State Of Mexico Research Articles

A Network of two Markets, Correlations for Stocks in the S&P500 Index and Stocks Traded in the BMV

Our goal is to study how stocks from Mexico and United States are interconnected. We apply a novel method based on a graphical model. We estimate partial correlations for every year of the period 2000-2020. Our results based on partial correlation matrices show a systematic level of inter-connectivity across countries that metrics from network theory confirm. An important difference between these countries is how sectors in each market are linked. Most sector graphs in the United States are densely interconnected. In contrast, sectors in Mexico present much less links. We then compare networks in the periods of the subprime mortgage crisis and the crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. The different propagation speeds of both crises are correctly captured by the metrics. A limitation is derived from information, and it is desirable to include actualized data in the study. The deployed novel method, which led to obtain new results, endow originality to the work. It is concluded that disaggregated data provides a promising venue of research.

Quantification of early nonpharmaceutical interventions aimed at slowing transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the Navajo Nation and surrounding states (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah).

During an early period of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Navajo Nation, much like New York City, experienced a relatively high rate of disease transmission. Yet, between January and October 2020, it experienced only a single period of growth in new COVID-19 cases, which ended when cases peaked in May 2020. The daily number of new cases slowly decayed in the summer of 2020 until late September 2020. In contrast, the surrounding states of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah all experienced at least two periods of growth in the same time frame, with second surges beginning in late May to early June. Here, we investigated these differences in disease transmission dynamics with the objective of quantifying the contributions of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) (e.g., behaviors that limit disease transmission). We considered a compartmental model accounting for distinct periods of NPIs to analyze the epidemic in each of the five regions. We used Bayesian inference to estimate region-specific model parameters from regional surveillance data (daily reports of new COVID-19 cases) and to quantify uncertainty in parameter estimates and model predictions. Our results suggest that NPIs in the Navajo Nation were sustained over the period of interest, whereas in the surrounding states, NPIs were relaxed, which allowed for subsequent surges in cases. Our region-specific model parameterizations allow us to quantify the impacts of NPIs on disease incidence in the regions of interest.

Warning labels on alcoholic beverage containers: a pilot randomized experiment among young adults in Mexico

BackgroundLittle is known about the potential impacts of visible and up-to-date health warning labels on alcoholic beverage containers on a range of outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. We conducted an experimental study to test the potential impacts of visible health warning labels (on the principal panel of the package) on thinking about health risks, product attractiveness, visual avoidance, and intention to change alcohol use among students in Mexico aged 18–30 years.MethodsA double-blind, parallel-group, online randomized trial was conducted from November 2021 to January 2022 in 11 states in Mexico. In the control group, participants were presented with the image of a conventional beer can with a fictional design and brand. In the intervention groups, the participants observed pictograms with a red font and white backgrounds (health warning label in red—HWL red) or with a black font and yellow backgrounds (health warning label in yellow—HWL yellow), located at the top, covering around one-third of the beer can. We used Poisson regression models -unadjusted and adjusted for covariates- to assess differences in the outcomes across study groups.ResultsUsing intention-to-treat analysis (n = 610), we found more participants in groups HWL red and HWL yellow thought about the health risks from drinking beer compared to the control group [Prevalence Ratio (PR) = 1.43, CI95%:1.05,1.93 for HWL red; PR = 1.25, CI95%: 0.91, 1.71 for HWL yellow]. A lower percentage of young adults in the interventions vs control group considered the product attractive (PR 0.74, 95%CI 0.51, 1.06 for HWL red; PR 0.56, 95%CI 0.38, 0.83 for HWL yellow). Although not statistically significant, a lower percentage of participants in the intervention groups considered buying or consuming the product than the control group. Results were similar when models were adjusted for covariates.ConclusionsVisible health warning labels could lead individuals to think about the health risks of alcohol, reducing the attractiveness of the product and decreasing the intention to purchase and consume alcohol. Further studies will be required to determine which pictograms or images and legends are most contextually relevant for the country.Trial registrationThe protocol of this study was retrospectively registered on 03/01/2023: ISRCTN10494244.

