1P States Research Articles

Determination of the possible quantum numbers for the newly observed \u039eb(6227)0 state

The LHCb Collaboration recently reported the observation of a new excited bottom baryon Ξb(6227)0 and announced an improvement in the measurements related to the previously observed Ξb(6227)− state. We conduct an analysis for Ξb(6227)0 state considering it as isospin partner of the Ξb(6227)− resonance and possibly 1P or 2S excited state with spin J = frac{3}{2} . The corresponding masses for both possibilities have consistent results with the experimental data, indicating that only with the mass sum rules, one can not make exact decision on the nature and quantum numbers of this state. To go further, the decays of these possible excited states to {Xi}_b^{-}{pi}^{+} final state are also considered and the relevant strong coupling constants are extracted from the light cone sum rules. The obtained decay width values support the possibility of Ξb(6227)0 to be the 1P excited state of Ξb(5945)0 baryon.

State fragility and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: an ecologic analysis of data from 146 countries

BackgroundGlobal spread and impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic are determined to a large extent, by resistance to the pandemic and public response of all countries in the world; while a country's resistance and response are in turn determined by its political and socio economic conditions. To inform future disease prevention and control, we analyzed global data to exam the relationship between state vulnerabilities and COVID-19 incidences and deaths. MethodsVulnerability was measured using the Fragile States Index (FSI). FSI is created by the Fund for Peace to assess levels of fragility for individual countries. Total FSI score and scores for 12 specific indicators were used as the predictor variables. Outcome variables were national cumulative COVID-19 cases and deaths up to September 16, 2020, derived from the World Health Organization. Cumulative incidence rates were computed using 2019 National population derived from the World Bank, and case fatality rates were computed as the ratio of deaths/COVID-19 cases. Countries with incomplete data were excluded, yielding a final sample of 146 countries. Multivariate regression was used to examine the association between the predictor and the outcome measures. ResultsThere were dramatic cross-country variations in both FSI and COVID-19 epidemiological measurements. FSI total scores were negatively associated with both COVID-19 cumulative incidence rates (β = −0.0135, P < 0.001) and case fatality rates (β = −0.0147, P < 0.05). Of the 12 FSI indicators, three negatively associated with COVID-19 incidences were E1(Economic Decline and Poverty), E3 (Human Flight and Brain Drain), and S2 (Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons); two positively associated were P1 (State Legitimacy) and X1 (External Intervention). With regard to association with case fatality rates, C1 (Security Apparatus) was positive, and P3 (Human Rights and Rule of Law) and X1 was negative. ConclusionWith FSI measures by the Fund of Peace, overall, more fragile countries are less likely to be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and even if affected, death rates were lower. However, poor in state legitimacy and lack of external intervention are risk for COVID-19 infection and lack of security apparatus is risky for COVID-19 death. Implications of the study findings are discussed and additional studies are needed to examine the mechanisms underpinning these relationships.

Canonical interpretations of the newly observed Xi _c(2923)^0, Xi _c(2939)^0, and Xi _c(2965)^0 resonances

Three neutral resonances Xi _c(2923)^0, Xi _c(2939)^0, and Xi _c(2965)^0 have been observed in the Lambda _c^+ K^- mass spectrum by the LHCb Collaboration. Given the Xi _c and Xi _c^prime mass spectra predicted by the constituent quark models, these three resonances are tentatively treated as the lambda -mode Xi _c(2S), Xi _c^prime (2S), Xi _c^{prime *}(2S), and Xi _c^prime (1P) states, and their strong decay behaviors are calculated within the ^3P_0 model. Our results indicate that the Xi _c(2923)^0 and Xi _c(2939)^0 can be clarified into the J^P=3/2^- and 5/2^-Xi _c^prime (1P) states respectively, and the Xi _c(2965)^0 can be regarded as the J^P=1/2^+Xi _c^prime (2S) state. Also, we suggest that the previous observed Xi _c(2930) may be the overlap of two structures Xi _c(2923) and Xi _c(2939), and the Xi _c(2970) should be the same state as Xi _c(2965). Other theoretical information on the missing Xi _c(2S), Xi _c^{prime *}(2S), and Xi _c^prime (1P) states may be helpful for future experimental searches.

