State Of Vulnerability Research Articles

Mujeres trans: Violencia, migración y salud mental

Trans women in El Salvador face significant risks and social disadvantages due to violence, exclusion, and discrimination. They often experience harassment, threats, and stalking from various actors, including family members, community members, gangs, and security forces. Due to their gender identity, the violence they experience can lead to forced displacement or migration. This qualitative and phenomenological study aims to analyze the conditions of vulnerability that trans women experience throughout their lives and the conditions in which their experience of forced displacement occurs. The study takes a gender, psychosocial, and intersectional approach to ensure a comprehensive analysis of the subject matter. Eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of human rights organizations/institutions or those supporting victims of forced displacement and/or the LGBTIQ+ population. Additionally, five semi-structured interviews were conducted with trans women who were in a situation of forced displacement. The results indicate that trans women face systematic violations of their rights and experience multiple forms of violence throughout their lives, across various areas of their development. Forced displacement often occurs in situations of deep risk, which can have a significant impact on social relationships and development opportunities. This, in turn, can negatively affect physical, sexual, and mental health. In facing the crisis, trans women rely on personal resources and coping mechanisms, as well as support from organizations. However, a comprehensive and specific identity law is necessary to protect their rights and safeguard their lives and integrity in situations of forced migration. This would strengthen their support network and facilitate their social reintegration, with access to legal, psychosocial, and health support free from stigma and discrimination.

Harnessing complexity: integrating remote sensing and fuzzy expert system for evaluating land use land cover changes and identifying mangrove forest vulnerability in Bangladesh

Purpose: This study analyzes Landsat images to examine the alterations in land cover within the Sundarbans and its surrounding regions in Bangladesh, spanning twenty-one years from 2000 to 2021. Furthermore, we develop a mangrove vulnerability map considering the combined effect of eight socioeconomic, geophysical, and climatic factors. Methods: Land use land cover (LULC) changes in the study area over a 21-year period were assessed using a random forest model, and the vulnerability analysis employed a fuzzy expert-based multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. Results: The results show that a significant portion of the mangrove forest has been transformed into aquaculture practices because of the expansion of high-value shrimp cultivation. A decrease in forest areas and the expansion of aquaculture zones suggest a livelihood shift among the local population over time. This transition has adversely affected human activities within the ecosystem and the biodiversity of mangrove forests. Consequently, it is imperative to implement suitable measures to enhance the state of mangrove forests and safeguard their biodiversity. The vulnerability analysis shows that the highly vulnerable, moderately vulnerable, and low vulnerable areas cover 35.66%, 26.86%, and 19.42%, respectively. Conclusion: The vulnerability maps generated in this research could serve as a valuable resource for coastal planners seeking to ensure the sustainable stewardship of these coastal mangrove forests. These results offer a detailed understanding of coastal mangrove LULC patterns and vulnerability status, which will be useful for policymakers and resource managers to urgently incorporate into coastal land use and environmental management practices.

End-to-End Framework for Identifying Vulnerabilities of Operational Technology Protocols and Their Implementations in Industrial IoT

The convergence of IT and OT networks has gained significant attention in recent years, facilitated by the increase in distributed computing capabilities, the widespread deployment of Internet of Things devices, and the adoption of Industrial Internet of Things. This convergence has led to a drastic increase in external access capabilities to previously air-gapped industrial systems for process control and monitoring. To meet the need for remote access to system information, protocols designed for the OT space were extended to allow IT networked communications. However, OT protocols often lack the rigor of cybersecurity capabilities that have become a critical characteristic of IT protocols. Furthermore, OT protocol implementations on individual devices can vary in performance, requiring the comprehensive evaluation of a device’s reliability and capabilities before installation into a critical infrastructure production network. In this paper, the authors define a framework for identifying vulnerabilities within these protocols and their on-device implementations, utilizing formal modeling, hardware in the loop-driven network emulation, and fully virtual network scenario simulation. Initially, protocol specifications are modeled to identify any vulnerable states within the protocol, leveraging the Construction and Analysis of Distributed Processes (CADP) software (version 2022-d “Kista”, which was created by Inria, the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation, in France). Device characteristics are then extracted through automated real-time network emulation tests built on the OMNET++ framework, and all measured device characteristics are then used as a virtual device representation for network simulation tests within the OMNET++ software (version 6.0.1., a public-soucre, open-architecture software, initially developed by OpenSim Limited in Budapest, Hungary), to verify the presence of any potential vulnerabilities identified in the formal modeling stage. With this framework, the authors have thus defined an end-to-end process to identify and verify the presence and impact of potential vulnerabilities within a protocol, as shown by the presented results. Furthermore, this framework can test protocol compliance, performance, and security in a controlled environment before deploying devices in live production networks and addressing cybersecurity concerns.