The welfare state, technological unemployment and social innovation in Mexico

The adverse effects of the opening of the economy during the 1980s and 1990s in Latin America brought about a debate about the reform of the welfare state. However, the path to follow is still uncertain. This scenario has forced the emergence of social innovations to tackle problems such as poverty and technological unemployment which neither the market nor the state have been able to solve. The aim of this paper is to review the way in which the Mexican welfare state has impeded the alleviation of poverty and technological unemployment making, in consequence, the creation of an enabling technology-based social innovation environment a priority. For that purpose we carried out a documentary analysis as part of a broader research study which assesses empirically the role of the Mexican state in creating a technology-based social innovation environment as a way to alleviate social illness such as poverty and technological unemployment. We conclude that empirical approaches to the links between social innovation, the labor market and poverty are indispensable to advancing the discussion about the design of the provision of welfare in the twenty-first century.

Characterization of the productive articulation and tourism in the aquaculture farms of Toluca, State of Mexico, and Lake Tota in Boyacá, Colombia, first advance

Global aquaculture has had exponential growth in recent decades (FAO,2020), mainly due to the decrease of wild fish populations in the global oceans and inland water bodies. That is why, according to the projection of specialists, by 2050 these species will have to be produced in controlled conditions, creating, improving, and developing farms that favor the consumption of this food locally, nationally, and internationally. For this reason, the productive articulation that is carried out between the different actors, Company, government, university, and associations of producers, (quadruple hélix), favors the interrelation between them, thus achieving social and economic benefits for the participants. Specifically, this research Project within the framework of the Pacific Alliance Treat aims to analyze the trout farms in Toluca, State of México, and the Tota lagoon in Boyacá, Colombia, to determine in a first approach the characterization of these groups and their relationship with tourism, to propose alternatives that promote greater involvement of the participants and increase collective benefits. This field research, which is carried out in the aforementioned localities, with a qualitative, non-experimental approach based on content analysis, collecting existing data in statistics and official documents of both countries, and with structured interviews conducted with aquaculture managers of the federal and local government and owners of aquaculture farms. The article is preliminary to know the operating conditions of the farms, and the link with Tourism, which will be linked to subsequent publications once the process of obtaining the actors of the productive groupings in México and Colombia is concluded.

An updated list of the Mexican herpetofauna: with a summary of historical and contemporary studies.

The growth in our knowledge of the diversity of the herpetofauna of Mexico has occurred over the period of approximately 445 years from the work of Francisco Hernández to that of a broad multinational array of present-day herpetologists. The work of this huge group of people has established Mexico as one of the most significant centers of herpetofaunal biodiversity in the world. This status is the result of a complex orography, in addition to diverse habitats and environments and the biogeographic history of Mexico. The current herpetofauna consists of 1,421 native and introduced species, allocated to 220 genera, and 61 families. This figure is comprised of 1,405 native species and 16 non-native species (as of April 2023). The non-native species include two anurans, 13 squamates, and one turtle. The level of endemism is very high, presently lying at 63%, with this level expected to increase with time. Species richness varies among the 32 federal entities in the country, from a low of 50 in Tlaxcala to a high of 492 in Oaxaca. Amphibian species richness by state-level can be envisioned as comprising three levels of low, medium, and high, with the lowest levels occurring in the Peninsula of Baja California, a group of seven states in north-central and central Mexico, and a group of three states in the Yucatan Peninsula, with the highest levels occupying the southern states of Guerrero, Puebla, Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas, and the medium level in the remaining states of the country. Reptile species richness also can be allocated to three categories, with the lowest level occupying Baja California Sur, a group of central states, and the states of the Yucatan Peninsula, and the highest level found in a cluster of the states of Veracruz, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. Knowledge of the Mexican herpetofauna will continue to grow with additional studies on systematics, conservation, and the construction of checklists at various levels.

Relationships between dental fluorosis and fluoride concentrations in bottled water and groundwater in low-income children in Mexico.