Intersubband transitions in spherical quantum dot quantum well nanoparticle

In this paper, we present results about electronic spectra and optical properties of one-electron spherical quantum dot-quantum well (QDQW) structure. Investigated structure consists of CdSe core surrounded by ZnS shell and caped by infinitely high electron potential barrier which can be a good model for any high enough potential barriers. This specific QDQW structure is determined by CdSe and ZnS properties (effective masses and conductive band offset) and the core size and the shell thickness. We present calculation results for one-electron ground (1s) state and the first excited (1p) state transition. For this transition we have calculated oscillator strengths and linear and third-order nonlinear intersubband optical absorption coefficients for various core and shell size i.e. different CdSe core radii and ZnS barrier thickness. Change in core and shell dimensions induces change in one-electron wave function i.e. electron energy states and localization for both 1s and 1p states. As a result, intersubband 1s–1p transition of this system is greatly dependent on the core and shell size. For very small core radii, less than 0.7 nm, and core radii over 1.5 nm the most probable intersubband transition is 1s–1p, but in the region between 0.7 and 1.5 nm core radii, transitions from 1s to other p states dominates. Investigated properties depend mostly on the core radius. These results connect the dot structure and the optical properties of this particular structure. This behavior is than an illustration of similar systems.

Period-One Microwave Photonic Sensing by a Laser Diode With Optical Feedback

With external optical feedback (EOF), a laser diode (LD) can operate at different dynamic states. In this work, an LD with EOF is set at period-one (P1) oscillation state to generate microwave photonic (MWP) signal for sensing. Firstly, the P1 state boundary of the LD is determined and then the influence of the LD controllable parameters on the boundary is studied by solving the well-known Lang–Kobayashi equations. A set of parameters selection rule for designing an LD based MWP sensing system is obtained. In addition, a measurement algorithm for recovering the displacement from an MWP sensing signal is developed. By making full use of the sensing information carried in both amplitude and frequency of the MWP signal, displacement sensing with high resolution and large range can be achieved. Both simulations and experiments are conducted to verify the proposed method and show it is capable of realizing wide measurable range, high measurement sensitivity, and high resolution sensing.

Strong decays of the newly observed narrow Omega _b structures

Motivated by the newly observed narrow structures Omega _b(6316)^-, Omega _b(6330)^-, Omega _b(6340)^-, and Omega _b(6350)^- in the Xi _b^0 K^- mass spectrum, we investigate the strong decays of the low-lying Omega _b states within the ^3P_0 model systematically. According to their masses and decay widths, the observed Omega _b(6316)^-, Omega _b(6330)^-, Omega _b(6340)^-, and Omega _b(6350)^- resonances can be reasonably assigned as the lambda -mode Omega _b(1P) states with J^P=1/2^-, 3/2^-, 3/2^-, and 5/2^-. Meanwhile, the remaining P-wave state with J^P=1/2^- should have a rather broad width, which can hardly be observed by experiments. For the Omega _b(2S) and Omega _b(1D) states, our predictions show that these states have relatively narrow total widths and mainly decay into the Xi _b {bar{K}}, Xi _b^prime {bar{K}} and Xi _b^{prime *} {bar{K}} final states. These abundant theoretical predictions may be valuable for searching more excited Omega _b states in future experiments.

The excited states of triply-heavy baryons in QCD sum rules

Using the most general form of baryonic interpolating current, the masses and pole residues of the excited 2S and 1P states of the triply-heavy baryons $$\Omega _{\mathrm{{bbc}}}$$ and $$\Omega _{\mathrm{{ccb}}}$$ are calculated within the QCD sum rule approach. The obtained results are compared with the existing theoretical predictions in the literature.

Particle Number Dependence of Size and Energy Quantities in Sodium Clusters

The effective radial electronic potentials for neutral sodium clusters, which were determined by Ekardt on the basis of the local density approximation and the jellium model, are parametrized by means of the (symmetrized) Woods-Saxon and "Wine-Bottle" symmetrized Woods-Saxon potentials with the aim of investigating the dependence of size and energy quantities on the cluster particle number. The potential parameters are determined by vari­ous least-squares fitting procedures. It is found that for the radius R of the above potentials, complex expressions are more appropriate than the stan­dard one R = r0N^{1/3} for relatively small values of N. Furthermore, N-power expansions are derived for those complex expressions of R, as well as for the r.m.s. radius of the potential. It is also found that improved results in these cases are obtained with an expression of the form R = r0N^{1/3}+b, which is still very simple. There is also investigated the variation of energy quan­tities, such as the single particle energies of the 1s and 1p states, the level spacing |E1p-E1s| and the average energy level spacing, with respect to the particle number N. Expressions for the first three of these quantities with N-dependent terms of the form aN^{2/3} + βΝ^{-1} give good results.