Healthcare Service Needs for Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Residents with Precarious Immigration Status in Canada: A Scoping Review

Context: According to the World Bank (2023), 184 million people, constituting 2.3% of the world’s population, migrated globally. Even though over 23% of Canada’s population are immigrants (of whom 130,125 were refugees in 2021), recent data on the demographics, vulnerabilities, and healthcare needs of Canadian refugees, refugee claimants, and residents with precarious immigration status in Canada are scant. Objective: Conduct a scoping review for the last 10 years to understand the trends of influx and vulnerabilities and identify the unique healthcare and well-being needs of these equity-deserving immigrants living in Ontario since it is the destination province for 50% of Canada’s immigrants, with Toronto as a primary destination. Methods: A scoping review study was conducted in 2024 by reviewing peer-reviewed articles from databases and an environmental scan of government reports and documents published in the last 10 years. Structured scoping review principles and the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA—ScR) model were used to ensure the robustness of the data. Articles focusing on Canada and countries with comparable economies and immigration laws were reviewed. After charting, the data were thematically analyzed. Results: The number of refugees in Canada has consistently increased. Findings indicated that this group experienced social disparities, including vulnerable socio-economic status, food insecurity, social exclusion, and resettlement stressors compounded by trust issues, cultural recognition, and linguistic barriers. Studies report a higher prevalence of chronic diseases such as anemia, diabetes, high blood pressure and mental health issues such as mood disorders, anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Findings also suggested that this group experienced substantial barriers to health care, including inadequate cancer screening, suboptimal chronic hepatitis management, and underutilization of psychiatric care, attributed to a lack of awareness about opportunities, cultural stigma, and language challenges. Conclusion: Study findings underscore the necessity for targeted healthcare services in Canada to meet the identified needs of refugees and residents with precarious status. The findings impact the planning of the current healthcare system to accommodate the needs of the population dynamics and train the healthcare service providers. Moreover, policymakers must develop the infrastructure (including healthy public policy) to face the future. Policymakers should focus on improving awareness, accessibility, and cultural competency in healthcare provision. More focused and culturally appropriate research is required to identify the unique needs and opportunities to support this equity-deserving population. The study recommends preparing the community to support the increasing numbers of refugees, understand their needs, and incorporate the government to strengthen the services with policy and resources.

Content, uptake and adherence of exercise interventions after an acute exacerbation of COPD: a scoping review.

Pulmonary rehabilitation is underutilised in patients after an acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). Retrieving information regarding the setting, training modalities and the uptake and adherence to exercise interventions for these individuals in a vulnerable state could potentially guide future research. To provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the content, uptake and adherence of different exercise interventions for patients after an AECOPD. Eight different databases were searched for 1) patients experiencing an AECOPD and 2) performing any form of exercise intervention. Information on content, uptake and adherence was collected and the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) checklist was performed for each included record. 59 distinct interventions were identified between 1998 and 2023 including a total of 9238 patients. All studies included patients requiring hospitalisation for the AECOPD, four studies additionally included patients not requiring hospitalisation for the AECOPD. Nine different settings were identified, with the majority of studies conducted in an inpatient setting (n=26) and including whole-body and strength exercises. The overall uptake was mentioned in 38 (62%) studies and was 70% with a 13% dropout rate. No paper reported the full CERT checklist. Adherence was defined a priori in 16 (27%) studies, with the most common definition being attendance of >80% of sessions. Studies properly reporting on the uptake and adherence of well-described interventions, including information regarding fidelity, are needed to further investigate suitable programmes for patients experiencing an AECOPD.

Adolescent pregnancy, maternal and child anaemia: Empirical analysis from India, Bangladesh, and Nigeria.