The aim of the current study was to investigate associations between dental fluorosis in children living in low socioeconomic areas in Mexico, and fluoride concentrations in tap water, fluoride concentrations and in bottled water, and body mass index (BMI). A cross-sectional study involving 585 schoolchildren aged 8-12 years was conducted in communities in a southern state of Mexico with >0.7 parts per million (ppm) fluoride in the groundwater. The Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (TFI) was used to evaluate dental fluorosis, and the World Health Organization growth standards were used to calculate age-adjusted and sex-adjusted BMI Z-scores. A BMI Z-score ≤ -1 SD was used as the cut-off point for thinness, and multiple logistic regression models for dental fluorosis (TFI ≥ 4) were constructed. The mean fluoride concentration in tap water was 1.39 ppm (SD 0.66), and the mean fluoride concentration in bottled water was 0.32 ppm (SD 0.23). Eighty-four children (14.39%) had a BMI Z-score ≤ -1 SD. More than half (56.1%) of the children presented with dental fluorosis in TFI categories ≥ 4. Children living in areas with higher fluoride concentrations in the tap water [odds ratio (OR) 1.57, p = 0.002] and bottled water (OR 3.03, p < .001) were more likely to have dental fluorosis in the severe categories (TFI ≥ 4). BMI Z-score was associated with the probability of dental fluorosis (TFI ≥ 4; OR 2.11, p < 0.001), and the effect size was 29.3%. A low BMI Z-score was associated with a higher prevalence of dental fluorosis in the severe category. Awareness of the fluoride concentrations in bottled water may help prevent dental fluorosis, particularly in children exposed to several high fluoride content sources. Children with a low BMI may be more vulnerable to dental fluorosis.

An annotated checklist of terrestrial flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) from Mexico, with new records of invasive species from a citizen science platform and a new nomen dubium.

A checklist of species of terrestrial flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae) recorded for Mexico is compiled, listing 11 species. Five are directly referenced in the literature: Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878, Bipalium vagum Jones & Sterrer, 2005, Diporodemus yucatani Hyman, 1938, Geoplana multipunctata Fuhrmann, 1914, and Pseudogeoplana nigrofusca (Darwin, 1844); and one species had been indirectly mentioned for the country: Parakontikia ventrolineata (Dendy, 1892), which was described from material intercepted in the USA in a shipment of ornamental plants from Mexico. Mexican records from the citizen science platform iNaturalist were reviewed, revealing the presence of five widely distributed invasive species: Caenoplana coerulea Moseley, 1877, recorded in Ciudad de Mexico; Endeavouria septemlineata (Hyman, 1939), recorded in Ciudad de Mexico, Estado de Mexico, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Morelos, and Oaxaca; Dolichoplana carvalhoi Corrêa, 1947, recorded in Jalisco; Dolichoplana striata Moseley, 1877, recorded in Morelos, Nuevo Leon, Quintana Roo, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz; and Rhynchodemus sylvaticus (Leidy, 1851), recorded in Jalisco. The presence of Parakontikia ventrolineata is confirmed for the country, being recorded in Ciudad de Mexico, Estado de Mexico, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacan, Puebla, Queretaro, and Veracruz. The original description of Pseudogeoplana nigrofusca was revisited and compared to subsequent descriptions and keys, noting that the specimens are not conspecific and that the original description is too vague to accurately identify the species, therefore, this taxon is hereby relegated as a nomen dubium. A key for the higher taxa (subfamilies and tribes) of the North American terrestrial flatworms is proposed.

Morphometric, weight, viability, and germination analysis of castor bean seeds (Ricinus communis) under two temperature and relative humidity conditions

Objective: To analyze the morphometric, weight, viability, and germination evaluation under two temperature and relative humidity conditions, in sixteen local varieties of castor bean (Ricinus communis) from several states of Mexico (E1-E16), as well as two commercial varieties (k75B and k93B). Design/Methodology/Approach: The following morphometric characteristics were analyzed using a vision system: area, elongation index (EI), and Feret's diameter (FD). Viability and germination tolerance (germination percentage (GP)), germination speed (GS), and emergence speed index (ESI)) were evaluated under two conditions of relative humidity and temperature (T1 - RH 80%/T 20ºC; T2 - RH 30%/T 40ºC), using a completely randomized block experiment design, with four replicates of 75 seeds. Results: There are morphometric differences (EI, area, and FD) between and within the study varieties. There are significant differences between T1 and T2 regarding the following variables: days of radicle emergence (T1: 44.71 and T2:11.6), germination percentage (T1: 48.37 and T2: 56%), ESI (T1: 34.07+12.72 and T2: 77.02+ 23.78), and GS (T1: 9.93 and T2: 24.60). The results obtained show a positive correlation between the morphometric properties and the germination percentage in T1; however, there was no correlation in T2. Study Limitations/Implications: There were no limitations to carry out this study. Findings/Conclusions: The E4 and E15 local varieties obtained a &gt;93% productive potential in T1, while the E3 and E16 local varieties obtained a &gt;78% productive potential in T2. Meanwhile, the k75B commercial variety had a better performance in T1 (89.75%) than in T2 (78.67%).

