Destination States Research Articles

Migrant networks, regional development and internal migration flows in Brazil

PurposeThis study analyzes the role of migrant networks in the migration flows in relation to the educational level of the migrants and economic growth of the states of origin and destination in Brazil.Design/methodology/approachFixed effects estimator applied to microdata.FindingsThe results show migrant networks have a significant and positive impact on migration flows of the different educational levels. The economic growth in the destination state accentuates this effect, while the economic growth in the origin state has distinct impacts according to the educational level of the new migrant.Originality/valueThe authors investigate the importance of migrant networks in the internal immigration within a developing country with large internal movement of people. In Brazil, the socio-economic condition of the population varies considerably in relation to its geography, which explains the country’s large internal migration flows.

Human Trafficking as a Human Rights Violation in a Pluralistic and Interdependent World: Obligations and Accountability of States

Human trafficking is a common occurrence in the modern world. It has been estimated that thousands of people are trafficked every year, the most of whom are women and children. Almost all States are impacted by trafficking, and it is estimated that traffickers earn billions of dollars a year from their illegal activities. Slavery and the slave trade, which date back thousands of years, are the roots of trafficking. However, since the start of the 20th century, the term "human trafficking" has taken on a new meaning. This paper explores some state-imposed requirements related to human rights. While there are many different obligations, this paper focuses on the four most important ones that are imposed on all States, regardless of whether they are States of Origin, Transit, or Destination: the obligation to forbid trafficking, to look into and prosecute traffickers, to protect victims, and to address the causes and effects of the phenomenon. It will be shown that these are firmly established under international human rights law. Additionally, the Trafficking Protocol's potential to advance a human rights framework will be considered, along with the ramifications of the interplay between several international legal disciplines like international human rights law, international criminal law, and transnational criminal law. This paper ends with a comment on the value of global government in combating transnational organized crime, especially human trafficking. The fundamental conclusion is that States can be held directly responsible since some human rights standards and principles drawn from international human rights law are applicable to human trafficking.

A Study on the Causes and Consequences Inter-State Migration and Reverse Migration in Tamil Nadu, India

In a huge populous country like India, migration is an acceptable reality and inevitable. It is a most effective tool for balancing between shortage of workers at one place and excess population at another area. In the present VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity) business environment, Inter-state migration has socio-economic and political consequences in both donor and recipient states. Migrants do not always relocate willingly or voluntarily. Most of the migrations occur for economic reasons. If continuous employment and consistent income is guaranteed to everyone who are willing to work at all states, there is no need to migrate at all. The state of Tamil Nadu has been forerunner for inter-state migration; presently there is huge number of migrants working in the state. Places like Tirupur, Erode, Coimbatore, Chennai, Thiruvallur and Chengalpattu are having huge number in-migrants. While excessive inflow of migrants is economically advantageous to source states, it has mix of benefits and challenges to destination states. Long working hours, payment of low wages (about 70% of what the local workers get), poor living conditions, stagnated garbage and waste water, lack of sanitation facilities makes the lives of the migrants vulnerable. Reverse migration is an act of migrants getting back to home places. In extreme cases, migrants could not tolerate and decide to relocate to their native places. The decision made is not based on luxury or added quality of life at their places, but issues faced is migrated state It is a logical mechanism available to the migrant labourers when the whole economy is severely hit by a thunderstorm like covid-19.Migrants’ lives are badly affected to the standstill business environment which could not provide livelihood, shelter and any other social security this labour force. Migration is a constitutional right stronger implementation of labour and migration laws and More concrete measures to curb exploitation and harassment of in-migrants will only solve challenges in such a sensitive issue. The present study attempts to find out the impact of inter-state labour in-migration in Tamil and also the effect of reverse migration from the state.

MIGRATION AND PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW

Starting from the perception that international migration is a process that leads from the State of origin through transit countries and perhaps even the high sea up to the entry to the State of destination this paper discusses the impact of public international law on the various stages of migration. Relevant are in this respect the rules of customary and treaty law, but also the provisions of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration of 2018 which try to create a comprehensive frame-work for the multidimensional phenomenon of international migration. These provisions do not have the legal status of hard, i.e. legally binding law, but still intent to govern the said process of migration. On the first stage the right to leave the country of origin is decisive. On the second stage the rules established for the protection of the migrants’ safety are addressed and exemplified by the existing rules for the rescue of lives in danger on the sea. At the third stage the rules for entering the country of destination become crucial. Actually here the territorial sovereignty of the State is decisive, but sovereignty is not absolute but bound by relevant customary international law as the prohibition of non-refoulement or by treaty obligations entered by the State itself. In this context the EU asylum law and the policy of pushbacks is dealt with. Issues of integration and acquisition of nationality are likewise tackled. Finally the basic view of the Global Compact at migration as a necessity and cornerstone of sustainable development leading to overemphasizing the benefits of migration vis-à-vis the difficulties of many States, especially with irregular migration, is critically assessed. Keywords: Global Compact for Migration – State sovereignty – right to leave and enter a country – smuggling of migrants – non-refoulement – pushbacks