Implementation of microservices architecture on certification information system (case study: LSP P1 State Polytechnic of Malang)

Currently, Technology develops rapidly. This influence in every aspect of life in every field. Ease of use, tools availability, and a higher data transfer rate are the reasons why technology is used massively, it affects certification field as well. Certificates given through certification process is a formal recognition towards professionals in higher education level. The process of certification data is accessed through the website. Usually built with monolith approach which means an application wrapped up in a huge package. When there are any changes in the codes, it will also affect the others. This makes the system more complex, hard to fix the bugs, and hard to do modularization. Microservices architecture offers a slightly different approach, it is about a software architecture’s concept that allows us to make large-scale software be more organized and can quickly adapt to the existing business development. To speed up deployment and testing process by taking advantage of continuous integration, so the development process is more consistent and able to checks the flow of application periodically to reduce possible errors.

Rates of D^{*}_{0}(2400), D_J^*(3000) as the D^{*}_{0}(2P) and D^{*}_{0}(3P) in B decays

In this paper, we use the instantaneous Bethe–Salpeter method to calculate the semi-leptonic and non-leptonic production of the orbitally excited scalar D_0^* in B meson decays. When the final state is 1P state D_0^*(2400) , our theoretical decay rate is consistent with experimental data. For D_J^*(3000) final state, which was observed by LHCb collaboration recently and here treated as the orbitally excited scalar D^{*}_{0}(2P), its rate is in the order of 10^{-4} sim 10^{-6}. We find the special node structure of D^{*}_{0}(2P) wave function possibly results in the suppression of its branching ratio and the abnormal uncertainty. The 3P states production rate is in the order of 10^{-5}.

High sensitive sensing by a laser diode with dual optical feedback operating at period-one oscillation

Laser dynamics have great potential for various applications, ranging from cryptography to microwave photonics and instrumentation. This letter presents a design for achieving high sensitive sensing and measurement using the dynamics of a laser diode (LD) with a dual external cavity. In the design, one cavity is used to control the dynamics, making the LD operate at the period-one (P1) oscillation state, and the other one is associated with the quantities to be measured. The Lang-Kobayashi equations are modified and solved to develop a bifurcation diagram for the design, from which we determine the P1 state and investigate the sensing performance within this state. It is shown that, when operating in P1, the laser intensity exhibits an oscillation with its amplitude modulated by a traditional optical feedback interferometric (OFI) signal (generated with a single cavity and LD operating at the steady state). It is also observed that the modulation depth is remarkably larger than the magnitude of a traditional OFI signal. This leads to a significant increase in the sensitivity of sensing and measurement and hence provides an attractive solution for the detection of very small or weak physical quantities. An experimental system is designed, and the experimental results verify the high sensitive sensing performance of the proposed design.

Isotope-selective laser photoionization of tin in supersonic atomic beam

The isotope 124Sn enriched to better than 50% is needed in substantial quantity as detector material for the proposed neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) experiment in India (TIN.TIN). Present work investigates isotope-selective laser photoionization scheme for 124Sn. Transition to the first excited state from the ground state lies at 286.3 nm having short lifetime (~ 5 ns) and isotope shift (IS), Δν(124–120) = 441 MHz. However, the availability of high repetition rate (kHz), narrowband tunable pulsed laser in UV with low temporal jitter is a technological impediment for achieving isotopic selectivity in this transition. An alternate three-color photoionization scheme is proposed for separation of 124Sn. Laser vaporization of tin followed by supersonic expansion in a molecular beam apparatus provided the tin atomic beam. Tin atoms were first excited to the 5p6s,3P1 state from the 5p2,3P0 ground state by a broadband pulsed dye laser (λ1 = 286.3 nm). Isotopic selectivity was achieved in the second excitation step at λ2 = 855.2 nm by a narrowband continuous wave laser. Subsequently, resonant photoionization at λ3 = 694.7 nm to a newly observed autoionizing state at 60,992.9 cm−1 provided efficient photoionization. The IS for all even and hyperfine splitting for odd isotopes have been measured for the 855.2 nm transition. A selectivity factor of 24 is achieved for 124Sn isotope. The absorption cross sections of the three excitation steps is reasonably high to have an efficient photoionization scheme.