Festulolium and annual ryegrass pastures associated with white clover for small-scale dairy systems in high valleys of Mexico

O Background: The implementation of polyphytic pastures composed of grasses and legumes is an important component of agricultural systems in temperate zones, since grazing pastures which can reduce feed costs— are a viable option for small-scale dairy systems (SSDS). Objective: To evaluate the continuous grazing of dairy cows in Festulolium pastures associated with annual and perennial ryegrass and with clover in two farmrs. Methodology: Two experiments were carried out. The first experiment was established in the municipality of Almoloya of Juárez using eight cows that were divided into two groups of four; the cows grazed on two pastures with Festulolium associated with annual ryegrass and they were fed with 3.6 kg DM/cow/day of commercial concentrate, for 16 weeks. The second experiment was carried out in the Northwest of State of Mexico; six multiparous cows grazed on two pastures, under a cross over design arrangement; one pasture features Festulolium cv Spring Green and the other, annual ryegrass. Milk and body condition ere measured every 3 and 12 d, respectively. Variables from both experiments were analyzed using a split-plot experimental design. Results: Neither experiment recorded significant differences for the net accumulation of forage, the height of the pastures, and their chemical composition (P&gt;0.05). No significant differences between treatments (P&gt;0.05) were recorded regarding the yields and chemical composition of the milk. Study Limitations/Implications: The study of mixed pastures can be an alternative for feeding grazing cows, helping to reduce costs in SSDS. Findings/Conclusions: Festulolium/annual ryegrass pastures with white clover are a viable forage alternative for small-scale dairy systems.

Agriculture 4.0: Is Mexico Ready?

Objective: To analyze the possibilities and actions required to foster the introduction of technologies consistent with the term “agriculture 4.0” in Mexico.Design/Methodology/Approach: To identify providers of technology in Mexico. To present the cost-benefit equation regarding the adoption of said technology as applied to the cultivation of maize in different regions. Todesign and construct an adoption propensity index that will serve as a basis to propose focused and adequate actions to remove technology access barriers.Results: Mexico has a young and wide offer of technology, both tangible and intangible, where digital platforms of agricultural management, mobile apps, and remote monitoring predominate. The cost-benefit relationshipoffers a large margin to adopt new technologies. However, there are adoption barriers (related to education or infrastructure, for instance) that represent a challenge to different regions of the country: the northern,northeastern, and western states of Mexico are more likely to adopt new technologies.Study limitations/Implications: Further experimental and field analysesare required to delve deeper into potential additional barriers (culture-related, for example). Agro productividad 2022. https://doi.org/10.32854/xxxxxx (Los autores no deben realizar ningún cambio en este apartado) 2 of 8 Findings/Conclusions: The cost-benefit analysis offers a large margin foradoption. However, the propensity to adopt is associated to restrictingfactors such as the producers’ educational level, the production unit’s sizeand level of mechanization, the access to and use of Information andCommunication Technologies, and the telecoms infrastructure, whosegeographic disparity is significant. The public sector’s intervention isdesirable to reduce the gap between the supply and demand oftechnologies, as well as the access barriers to the latter.

Regional and national burden of prostate cancer: incidence, mortality, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years, in Mexico and Latin America from 1990 to 2019.