Hypertension management among Latinos: A qualitative investigation comparing Latinos experiences in established and new Latino destination states

Latinos are at an increased risk of hypertension-related disparities. Biological, behavioral, cultural, and structural factors have been identified as underlying mechanisms driving these disparities. However, the influence of Latino settlement patterns on hypertension management practices has been rarely explored, particularly from a qualitative lens. Using data from semi-structured interviews conducted with Latinos with hypertension (n ​= ​26), we sought to develop a comprehensive understanding of the social and contextual factors influencing Latinos' hypertension management practices in new and established Latino destination states (Iowa and California, respectively). Participants described hypertension management as a complex phenomenon being influenced by factors at each level of the ecological model. However, some factors were more salient depending on place of residence. Specifically, while Latinos in Iowa were more likely to discuss how challenges of being an immigrant impacted their hypertension management, those in California had a preference to talk about how culture shapes the way they manage their hypertension. This study extends efforts to identify the underlying mechanisms driving Latinos' hypertension-related disparities. Results highlight the need to consider place of residence as a key contextual factor. Tailoring interventions to place may be necessary to effectively address Latinos’ hypertension-related needs.

The evolution of post-accession diasporas and diaspora policies after 2004: a comparative analysis of Poland and Lithuania

ABSTRACT Diaspora policy hinges upon multiple issues linked to the state of origin, state of destination, and international environment, as well as the size and nature of the diaspora itself. This article examines the evolution of Poland and Lithuania’s diaspora policies in response to the transformation of the diasporas’ nature from ‘liquid’ to ‘solid’ in the EU post-accession period. Drawing on existing data and statistics, and an analysis of the documents and actions taken by the Polish and Lithuanian governments, the article presents four layers of the transformation of diaspora policies: adjustment, inducement, partnership, and embracement.

Revisiting the traditional conceptualizations of vocabulary knowledge as predictors of dual language learners’ English reading achievement in a new destination state

AbstractThe unprecedented growth of Spanish-English dual language learners (DLLs) in new destination states (e.g., Georgia, Indiana, South Carolina, Tennessee) calls for better understanding of the relation between their bilingual vocabulary skills and English reading achievement. The current study focused on school-age Spanish-English DLLs (N = 60) in Tennessee and explored how various vocabulary knowledge conceptualizations predict English reading comprehension achievement, controlling for English word reading skills and grade level. Vocabulary knowledge was assessed using monolingual (English-only and Spanish-only) and bilingual (conceptual and total) scoring methods. Results showed that, while DLLs performed below the national mean for English-only and Spanish-only vocabulary, they performed within the average to above-average range for bilingually scored conceptual vocabulary. More uniquely, the expressive vocabulary knowledge emerged as a robust predictor of English reading comprehension above and beyond the influence of English word reading skills. Findings suggest practical and theoretical value of bilingually driven vocabulary assessment approaches. As expected, bilingually scored vocabulary provided a more comprehensive understanding of DLLs’ vocabulary knowledge by accounting for vocabulary knowledge in both Spanish and English, compared to monolingually scored vocabulary. We discuss theoretical and instructional implications, with a focus on asset-driven and scientific assessment understandings for supporting DLLs’ vocabulary and reading achievement in new destination states.

