role of the state idea uniting society in preserving stability and sustainability of any state has been emphasized.

‘It Takes a (Global) Village’: Towards a Multi-Actor Networked Conception of Security

On December 4th 2023, Oliver Dowden, the British Deputy Prime Minister, issued his first annual resilience statement, outlining the range of threats faced by the United Kingdom, natural, economic, military, and technological. The purpose of this paper is to examine the contemporary threat landscape through the critical lens of complex interdependency (cf Keohane and Nye), and to consider the way in which approaches and theoretical models of threat and threat mitigation can and should (or should not) be applied in different domains. Multi-Domain conflict shows how the modern battlefield is a highly complex realm of interlinked environments (including the non-physical); in the same way, ‘unrestricted warfare’ (Qiao and Wang) collapses the traditional DIME concept of discrete arms of state power. How may a liberal democracy protect itself and its citizens against mis/disinformation, cyber warfare, hacktivism, NSAs and foreign powers ready and able to to wage ‘war’ in a wide range of ways, using IW both as a specific methodology and as a force multiplier for other forms of destabilization. Focusing largely but not overwhelmingly on the informational realm, the paper will consider models of threat mitigation applied in other domains, from the elite innovative force of the Rifle Brigade to the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic to the behavioural science-based influence campaigns devised by the UK ‘Nudge Unit’ and beyond. It will ultimately argue that a nation which faces a range of internal and external threats to its stability must devise policy and strategy which themselves operate internally and externally. Any approach which is not based on action at all levels of society – civil, military, educational, technical, diplomatic – is doomed to failure before it starts. However, the key challenge will be how to build this in societies which have grown ever more atomised, divided, and opposed to cooperation.

The Party Family: Revolutionary Attachments and the Gendered Origins of State Power in China

The Party Family: Revolutionary Attachments and the Gendered Origins of State Power in China

LEGAL STATE AS A PHILOSOPHICAL AND POLITICAL PROBLEM (ON THE 30TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE RF CONSTITUTION)

The article shows the social and philosophical-theoretical foundations of the idea of the rule of law. Based on world political and legal thought, the nature and evolution of this phenomenon is revealed. It is argued that in the presence of the institution of human rights, the mechanism of separation of powers and the predictability of the actions of state power, the rule of law can be assessed not only as an ideal, but also as a real way of organizing the state. It has been demonstrated that public order is a constant compromise between various forces in society, determined by the intensity of social interests. One of the ways to overcome political alienation is the subordination of the state to law, designed to ensure predictability of the actions of state power, guaranteeing a stable legal order. It is emphasized that the issue of the state being bound by law cannot be resolved within the framework of the theory of legal positivism and requires turning to meta-legal concepts (justice, good morals, common good) that lie outside positive law, and their basis and boundaries must be sought in philosophical and legal principles. Special attention is paid to the understanding of the social state - a state that establishes social (material) guarantees for broad layers of the population, ghts poverty and introduces legal mechanisms for this purpose. It is shown that a legal social state is one of the central problems of Russian liberal philosophy of law. The rule of law, from the point of view of its representatives, must be supplemented by the “right to a decent existence”.

CONSTITUTION OF 1993 AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTITUTIONAL JUSTICE IN RUSSIA

The article reveals various aspects of the in uence of the Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 on the development of national constitutional justice. Such development is ensured through the improvement of constitutional norms by the legislator and, in this regard, the signi cance of the Law of the Russian Federation on the amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of March 14, 2020 No. 1-FKZ, the adoption of which led to a certain modi cation of the existing model of constitutional justice, is revealed. It is shown how the understanding of constitutional norms on the organization and activities of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation has changed under the in uence of amendments made to the Federal Constitutional Law “On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation” in 2009, 2010, 2014, 2016 and 2020. In addition, a signi cant role in the development of constitutional justice is played by the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation itself, which ensure the interpretation of constitutional norms in a certain socio-political context. Many of these positions were further constitutionally and legislatively xed. The in uence of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the development of constitutional justice is revealed from several thematic perspectives: ensuring the autonomy and independence of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation as a body of state power; its composition, powers; the legal force of its decisions; regional constitutional justice. In conclusion, the author’s view of the problems under consideration is o ered.