Modulation of photophysical properties of copper(I) complexes containing pyridyl-imidazole (PyIm) ligands functionalized by naphthyl, phenanthryl, and anthryl groups

A series of Cu(I) pyridyl-imidazole (PyIm) complexes with different aryl groups (Ar = naphthalene (P2), phenanthrene (P3), and anthracene (P4)) attached on the pyridyl ring are synthesized and characterized. The influence of these organic chromophore groups on the photophysical properties of the resulting complexes is investigated. Complexes P2–P4 show stronger light harvesting efficiencies in the visible region compared with the parent complex P1. The emitting state of complex P1 originates from the 3MLCT state with some 3LLCT character, while complexes P2 and P3 predominantly exhibit the 3LLCT character. For complex P4, the triplet emitting state is dominated by the 3(π → π) state localized on the anthryl moiety, together with a lesser contribution form the 3LLCT state. These changes in the photophysical properties were rationalized by DFT and TDDFT methods.

Strong decays of the orbitally excited scalar D^{*}_{0} mesons

We calculate the two-body strong decays of the orbitally excited scalar mesons D_0^*(2400) and D_J^*(3000) by using the relativistic Bethe–Salpeter (BS) method. D_J^*(3000) was observed recently by the LHCb Collaboration, the quantum number of which has not been determined yet. In this paper, we assume that it is the 0^+(2P) state and obtain the transition amplitude by using the PCAC relation, low-energy theorem and effective Lagrangian method. For the 1P state, the total widths of D_0^*(2400)^{0} and D_0^*(2400)^+ are 226 and 246 MeV, respectively. With the assumption of 0^+(2P) state, the widths of D_J^*(3000)^0 and D_J^*(3000)^+ are both about 131 MeV, which is close to the present experimental data. Therefore, D_J^*(3000) is a strong candidate for the 2^3P_0 state.

Electron-Phonon Coupling and Resonant Relaxation from 1D and 1P States in PbS Quantum Dots.

Observations of the hot-phonon bottleneck, which is predicted to slow the rate of hot carrier cooling in quantum confined nanocrystals, have been limited to date for reasons that are not fully understood. We used time-resolved infrared spectroscopy to directly measure higher energy intraband transitions in PbS colloidal quantum dots. Direct measurements of these intraband transitions permitted detailed analysis of the electronic overlap of the quantum confined states that may influence their relaxation processes. In smaller PbS nanocrystals, where the hot-phonon bottleneck is expected to be most pronounced, we found that relaxation of parity selection rules combined with stronger electron-phonon coupling led to greater spectral overlap of transitions among the quantum confined states. This created pathways for fast energy transfer and relaxation that may bypass the predicted hot-phonon bottleneck. In contrast, larger, but still quantum confined nanocrystals did not exhibit such relaxation of the parity selection rules and possessed narrower intraband states. These observations were consistent with slower relaxation dynamics that have been measured in larger quantum confined systems. These findings indicated that, at small radii, electron-phonon interactions overcome the advantageous increase in energetic separation of the electronic states for PbS quantum dots. Selection of appropriately sized quantum dots, which minimize spectral broadening due to electron-phonon interactions while maximizing electronic state separation, is necessary to observe the hot-phonon bottleneck. Such optimization may provide a framework for achieving efficient hot carrier collection and multiple exciton generation.

A zero-thermal-quenching and color-tunable phosphor LuVO4: Bi3+, Eu3+ for NUV LEDs

Thermal quenching is one of the most crucial challenges for LED phosphors, in which the phosphor in LED device suffers from emission loss due to non-radiative transition with increasing temperature. Here, we report a broadband-excited and color-tunable LuVO4: Bi3+, Eu3+ phosphor that does not exhibit thermal quenching even up to 200 °C. The phosphor shows Bi3+ absorption broadband ranging from 250 to 400 nm, along with the sensitized Eu3+ red emission lines. The emission color tuned from yellow with color coordinate (0.403, 0.507) to bright red (0.609, 0.370) as a function of Bi3+/Eu3+ ratio. The phenomenon of zero thermal quenching originates from enhanced energy transfer (ET) from Bi3+3P1 state to Eu3+5D4 state through the population inversion from 3P0 to 3P1 at high temperature. Due to strong UV absorption, high quantum efficiency (∼76%) and excellent thermal stability, the as-prepared LuVO4: Bi3+, Eu3+ phosphors can be potential candidates as red phosphors applied in UV-pumped LEDs.