Prostate cancer (PC) is the second leading cause of cancer and the fifth cause of cancer-related death. This manuscript aims to determine the incidence, mortality, and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) trends of PC in the last 30years in Latin America and Mexico. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of a publicly available data set. Data regarding the burden of prostate cancer in 20 Latin-American countries, and the 32 states of Mexico, were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Collected information included incidence and mortality rates (per 100,000), as well as the DALYs as absolute numbers and rates (per 100,000) and the annual rates of change in rates from 1990 to 2019. In Latin America in males aged 55years or older, the mean incidence rate was 344 cases per 100,000. The number of deaths attributable to prostate cancer observed was 67,110 and the mean mortality rate was 210 per 100,000. The overall burden of disease was 1,120,709 DALYs and the contribution of years of life lost (YLL) was 91.7% ([Formula: see text]= 1,027,946). Mexico presented an incidence rate (279.6) and mortality (99.1) rate (per /100 thousand). In Mexico, 13 states had a DALYs' rate above the national mean (883 per 100,000) and the highest burden (1360 DALYs/100,000) were documented in the state of Guerrero (Southwestern Mexico). Only two Latin-American countries (Brazil and Colombia) and eight states of Mexico showed a decreased trend about the rate of change of DALYs in the last 30years.

Two new species of sedentary nematodes of the genus Meloidodera Chitwood, Hannon &amp; Esser, 1956 (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) from Mexico

Summary Two new species of the genus Meloidodera collected in Mexico are described here: M. ferrisi sp. n. parasitising roots of an oak tree in the State of Mexico and M. tecoacensis sp. n. parasitising roots of buffalo bur nightshade in the Tlaxcala State. Meloidodera ferrisi sp. n. is characterised by a spherical female body covered completely by a dark thick cuticular layer, length/width of the female body = 0.8-1.6, stylet = 35-43 μm and second-stage juvenile with average body = 340 μm and average tail length = 35.6 μm. Meloidodera tecoacensis sp. n. is characterised by the female having a spherical body covered with a yellow transparent material, length/width of the female body = 1.1-2.8, stylet = 20-33 μm and second-stage juvenile with average body = 340 μm and average tail length = 29.8 μm. These two species were molecularly characterised using the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA and COI gene sequences. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two new species represent a separate evolutionary lineage within the subfamily Meloidoderinae. An identification key for 12 Meloidodera species is provided.

The Militarization of Public Security in Mexico: A Subnational Analysis from a State (Local) Police Perspective

Mexico’s public security has suffered a militarization process for at least two decades. Although there is consensus on this trend at the national level in the specialized literature, little research has been conducted on its subnational impact. To amend this gap, this article inquires the way in which militarization has permeated the structure and operation of subnational security forces beyond the local autocratic dynamics that reinforce militarization. Specifically, this article focuses on police reconfiguration regarding interaction with military in the six most violent states in Mexico: Jalisco, Nuevo León, Guanajuato, Sonora, Sinaloa, and Zacatecas. The qualitative analysis presented is based on 15 interviews and 18 focus groups with police offices and public security officials of these states. We argue that military presence on the streets and the arrival of the military-to-executive positions in public security institutions contributed to the adoption of military operating modes by the state police during Felipe Calderón (Dec. 2006–Nov. 2012) and Enrique Peña Nieto’s presidential terms (Dec. 2012–Nov. 2018). Additionally, this article aims to explain how the military has permeated the state’s public security institutions at different levels and dynamics (management, training, and operation) that promote the adoption of formal or informal military features that enable state police institutions to behave alike and resemble the army in their everyday activities. From a theoretical and methodological perspective, this article calls for the construction of a research agenda that focuses on the local and subnational processes of the militarization of public security.

Understanding the motives to seek additional care at non-governmental organizations.