Early childbearing poses several potential risks to maternal and child health. This paper empirically analyses the association between teenage pregnancy and child nutritional status, maternal and child anaemia in three countries (Nigeria, India and Bangladesh) that account for the highest proportion of teenage births and/or total number of malnourished teenage mothers and children. Data were sourced from nine waves of Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Bangladesh, India, and Nigeria from 2005-2018, covering a sample of 27,705 children from Bangladesh, 266,308 children from India and 54,719 children from Nigeria. Our outcome measures of maternal and child nutrition include (i) a composite measure of anthropometric failure for children (CIAF), (ii) maternal anaemia, (iii) childhood anaemia, and (iv) anaemia in maternal-child pairs. Using multivariate regression analysis, we examine the associations between early childbirth, child nutrition, and maternal and child anaemia, controlling for an array of household-level socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Across all three countries, the prevalence of CIAF (childhood anthropometric failure) is significantly higher among children born to women aged below 17 at first birth. We further find that early pregnancy and childbearing are associated with significantly higher rates of severe/moderate anaemia among both mothers and children in Bangladesh and Nigeria. In the three countries studied, the proportions of teenage mothers with vulnerable socioeconomic status and suboptimal pre-conception care are relatively high, which raises the risk of maternal and child morbidity as well as mortality.

When It Rains, It Pours: Cyber Vulnerability and Financial Conditions

We analyze how systemic cyber risk relates to the financial cycle and show that the potential impact of a cyberattack is systematically greater during stressed financial conditions. This has been true over the past two decades, particularly at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, when changes in payment activity increased vulnerability by approximately 50 percent relative to the rest of 2020 through more concentration and intraday liquidity stress. We evaluate the effectiveness of policy interventions used to stabilize markets and mitigate cyber vulnerability. We argue that cyber and other financial shocks cannot be treated as uncorrelated vulnerabilities and policy solutions for cyber vulnerability need to be calibrated for adverse financial conditions.

El dramático peregrinar de las mujeres migrantes en tránsito por el estado de Sinaloa, México: experiencias antes, durante y después de la pandemia de Covid 19

The situation of Mexican and Central American migrant women in transit through Mexico is analyzed. An updated diagnosis is shown in order to document and pay in the migratory studies by rescuing their experiences lived during their journey through Sinaloa. It is based on the assumption that migrant women who cross the Mexican Pacific Route are victims of discrimination, racism, inequality and gender violence due to the lack of security or social inclusion mechanisms. This condition of vulnerability generates impacts and consequences of identity, physical and mental, which is aggravated when it is the Mexican State that pays for migrants to opt for clandestine routes, leaving them at the mercy of criminal organizations. In addition, the arrival of the Covid 19 pandemic made the conditions of these women vulnerable and intensified U.S. immigration policy along with the ineffectiveness of the Mexican and Central American government system in the face of the handling of the health crisis and migration. Faced with such a situation, migration did not stop, on the contrary, it continued and today it is increasing. To achieve the objectives and assumptions raised, this research is based on a qualitative approach to explain and understand the subjective, individual and group interactions and meanings of the women analyzed. Two hundred and fifty semi-structured interviews carried out in 5 periods of time (years 2017, 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024) are used.Among the main findings, it is highlighted that patriarchal structural violence continues to be present from the moment of departure and throughout the migrant's journey. Faced with such a situation, they must carry out their own survival strategies due to insecurity and lack of protection from the immigration authorities of Mexico, Central America and the United States. Keywords: Migrant women in transit, Sinaloa, experiences, pandemic.

Social and programmatic vulnerability in the context of transgender people's health: a scoping review of scientific evidence from Brazil.