Dissociation of 1P states in hot QCD Medium Using Quasi-Particle Model

We extend the analysis of a very recent work [1] to study the dissociation phenomenon of 1P states of the charmonium and bottomonium spectra (χc and χb) in a hot QCD medium using Quasi-Particle Model. This study employed a medium modified heavy quark potential which has quite different form in the sense that it has a lomg range Coulombic tail in addition to the Yukawa term even above the deconfinement temperature. Then we study the flavor dependence of their binding energies and explore the nature of dissociation temperatures by employing the Quasi-Particle debye mass for pure gluonic and full QCD case. Interestingly, the dissociation temperatures obtained by employing EoS1 and EoS2 with the Γ criterion, is closer to the upper bound of the dissociation temperatures which are obtained by the dissolution of a given quarkonia state by the mean thermal energy of the quasi-partons in the hot QCD/QGP medium.

Symmetries in mirror nuclei 31S and 31P

Excited states in mirror nuclei 31S and 31P were populated in the 1n and 1p exit channels, respectively, of the reaction 20Ne + 12C. The beam of 20Ne, with an energy of 33 MeV, was delivered for the first time by the Piave-Alpi accelerator of the Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro. Angular correlations of coincident pairs and Doppler-shift attenuation lifetime measurements in 31S and 31P were performed using the multidetector array GASP in conjunction with the EUCLIDES charged particle detector. A comparison of the determined B(E1) strengths of the analog mirror 7/2- → 5/2+ transitions indicates the presence of a violation of isospin symmetry.

Tunable and Broadband Microwave Frequency Comb Generation Using Optically Injected Semiconductor Laser Nonlinear Dynamics

Based on an optically injected semiconductor laser (OISL) operating at period-one (P1) nonlinear dynamical state, tunable and ultrabroadband microwave frequency combs (MFCs) are generated experimentally through further current-modulating the OISL. First, by introducing an injection light with an injection power of $P_{\rm{i}}\,= \,12.42$ mW, whose wavelength is identical to the central wavelength of a free-running distributed feedback semiconductor laser, the OISL can be driven into P1 state with a fundamental frequency of $f_{{0}}\,= \,26.44$ GHz. Next, further modulating the OISL with a modulation frequency of $f_{\rm{m}}\,= \,3.3$ GHz and a modulation power of $P_{\rm{m}}$ = 22.0 dBm, an MFC with a bandwidth of 59.4 GHz within a 10 dB amplitude variation is experimentally obtained, and the single sideband phase noise at offset frequency 10 kHz for all comb lines contained within the bandwidth is below −95.0 dBc/Hz. Finally, through varying the modulation frequency, the MFCs with different comb spacing can be obtained, and the influences of relevant operation parameters on the performances of the generated MFCs have been analyzed.

Two Step Excitation in Hot Atomic Sodium Vapor

A two step excitation scheme in hot atomic sodium vapor is experimentally investigated. The observed effects reflect a coupling between the 32S, 32P and the 32D states. We present the relative dependence on detuning of the two utilized lasers around λ = 589 nm and 819 nm. Unlike expected, we achieve a higher detuning dependence of the probe and the coupling laser by a factor of approximately three. The presented work aimed for a Rydberg excitation and quantum light storage. Such schemes are usually implemented with a red laser on the D-line transition and a coupling laser of shorter (typically blue) wavelength. Due to the fact that higher P-Rydberg states are approximately two times higher in energy than the 32D state, a two photon transition from the atomic excited 32P state to a Rydberg P state is feasible. This might circumvent laser frequency doubling whereby only two lasers might mediate a three photon process. The scheme of adding three k-vectors allows for electromagnetically induced transparency experiments in which the resulting k-vector can be effectively reduced to zero. By measurements utilizing electric fields and an analysis of the emission spectrum of the atomic vapor, we can exclude the excitation of the P-P two photon transition.