e18766 Background: Providing patient-centered comprehensive breast cancer (BC) management remains a global health challenge. In Mexico, public health institutions (PHIs) are the largest providers of BC care. They seek to offer quality BC treatment for their constituents while facing financial and operational challenges accentuated by the increasing prevalence of BC. This system leaves patients with unmet needs, especially limited access to supportive care services. Some non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been created to fulfill these gaps. This study aims to understand the unmet needs perceived by BC patients at PHIs and their motives to contact NGOs for complementary services. Methods: An online survey was created and distributed to BC patients that received care at PHIs and had contacted Médicos Investigadores en la Lucha Contra el Cáncer, a BC NGO, from June 2022 to July 2022. The questionnaire consists of multiple-choice questions and a comments section. Results: We received 93 responses. The median age (range) was 51 years old (31-68). Most participants were residents of Mexico City and the State of Mexico, 97%. The most frequently reported clinical stages were stage 2 and stage 3, 31% and 40% respectively. Medication availability and diagnostic services were considered above average, 76% and 71% respectively. Patients referred that 78% of nursing services, 69% of primary and 82% of secondary/tertiary level care physician services were above average. The majority of participants, 91%, reported having unmet needs during their treatment. Table 1 describes the participant’s perceived needs including adequate information and referral to other integral health services within the institution like pain management, physical therapy, mental health services, and nutrition. A recurring comment reported by patients was that not enough time was dedicated to answering their concerns. Conclusions: This study shows that PHIs struggle to adequately provide comprehensive BC management. There is a high perception of unmet needs and a low referral rate to pain management, physical therapy, nutrition, and psychology services. However, patients consider the services provided by doctors and nurses as above average and are satisfied with the diagnostic services and medications provided by the institution. Future studies need to be conducted to understand the barriers to adequate referral to comprehensive care services and how NGOs address these unmet needs. [Table: see text]

Economic growth and human development in the Magic Towns and Charming Towns of the State of Mexico

Economic growth and human development in the Magic Towns and Charming Towns of the State of Mexico

La consulta previa como herramienta de la multiculturalidad en contextos migratorios: Evidencia desde Nuevo León, México

En los Estados latinoamericanos, las migraciones de los indígenas del campo a la ciudad tienen ya tintes históricos, no obstante, en los últimos años dichos flujos se han acelerado, debido a conflictos extractivos en sus territorios ancestrales y la búsqueda de empleo. En este contexto, los gobiernos locales de ciudades que no cuentan con una población indígena autóctona se encuentran en una situación inesperada de diversidad étnica que demanda una respuesta multicultural. Así es el caso de Nuevo León, un Estado industrial en el noreste de México, que ha recibido intensos flujos de migrantes indígenasdesde la década de 1990, de forma que en 2015 más de cuatrocientas mil personas ahí residentes se autoadscribían como indígenas. A partir de trabajo de campo realizado entre 2015 y 2017, se analiza la consulta previa –que se suele asociar con conflictos territoriales– como herramienta de multiculturalidad frente a flujos de migración indígena a contextos urbanos. Se sugiere que, aun cuando las consultas realizadas no cumplan ni con los estándares del Derecho Internacional ni con los preceptos básicos de la participación ciuda- dana, pueden ofrecer un espacio simbólico que acerca a las partes para conocerse y entablar un incipiente diálogo intercultural

ASSESSING THE CURRENT THREAT OF MONKEYPOX EPIDEMIC EMERGENCE

The purpose of this study was to assess the presence of threats of a pandemic based on the analysis of the prevalence of monkeypox globally in modern conditions.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The article is devoted to the analysis of cases of monkeypox in the world in 2022 and the evaluation of its pandemic potential in modern conditions. Official data of the World Health Organization, Public Health Centre of Ukraine, European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, USA were analyzed.&#x0D; Results and discussion. Taking into account the increasing scale of the monkeypox outbreak in the world, on July 23, 2022, the General Director of the World Health Organization declared the monkeypox outbreak a public health emergency of international importance. During this period, more than 16 thousand cases of monkeypox were registered in 75 countries of the world.&#x0D; As of October 2, 2022, 68,900 laboratory-confirmed cases of monkeypox and 25 deaths have been reported to the World Health Organization from 106 countries worldwide. Ten countries reporting the highest cumulative number of cases in the world are: United States of America (37.3%), Brazil (11.4%), Spain (10.4%), France (5.8%), Great Britain (5.3%), Germany (5.3%), Peru (3.8%), Colombia (3%), Mexico (2.4%) and Canada (2%). The smallest number was recorded in: Turkey and Indonesia (0.001% each); Moldova, Greenland and Georgia (0.002% each); Monaco (0.004%); Ukraine, Japan and Cuba (0.005% each); China, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Latvia (0.007% each). In Ukraine, the first case of monkeypox was laboratory-confirmed in September 2022. As of October 27, 2022, 4 laboratory-confirmed cases of monkeypox by polymerase chain reaction testing were registered in Ukraine.&#x0D; Based on the analysis, the transmission of the monkeypox virus primarily occurs through person-to-person contact, often through sexual intercourse. Risk factors for monkeypox include being between the ages of 18 and 44, male gender, engaging in sexual contact with other men, participating in risky sexual behaviour, engaging in sexual contact without condom use, having a history of HIV infection or previous sexually transmitted infections (including syphilis). The following groups are considered at high risk: men who have sex with men, passengers in close proximity to an infected individual on airplanes, healthcare workers, close family members or friends, and anyone who has close contact with an infected person, regardless of gender or sexual orientation. There is a possibility of further spread of the monkeypox virus and the potential for the causative agent to evolve into a pathogen with greater epidemic potential than it currently possesses.&#x0D; People with monkeypox should avoid contact with animals during the entire period of isolation. In case of suspicion of disease in domestic animals, the veterinary service must be immediately notified.&#x0D; Conclusion. Currently, the pandemic potential of the virus is insignificant; monkeypox is less contagious compared to other infections that caused pandemics, it is transmitted only in conditions of close contact with a sick person, a contaminated object, or an infected animal. The cases are found in certain groups of behavioural risk. In order to better understand the variability of the epidemiology of monkeypox, the current and future trends in the development of the epidemic process of monkeypox, it is necessary to carry out constant surveillance.