MIGRATION ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE AMONG OLDER ADULTS FROM PUERTO RICO

Abstract The prior literature regarding migration among Hispanics to US states has largely focused on younger migrants and often excluded people from Puerto Rico (e.g., Hispanic Paradox; Bostean, 2013). However, older Puerto Ricans appear to be moving to the US mainland (US Census Bureau, 2020, 2021). Therefore, the primary objective of this research was to examine migration among Medicare beneficiaries from Puerto Rico. Using data from Medicare, our results showed that migration trends among Medicare beneficiaries from Puerto Rico have increased over the past decade, including those with special needs. There were 5,593 (1%) Medicare beneficiaries who migrated in 2009 compared to 12,382 (~2%) beneficiaries who migrated in 2018. Among those who migrated, 3,679 were 65 and older in 2009 compared to 8,805 in 2018. The majority of older adults who moved to US states were female (59%), about 75 years old and were enrolled in Medicare Advantage. Destination states among Medicare beneficiaries from Puerto Rico included Florida, New York and New Jersey (comparable to those reported for the general population of Puerto Rico in the US Census). This research has policy implications. Although people from Puerto Rico have different reasons for migrating, those with long term care needs may have multiple varying reasons to move to the mainland. However, migration to the US may have additional challenges for people with high needs (Mellgard et al., 2019). For instance, Medicare coverage/network may not transfer to the US and plan switching/disenrolling may not be a straightforward process for people leaving Puerto Rico.

Immigration and economic freedom of the US states: Does the institutional quality of immigrants' origin countries matter?

AbstractWhen people immigrate to the United States from countries with less economic freedom, they do not dampen economic freedom in their destination states. We use the Economic Freedom of North America report to rate the economic freedom of US states, and we group immigrants by how far below the United States their origin countries score in the Economic Freedom of the World report. Our major findings hold true even when states receive immigrants from countries with far less economic freedom. Most relationships between immigration and the US states' economic freedom scores are neither statistically nor economically significant.

An Advanced Travel Demand Synthesis Process for Creating a MATSim Activity Model: The Case of Ústí nad Labem

In this study, an activity-based travel demand model of the Ústí nad Labem district (Czech Republic) is created. To do this, an advanced travel demand synthesis process is presented by utilizing the Eqasim framework, which is a pipeline-processing, initial raw data to simulation step. The framework is extensively modified and extended with several algorithms in order to utilize multiple data points for increasing realism in mobility for travel demand models. Two major extensions are provided. First, the pipeline framework is improved to estimate inbound and outbound trips of the study area, comprising a main city and 23 surrounding municipalities. The extended framework assigns synthetic gates for the study area as hubs for the inclusion of inbound and outbound trips. Second, the pipeline framework is advanced to provide a more compatible match of travel destination and activity location state. To do this, the extended framework assigns a capacity for each facility identified for the study area, the expected number of visitors to each facility, and the number of residents in each building. The resulting demand model is presented and the generated trips are evaluated based on locational, transport mode, and sociodemographic characteristics with origin–destination (OD) bundling. Additionally, distribution analyses of the present model are conducted to understand the matching results on a detailed level. The results demonstrate that the present model provides a reasonable output for transport researchers when testing different mobility scenarios and the provided extensions helps them to reduce implausible reflections of the distribution of travel and activity characteristics in household travel surveys while creating demand models, thus increasing realism. Lastly, open-source playground and code repository for further future improvement of synthetic travel synthesis methods are created, which enhances a deep understanding of the preparatory and methodological backgrounds required for complex activity-based simulations in order to inspire transport planners.

The Impact of Covid-19 Travel Restrictions on Gamete Shipping from Australian IVF Clinics

Background: Cross-border surrogacy and egg donor arrangements are an increasingly common means to family building. Establishing patterns of use has always been difficult in relation to Australian patients. Accurate data is stymied by lack of documentation of international third-party reproductive care available to Australian authorities. Since Australia’s international travel ban came into effect, it is hypothesised that those planning to use cross-border reproductive care have had to rely significantly more on local IVF clinics for services such as sperm freezing, embryo creation and gamete release procedures. Establishing the increase in gamete shipping as a result of the ban on non-essential travel will improve understanding of the resource impact on Australian IVF laboratories. Such data can also assist policymakers assess the utility of state-based regulations relevant to CBRC. Aim: Quantify and characterise the impact of the Covid-19-related travel ban on Cross-Border Reproductive Care amongst patients of Australian IVF clinics. Method: All Australian IVF clinics were invited to provide de-identified data on interstate and international gamete export applications from two 12 month time periods pre and during Covid-19 related international travel lockdowns. Each dataset included: patient age; type of gametes exported; destination country or state; and date gamete release was approved. Results: Results showed a very significant increase in gamete shipping in the twelve months after Covid-19 travel restrictions were enforced. They illustrate the comparative prevalence of shipping to established and newer destinations during the periods March 2019–February 2020 and June 2020–May 2021. The volume of shipping to the commonest destinations is quantified. Conclusion: The inability of involuntarily infertile patients to travel internationally, rather than halt cross-border reproductive care, has led to a significant increase in update of gamete shipping. This is likely associated with increased utilization of Australian IVF clinics for embryo creation purposes. The high proportion of internationally-shipped gametes going to the US and Ukraine is likely a reflection of the availability of surrogates and donors and the legal frameworks.