Most transgender people face different conditions of health vulnerability on a daily basis. In the Brazilian context, no research review has been found on such situations in the light of the theoretical conceptualization of multidimensional vulnerability. This research aimed to identify and analyze components of social and/or programmatic vulnerability that interfere with access to health care for trans people in Brazil. The scoping review followed the JBI Manual and the PRISMA-ScR list. Brazilian studies published in any language, in the period 2019-April 2023, in the NCBI/PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, SciELO, and LILACS databases were selected. The inclusion criteria included: original research with a sample of transgender people aged 18 years and over; and research contemplating conditions of social and/or programmatic vulnerability. Three reviewers independently selected the articles. The extracted and mapped data included components of these dimensions, according to the theoretical framework, as well as characteristics of the studies, for the synthesis of the descriptive analysis. A total of 46 studies were included. Social and programmatic vulnerability components were present in 67% of the studies. Among the main findings, the social dimension included discrimination, situations of violence in different contexts and social exclusion; prejudice and school dropout, homelessness, informal work and precarious income; and harmful use of alcohol and/or other drugs. The programmatic dimension encompassed disrespect for the use of the social name and institutional discrimination; hormone therapy without professional monitoring and scarcity of specialized services; lack of integration between Primary Health Care (PHC) and specialized care and insufficient PHC involvement; distortions between what is contained in public health policies and the practice in the services. A higher percentage (61%) of studies with trans women and 7% with trans men were observed; inequalities in regional distribution; predominance of HIV and AIDS and mental health themes; and similar percentages in the various methodological approaches and publications in national and foreign journals. The identified situations of vulnerability contribute mainly to supporting the formulation and implementation of new public policies in comprehensive health that are more comprehensive and inclusive, which mitigate the current social and health inequities.

How India Leads the South Asian Regional Security Complex: Geopolitical and Social Network Analysis

Abstract This research explores the regional security dynamics of South Asia through the lens of the Regional Security Complex (RSC) theory, developed by Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver. The research provides a comprehensive geopolitical analysis focusing on India's maritime interests and the broader regional landscape, encompassing both maritime and land-based security aspects. By employing Social Network Analysis (SNA), the study uncovers India’s position as a dominant regional power, with Bhutan identified as the most vulnerable state and the Maldives distinguished as a unique entity with no military forces but significant economic growth driven by tourism. The research also includes a detailed examination of the regional security landscape, highlighting key factors such as military expenditure, energy resources, trade flows, and economic growth across South Asian countries. Geographic visualizations are utilized to map these variables, revealing intricate patterns of interdependence and vulnerability. The study extends beyond maritime strategies to analyze how India’s military and economic influence shapes regional stability. This dual approach offers a nuanced understanding of South Asia’s security environment, demonstrating how both maritime and terrestrial dimensions interplay to affect regional dynamics and contribute to international stability. Through this analysis, the study illustrates the relevance of the RSC theory in addressing complex security challenges in the South Asian context.

DNA methylation effects of halogenated and organophosphate-based flame retardants: a mini-review

AbstractFlame retardants are compounds that are extensively used in household products, building materials, automobiles, and electrical goods to suppress the intensity of flames that will increase escape time during a fire. The fundamental issue with these chemicals is that a lot of them are additives, migrate from end-use items into the environment, and exert harmful effects on living organisms. A critical mechanism through which xenobiotics cause adverse effects is epigenetic modifications, which can have profound effect on development and physiology. As we know, the epigenome regulates gene expression through various modifications like DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs. Therefore, disruption of epigenetic control by environmental contaminants is an emerging area of concern to understand their impact on disease vulnerability and health status. DNA methylation is the most studied and key epigenetic regulator during embryogenesis and tissue homeostasis. It predominantly occurs at CpG sites and can cause gene silencing and affect downstream signaling by preventing transcription. Aberrant methylation patterns are related to impaired early embryonic development, neurological disorders, metabolic dysregulation, oxidative stress, and cancer. This review focuses on the ability of flame retardants to affect DNA methylation patterns in the genome and related disorders in exposed organisms.

Impact of urban biodiversity and climate change on children's health and well being.

In recent decades, biodiversity loss has greatly impacted planetary and human health. Children are at additional risk of adverse effects due to unique biological, developmental, and behavioral factors, as well as their longer exposure to an altered planet as a function of their young age. These effects are heightened for children living in vulnerable socioeconomic conditions. Here, we review the role of biodiversity loss on accelerating the consequences of climate change from the perspective of pediatric health. With the loss of biodiversity's protective role against the consequences of climate change, the adverse effects of the changing planet are impacting pediatric health. For example, trees provide shelter against heat waves, unsealed soil and wetlands mitigate flooding, and rewilded green space hosts high microbial richness and consequently supports immune and mental health. The effects of the loss of biodiversity may impact the discovery and development of novel pharmaceuticals and thus the future of children's medicine as a whole. We also highlight areas for further study and detail efforts that have been made to restore biodiversity, with the aim to improve the current and future health of local pediatric populations. IMPACT: Loss of biodiversity is occurring at a rapid pace affecting the health of the planet and disproportionately pediatric health. This paper describes the role of biodiversity loss in accelerating the impact of climate change on children's health, and highlights particularly vulnerable populations. This paper details steps that can be taken to maintain and restore biodiversity at the local and global levels to protect these populations and pediatric health in general.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI KORBAN KEKERASAN BERBASIS GENDER