Long-term relationships between business interests and the state in Mexico

This text presents an overall and long-term vision of the relations between business and the state in Mexico. The analysis aims to explain how business mobilize their interests, what influence they have on public policies that affect the entire society, why and how they have participated in party politics and the expansion of democracy in Mexico. It shows how they started the twentieth century with a legitimacy deficit, expelled from the political scene because of the Revolution (1910–1921), and how they managed to grow and create powerful companies and organizations that allowed them to transnationalize and start the twenty-first century at the top of the power, not only economic, but also political. It examines the political participation of business to face the growing interventionism of the State in the economy during the period of industrialization by import substitution and shows how many business people left their companies to enter partisan politics from the local and regional spheres to the National. Their involvement in public policies that led to privatization, deregulation, and economic openness is also examined. The relations of business interests with the four governments of the twenty-first century is analyzed in a particular way: the two of the PAN (Vicente Fox, 2000–2006 and Felipe Calderón 2006–2012), that of the PRI (Enrique Peña Nieto, 2012–2018) and that of Morena (Andrés Manuel López, 2018…).

Pediatric Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring and Long-Term Outcomes in a Developing Country.

Pediatric intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) has been shown to be effective in preventing and reversing postoperative neurological deficits in developed countries. There are currently no published studies from developing countries that describe neurophysiological findings and postoperative outcomes. Our study aims to address these gaps in children undergoing neurosurgical procedures in a single center. We conducted a retrospective study of case series of children who underwent IONM (2014-2020) in the State of Mexico, Mexico. Sociodemographic characteristics, IONM modalities, changes during procedures, and short-term and long-term postoperative results were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used. We included 35 patients (≤18 years of age), 57% (20/35) boys. A relative increase of up to 5 times in the use of IONM is observed from 2014 (5.7%) to 2020 (25.7%) in our center. The most frequent preoperative pathologies were located at the infratentorial cranium (40%), followed by the spine and spinal cord (37.1%). The IONM modalities were as follows: free-running EMG 94.3%, transcranial electrical stimulation motor-evoked potentials 91.4%, somatosensory-evoked potentials 85.7%, triggered EMG 28.6%, EEG 25.7%, and visual-evoked potentials 5.7%. Only in 8.3%, we did not obtain sufficient evoked potential baseline signals. At 24 hours postoperatively true negatives were 100%. Long-term follow-up was completed in 22/35 (63%) at 3 months, 12/35 (34.2%) at 6 months, and 5/35 (14.3%) at 12 months with progressive motor and sensory improvement. Pediatric multimodal IONM in neurosurgeries from a single center in a developing country is mainly used in pathologies of the posterior fossa, spine, and spinal cord, with true negatives in 100% of those monitored, preventing and avoiding postoperative sequelae.