SECURITY DIMENSION OF THE GLOBAL ISSUES

The article deals with current global issues of our time in their security dimension. An attempt has been made to outline the various directions of influence of global problems on the security architecture in today’s conditions. It was proposed to divide the global problems of our time into natural-ecological and socio-economic ones. At the same time, in our opinion, pandemics occupy an intermediate position between natural and anthropogenic problems. It has been argued that the modern economy is less vulnerable to natural disasters than it has been before, but natural disasters take more lives due to the high population density in the modern world. Human impact on the environment has been extremely destructive. Air pollution on a catastrophic scale is observed in large cities of the developing countries. Deforestation and desertification are making more and more areas uninhabitable. Global warming and climate change are seen not only in the rise in temperature, but also in the appearance of weather anomalies, the melting of glaciers, and the rise in the level of the World Ocean. The appearance of «climate migrants» has been explained to be one of the consequences of climate change. The combination of natural and social dimensions of global issues has been illustrated with the examples of conflicts over water. Socio-economic problems are mostly determined by the imperfection of society. This article has dealt with the demographic problem in different dimensions: in the Western countries there is a demographic crisis, and in the developing countries there is a demographic explosion, which has been shown using the example of Nigeria, Egypt, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, etc. Poverty in these countries has an important impact on economic security. A large number of people do not have the basic necessities for life (food, safe water and sanitation, shelter, healthcare, etc.) and live in conditions of absolute poverty. In some countries, the literacy rate is still quite low. The globalisation of criminal activity also a danger. Some countries, such as Haiti, can fall under the control of criminal groups. Terrorism is a type of crime that deserves to be investigated separately for many reasons. All the listed problems are extremely urgent in the conditions of inefficient political management. Solving issues related to security and overcoming the consequences of global issues is possible only in the presence of an effectively functioning public administration system. But creating a good governance system is a difficult task under conditions of dictatorship or the absence of legitimate state power. The issue of supporting international security in all spheres is a topical problem in international politics. It has been underlined that joint efforts can help to overcome of the explored issues.

Informal groups in EU foreign policy: a social network analysis

ABSTRACT After decades of increasing integration and institutional development in EU foreign policy, the persistence of informal groups calls into question the understanding of European integration as a straight progressive line from informal to formal cooperation. Nonetheless, to date there is no systematic empirical knowledge of informal groups in EEC/EU foreign policy. To address this knowledge gap, the article offers an exploratory study. By means of social network analysis, it maps the frequency and types of informal groups in EEC/EU foreign policy in regard to Kosovo, Libya and Syria in three different phases of EEC/EU foreign policy integration. The article’s findings show that the frequency of informal groups has remained fairly stable across the three phases of EEC/EU integration considered. At the same time, informal groups have generally been relatively small, like-minded, and dominated by individual member states. Overall, these results suggest that by accommodating member states’ interests, especially those of powerful states and of states for which certain foreign policy issues are particularly salient, informal groups have provided the cooperation needed for the coherent functioning of the EEC/EU foreign policy system. While doing so, they have consolidated as socially meaningful patterns among member states’ representatives.

OfficiallanguageuseinBerehovein1919-1920

The political map of East-Central Europe changed after the First World War. But this transformation also affected many different aspects of everyday life. In particular, the years of transition from the collapsing empires to the new republics offer rich research opportunities. In this paper, we have tried to explore one aspect of this transition at the interface of history and sociolinguistics. In a peripheral small town in the Czechoslovak Republic, we have used archival sources to investigate the characteristics of the official language use at the beginning of the consolidation of the new state power. Our study also seeks to find answers to the question of what influenced the different language-speaking actors at different levels of the administration, and what bargains were struck in everyday life that might have determined other aspects of the transition.

Pivotal power of small states to save the international liberal economic order: the case from East Asia

Small- and medium-sized states acquire significant influence when regional and global orders are in flux, as in times of power transition. We have observed such dynamics especially since the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, when the competition between two superpowers of the United States (US) and China has intensified in such a way that it affects the soundness of the liberal international economic order (LIEO). These smaller states have become influential in the institutionalization of regional political and economic orders when conditions are right. We argue that the following three aspects of a small state’s attributes influence heavily in shaping their proactive approach to LIEO. The first is its economic structure that shapes its motivation. The second is its polity type that defines internal constraints. The third and final component is its international status that imposes external constraints. This study examines trade policies taken by Vietnam, Indonesia, and South Korea from the 2010s and onward and compares their respective approaches and their impacts on economic order-building in East Asia and beyond.

Formation of the Statehood of the Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics in 2014–2022 as a Factor of Legitimacy of Acts on Self-Determination of the Peoples of Donbass

The paper examines the process of formation and development of the Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics as public legal entities that arose after the self-determination of their peoples and the implementation of secession. The correlation of the principles of territorial integrity and the principle of self-determination is considered through the issue of the legal force of the decision taken at the referendum and its implementation. The paper analyzes the institutionalization of the results of the 2014 referendums and the acquisition of both public and international legal status by the republics through the exercise of full state power in the context of the loss of effective jurisdiction by the old power structures. To this end, the formation of public power in the republics is being investigated. The historical prerequisites for the formation of independent representative and legislative bodies, as well as their evolution, are considered. The implementation of effective control over the state of affairs in the republics with the consent and direct participation of the population is considered as in the case study of building executive power, developing its structure, the activities of courts, local governments, as well as the implementation of productive production activities within the DPR and LPR. It is concluded that the systemic interaction of educated institutions of government and society, their mutual trust, and the activities of directly elected institutions of representative democracy are the foundation of legitimate independent statehood and sovereignty of the republics