Probabilistic boolean networks predict transcription factor targets to induce transdifferentiation

SummaryWe developed a computational approach to find the best intervention to achieve transcription factor (TF) mediated transdifferentiation. We construct probabilistic Boolean networks (PBNs) from single-cell RNA sequencing data of two different cell states to model hematopoietic transcription factors cross-talk. This was achieved by a “sampled network” approach, which enabled us to construct large networks. The interventions to induce transdifferentiation consisted of permanently activating or deactivating each of the TFs and determining the probability mass transfer of steady-state probabilities from the departure to the destination cell type or state. Our findings support the common assumption that TFs that are differentially expressed between the two cell types are the best intervention points to achieve transdifferentiation. TFs whose interventions are found to transdifferentiate progenitor B cells into monocytes include EBF1 down-regulation, CEBPB up-regulation, TCF3 down-regulation, and STAT3 up-regulation.

The Confluence Between COVID-19 and Informal Externalisation Agreements and the Precarious State of the Right to Seek Asylum

The swift closure of international borders with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has placed the right to seek asylum in a precarious position. The paper questions the impact of COVID-19 on the right to seek asylum in the face of the informal externalisation agreements (IEA) concluded by the European Union (EU) Border States and other destination states to shift border management to neighbouring transit states. The paper argues that IEA marginalised the right to seek asylum well before the outbreak of COVID-19. The pandemic's impact on the right to seek asylum, per se, is temporal, which can be defused through enhanced procedural measures. However, in the long run, COVID-19 provides an alibi to the Border States to further externalise asylum and migration controls through IEA. Thereby, COVID-19, along with IEA, is highly likely to make the right to seek asylum obsolete.

Identifying the Social Determinants of Treated Hypertension in New and Established Latino Destination States.

Little is known about the influence of social and environmental contexts on Latino hypertension-related disparities. This study examined the influence of social determinants of cardiovascular health on medically treated hypertension, contrasting established vs. new Latino destination states. Logistic regression models were fitted to analyze 2017 Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance Survey data from 8,999 Latinos. Overall, 70.4% indicated having treated hypertension. History of diabetes (OR = 2.60) and access to healthcare (OR = 2.38) were associated with treated hypertension, regardless of destination state. In established destinations, Latinos who graduated high school (OR = 1.19) or attended college (OR = 1.32) had higher odds of treated hypertension; whereas those who completed college were less likely to have treated hypertension (OR = 0.80). In contrast, in both new and non-destination states, the odds of treated hypertension were consistently lower across levels of educational attainment. Results highlight the need for cardiovascular-risk reduction interventions to incorporate the social and environmental context in the development process.

Croatian ports of international economic interest with a focus on the tourisam development perspective of the Port of Zadar

The Croatian coastline, as well as various natural and man-made attractions in the Croatian hinterland, provide for a fairly well-developed tourism sector. Nacional marine ports play an increasingly important role in promoting and develoing the tourism sector. Zadar is the second largest domestic and international passenger port in the country and the third largest cruise port. In addition, the port serves several anchor clients in the dry bulk, liquid bulk and general cargo sectors. After analyzing Croatian ports of international economic interest in general, trends and developments in the port sector, and the destination states of Croatian ports, the authors in this paper focus on the segments of the Port of Zadar that are important for the development of tourism. The paper provides an overview of the current state, recommended targets and status of the Port of Zadar. Further, the paper predicts targets for passenger traffic (domestic, international and cruise) by 2030.

Bengali Migrant Workers in South India: A Mixed-Method Inquiry into Their Earnings, Livings and Struggle During Covid Pandemic.