Abstract Sexual violence is one of the most serious and far-reaching forms of gender-based sexual violence. Sexual violence can occur in various contexts, including during disasters. Disasters can create vulnerable conditions for women and girls to become victims of sexual violence. PPPA Ministerial Regulation No. 13 of 2020 provides comprehensive protection for victims of sexual violence in disasters. This protection includes prevention, treatment and recovery. This research aims to find out what forms of gender-based violence exist and how legal protection works in efforts to restore the condition of children who have experienced trauma due to sexual abuse. The method used in the research is Normative Juridical, namely by examining statutory regulations and researchers also use a conceptual approach so that in this writing it refers to the views of scholars and legal doctrines. The results of the research in preparing this thesis, the first form of gender-based violence, namely rape/attempted rape, sexual abuse, sexual exploitation, sexual violence, physical violence, psychological violence, economic neglect, sexual slavery, forced abortion, forced marriage, and trafficking of women for other purposes. sexual. Second, according to article 1 number 2, Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection, it is stated that: Child protection is all activities to guarantee and protect children and their rights so that they can live, grow, develop and participate, optimally in accordance with their dignity. and human dignity and receive protection from violence and discrimination. Such as protection in the fields of religion, health, education, social and special protection. Keywords : legal protection, victim, gender based violence

New evidence confirms the presence of the diamond stingray Hypanus dipterurus (Jordan & Gilbert 1880) in Chile and extends its southern range.

The diamond stingray (Hypanus dipterurus) is a species of cartilaginous fish that, according to the IUCN, is globally in a vulnerable state of conservation and its populations show a decline. New records of this ray species in southern Peru and northern Chile have expanded their known range. The species is distributed in the Eastern Central Pacific, from southern California to San Andres, on the central coast of Peru, but is poorly known in Chile. Angler records mined from social media and historical data confirmed the presence of H. dipterurus along southern Peru and northern Chile, extending southward over 1250 km. A species distribution model (SDM) based on previous global occurrences combined with oceanographic layers was built to identify areas of potential and undocumented presence of H. dipterurus. The SDM showed high accuracy (area under the curve = 0.95) and predicted the potential presence of H. dipterurus along vast areas of the Peruvian and Chilean coasts, where the presence of the species was poorly documented. Comprehensive surveys are required to understand the distribution, population dynamics, habitat requirements, and threats to effective conservation efforts in the southern region of its distribution range.

First Investigation of the Spring Dietary Composition of Siberian Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus) Using Next-Generation Sequencing.

Understanding the dietary composition of the Siberian musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) is critical for informing conservation efforts, particularly given the species' vulnerable status in the Republic of Korea and its limited ecological data. Previous dietary studies have relied on conventional methods with limitations in taxonomic precision, hindering comprehensive insights into their feeding ecology. To address this gap, we used Next-Generation Sequencing to analyze 16 fecal samples collected in April from Gangwon Province, the habitat of M. moschiferus. Our results revealed 213 unique plant species, with Morus, Quercus, and Prunus accounting for the majority of the diet. Notably, nearly half of the identified genera, including Morus, Actinidia, and Viscum, were reported for the first time as dietary plants of M. moschiferus. This study confirms that M. moschiferus is a concentrate feeder that primarily relies on woody plants (98.8%) and may exhibit tree-climbing behavior to access parasitic shrubs like Viscum. These findings provide a foundation for future dietary analysis research and serve as valuable baseline data for the long-term conservation of M. moschiferus.

The kidney under heat stress: a vulnerable state.