This study has tried to compare the earning and non-earning aspects of migrant workers from West Bengal engaged in different types of work in Karnataka and Kerala based on survey of 111 Bengali-speaking migrant workers and a number of in-depth interviews and FGDs. The study has found that most of the migrant workers landed in south India only after working in Kolkata, northern or western Indian cities. Lack of regular employment opportunities and low-wage rate in rural as well as urban West Bengal are the dominant reasons for their migration. Hostile social environment and increasing earning uncertainties in northern and western Indian cities along with higher-wage rate in south India are reasons for the migrant workers shifting to south India. On an average, they earn Rs. 1.7 lakhs annually and are able to send almost two-thirds of their earnings as remittances. Except the rag pickers in Bengaluru, all other migrant workers live without their families at destination locations. The living conditions of the migrant workers, especially the rag pickers, are poor. Continuous inflow of migrant workers from eastern and north-eastern India is now a challenge for the incumbent Bengali migrant workers in south India; however, majority of them are not willing to return to West Bengal in future. The pandemic and successive rounds of lockdown in destination and home states have unsettled their lives. Not only their income has fallen, getting job and movement across different destination locations has become uncertain too. They have now hardly any resource to cope up with this continuing uncertainty.

Assessment of challenges of reverse migration in India in the post-COVID economy

Background: The present study was conducted for assessing the challenges of reverse migration in India in the post-COVID economy. Materials & methods: A total of 50 subjects were enrolled with whom telephonic interviews were carried out. Only those subjects were enrolled which were reverse migrants. These internal migrants belonged to different Indian states who had returned from the destination states. All the workers covered under this study belong to the low-skilled and semi-skilled workers category. A list of contacts of these migrants was prepared with the help of social workers and other researchers working with them. Telephonic interviews, which proved to be the most appropriate method due to COVID-19 lockdown restrictions, with all the migrants have been written as notes and analyzed. Challenges were assessed using SPSS software. Results:A total of 50 migrant workers were interviewed. Among them, 66 percent were males while the remaining were females. 54 percent of the subjects belong to the age group of less than 40 years of age. Due to the COVID-19-induced lockdown, the working class, especially the low-income migrant workers, have been the worst affected.

All In? Inequities in Hispanic Access and Enrollment in Advanced Placement

ABSTRACT In response to the national problem of overrepresentation of Hispanic students in general education classes, this study addressed Hispanic access and enrollment in Advanced Placement (AP) coursework in Virginia, a growing destination state for many Hispanic families and students. Through a secondary data analysis of the Civil Rights Data Collection (2015–6), this study mapped patterns of disproportionality in AP access and enrollment for Hispanic students who comprise 13% of enrollment in Virginia public high schools. Although greater AP course availability was found in suburban schools, where most Hispanic students are enrolled, there was disproportionality in regard to alternative schools. Further findings document disproportionality in AP enrollment for STEM and non-STEM coursework for Hispanic students. Such findings demonstrate the need for more research and reform in regard to AP access and enrollment for systemically excluded students.

Labor Migration from Mongolia and Uzbekistan: New Trends and Approaches to Regulation

The article discusses trends and approaches to the regulation of labor migration in two countries of Eurasia – the Republic of Uzbekistan and Mongolia – in a comparative aspect. The research highlights factors contributing to the development of labor emigration from the states, including demographic, socio-political and economic factors. Mongolia and Uzbekistan have similar socio-economic and demographic development conditions. They are at approximately the same stage of the demographic transition, have a fairly young population age structure, are labor-surplus countries, and are ready to export labor resources abroad. These factors make them active migratory donors. A significant number of labor migrants including young people are looking for employment opportunities abroad. Migrants are mostly heading for more developed neighboring countries: Uzbeks go to the Russian Federation, and Mongols – to the Republic of Korea. Given the importance of labor migration in the socio-economic development of both countries, on the part of the governments there are quite active steps towards giving the processes of labor emigration an organized and documented character. The authorities of the Republic of Uzbekistan facilitate the opening of pre-departure training centers by receiving countries, conclude intergovernmental agreements on organized labor recruitment in key destination states. The Mongolian authorities are more focused on the organizational and legal issues of bringing labor migration into a documented channel. Both countries have developed an approach to understanding labor migration as a factor in the sustainable development of society and the state. In this regard, the migration policy of Mongolia and Uzbekistan is built around finding solutions for the optimal regulation of labor migration in the interests of national development.

Policy Analysis

Abstract While efforts by destination states in the Global North to externalise their asylum are not new, Denmark’s current proposal to establish a reception centre outside the EU is novel in the Nordic context. Since 2018, the Danish Social Democrats have proposed transferring all asylum seekers arriving on Danish territory to a third country for the processing of their asylum claims. This contribution provides an account of the Danish extraterritorial asylum effort, from the origins of the 2018 Social Democrats’ platform to the 2021 amendments to Denmark’s Aliens Act. The contribution pays particular attention to international reactions to the Danish policy, before reflecting on the current and potential role of extraterritorial asylum policies in the international protection regime.