This review examines the effects of occupational heat stress on kidney health. It focuses on the role of hyperthermia in the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) and its potential progression to chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology (CKDnt). We highlight the physiological mechanisms by which hyperthermia affects kidney function and discuss emerging preventive strategies. Hyperthermia places the kidneys in a vulnerable state. As body temperature increases, blood flow is directed toward the skin to aid in cooling, diverting it away from internal organs like the kidneys to support blood pressure regulation. At the same time, hyperthermia and dehydration increases energetic demand to promote fluid and electrolyte conservation. Collectively, this can create a localized supply-demand mismatch, resulting in tissue hypoxia that can damage kidney tissues. These findings highlight that heat hyperthermia can lead to subclinical kidney damage, with potential long-term implications for kidney health. Heat-induced AKI is a growing public health concern. Individuals engaged in manual labor with prolonged exposure are at risk of CKDnt. Interventions aimed to prevent hyperthermia show promise in mitigating the risk of AKI. Further research is necessary to refine these strategies and establish evidence-based guidelines for reducing heat-related kidney injuries.

Analysis of prevailing atmospheric conditions during wildfire events in the Indian Himalayan region

AbstractWildfire incidents have seen an exponential rise in the past few decades in India, particularly over the Indian Himalayan region, which has led to a huge loss of life and property. To mitigate and manage the impact of wildfires, a better understanding of key physical atmospheric processes conducive to the spread of wildfires is required. This study aims to analyze the atmospheric conditions associated with the propagation of wildfires in the Himalayan state of Uttarakhand (India). For this, wildfire burned‐area data from the Uttarakhand (India) State Forest Department, in‐situ precipitation information from the India Meteorological Department, India, and atmospheric variables (temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture) from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5 and Global Land Data Assimilation System datasets over the years 2000–2022 have been critically analyzed to infer the cause of the unprecedented spread of wildfires in Uttarakhand. The analysis suggests that the strength of the El Niño Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole phases along with the precipitation pattern in the pre‐fire season due to western disturbances are dominant factors associated with the spread of fires. Further, the bimodal distribution of the vapor pressure deficit, having a peak during the fire season and post‐monsoon period, indicates increased dryness of fuels and increased susceptibility of vegetation to wildfires. These findings could be utilized to mitigate and manage the impacts of wildfire in the vulnerable Himalayan state.

Determinants of Access to Higher Education: Evidence from Jharkhand, India

This paper examines the access to higher education across socio-religious groups in the state of Jharkhand in India. It also examines the factors affecting access to higher education and the role of students’ social background in explaining the inequality in participation in higher education. The analysis is based on cross tabulation, logistic regression and Fairlie decomposition method. The analysis shows that tribals, Muslims and Scheduled Castes are the worst performing groups in the state. The most prominent factor behind the vulnerable condition of tribals is their high concentration in rural areas as there is a remarkable gap in their performance between rural and urban areas. A large part of the gap between the privileged and the underprivileged groups could not be explained by endowment factors, namely, household size, education of the head of household and income background. The results suggest that incentives created due to family background leads to different outcomes among different socio-religious groups.

Climate change and its impact on children and adolescents sleep.

This review discusses the impact of climate change on sleep, anxiety, and eating in the pediatric population. This is a nonsystematic literature review based on a search using PubMed and MeSH terms in titles and abstracts with these keywords: climate change, sleep, greenhouse effect, children, and adolescents. Climate change events are associated with human intervention in the ecosystem, having a strong impact on cognitive functions, physical and mental health, as well as subjective well-being, particularly in youth. Climate change is caused by human activity with changes in the composition of the global atmosphere caused by emissions of gases, such as carbon dioxide, which increase the greenhouse effect. This review discusses the impact of climate change on sleep, anxiety, and feeding in the pediatric population. Early detection of vulnerability conditions, along with adaptation strategies is necessary to address climate stressors with a focus on healthy sleep and eco-anxiety. Pediatrics has an important role to play in protecting healthy sleep in children.

Theorising Bad Faith in International Relations: Climate Change, Deception and the Negotiation of International Order

This study examines how climate-vulnerable states charge major carbon emitters with bad faith behaviors, how those emitters respond in ways that often confirm the bad faith charges, and what vulnerable states propose as policy alternatives. Using an existentialist conceptualization of bad faith and Bassan-Nygate and Heimann’s four response mechanisms – projection, distortion, displacement, and rationalization – we identify how major emitters try to negate bad faith claims in ways that are deceptive of the self and the other. Major emitters require self-ref lection to identify how they are not meeting international climate policy agreements and begin to address what they must change (about themselves), but vulnerable states note that this ref lection is absent. This study of 399 speeches by national leaders at three climate summits opens directions for scholars, activists and policymakers to understand how interactions around bad faith illuminate the politics of bad faith and the potential for change this contains.