Concept Of State Research Articles

Connections amidst disconnections: Transport routes and the Naga conflict in South Asia

Countless conflicts characterise the road-scape of Nagaland, a frontier border state in the Northeastern region of India. In such a milieu, transport routes in the form of roads transcend the technical imperative of mobility of people, goods, and services and become vehicles of hope, regulation and control. Keeping this duality of roads in mind, this article, through archival research and ethnohistoric accounts, explores how roads in this region became objects of dominance and their surfaces a potential space for conflicts and mitigating conflicts. It traces how roadways viewed as pathways to “civilisation” during the British colonial era (nineteenth century) came to define the state's conception of “appropriate” mobility and movements. The article contends that infrastructures built to connect people can augment a divide between “us” and “them” and signal newer forms of disconnect within the state-defined logic of connections.

The Theory of State Emergence in Western Political Thought: Between Theoretical and Practical Rooting

Objectives:This study aimed at identify the state's emergence theories in Western political thoughts. Methods The study employs three interrelated approaches to examine the research problem. The approaches are historical, descriptive-analytical approach, and the structural-functional. Results: The study concluded with a set of results, the most important of which is although intellectual propositions and theories through which the pioneers of Western political thought presented to justify state's existence; however, this did not contribute to developing a single intellectual theory that would be agreed on by Western thinkers Conclusions: the study attempts to reveal whether theorizing the origin of the state in Western political thought contributes to developing a theory that provides an explanation of state's emergence. Meanwhile, the study sought to identifying the roots of state's concept, its constituent elements, and its functions. In the same context, it examines state's practical efforts, propositions, and intellectual theories through which Western thinkers tried to reach a clear interpretation of the idea of the state.

A Research Paradigm of the Relationship between the International View of Order and the External Behavior of the State—the Example of the Conflict in the Galwan Valley

Since the outbreak of the two world wars, the international system has changed many times. As the traditional capitalist countries and some emerging powers still pursue the old international order concepts such as supporting the hegemonic order in the establishment of the international order and constructing the international system in line with their own national interests with the external manifestations still represented by the old diplomatic concepts such as chauvinism and unilateralism. In contrast, the member countries represented by the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and China, which pursues peaceful development, have promoted the development of Asia and the world with the help of the new diplomatic concept of consultation and cooperation. 2020, the handling of the conflict in the Galwan Valley by India and China can analyze the two different diplomatic concepts and the international order advocated by them. The old and new diplomatic philosophies and the countries' understanding of the international order behind them are a longer-term and clearer perspective for interpreting the foreign policies of countries in today's complex and changing international environment. This paper proposes a research paradigm that presents a different mode of thinking than the traditional one through the relationship between the international view of order and the external behavior of the state. It is an advancement in theoretical approach based on macro-historical and social perspectives combined with current micro perspectives to judge external military, diplomatic and other behaviors from the state's conception on the international order.

From Farabi to Ibn Khaldun: The Perception of State in the Early Muslim Intellectual’s Writings

This paper aims to analyze the perception of the state in the writings of early Muslim intellectuals, particularly al-Farabi, al-Mawardi, Nizam al-Mulk, al-Ghazzali, Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn Khaldun. All of these six intellectuals have a massive contribution in developing Muslim or Islamic political thought. This paper intended to find the answer of following questions regarding the concept of state from their writings: firstly, the debate around the birth of state; religious or social need? Secondly, if it is a social need, then what about the aspect of religion in the state? Finally, what about the influence of existing politics on their thought? This research is a qualitative form of research based on both primary and secondary data. It is hoped that this paper will contribute to the academia by analyzing the perception of state of Early Muslim intellectuals within the present context.

Analysis of Corruption Case Investigation After The Implementation of Law No. 30 of 2014

This research aims to examine granting discretion to government officials or state administration is a logical consequence of the welfare state's conception. This opens up opportunities for officials to commit corruption. Based on the administrative law, state officials' abuse of power is not a criminal offence but purely the administration's fault. However, with the issuance of the Government Administration Law, court judges from Corruption Crime have their right to judge whether there is an element of abusing their authority or not. Better laws and no negative impact or a growing number of problems. Evaluation and updating must be carried out to obtain maximum results and satisfy all parties. The first method employs in this research was the statute approach or the statutory approach. The second method used was a conceptual approach. The data collection used in this article is secondary data collection by finding and collecting data that has already been published in books, newspapers, magazines, journals, online portals regarding this issue. The result is there are still problems arising from the enactment of Law Number 30 of 2014, especially on constitutional grounds, State Administrative Courts, and Corruption based on discretion. Several journals and studies have been conducted to corroborate this question. Therefore, it is necessary to make adjustments and improvements in several areas to obtain a better law and does not cause adverse impacts or a growing number of problems.

Refusing slum-centric mass housing: indigenous urbanism and national housing programmes in Aizawl, India

This paper addresses the policy encounter between a top-down, national housing programme and bottom-up housing processes in the tribal city of Aizawl, to make two arguments. First, it extends the literature analysing the outcomes of neoliberal housing policies to argue that there are important continuities and differences with Indian and Latin American cities. Similar to other Indian cities, Aizawl was strait-jacketed by national standardised norms into producing large-scale, new housing on the peripheries where dwellers faced multiple exclusions. Ironically, the programme has created slums in Aizawl, which officially had none. Unlike other Indian cities, top-down housing transformation in Aizawl concentrated power in 'modern' state institutions slanted toward individual (property) interests and away from traditional governance associated with indigenous urbanism. The paper's second contribution is the argument that top-down housing transformation was deeply contested in Aizawl because it unsettled a local urbanism rooted in notions of indigeneity. This identity politics contributed to overturning the state's conception of mass housing and selecting a role in subsequent housing programmes that reinforced exclusions based on patriarchal and property lines. The paper reinforces the importance for policymakers of treating housing as process, and supporting tribal community governance institutions while including provisions to redress exclusions.

Unpacking Pre-service Physics Teachers’ Understanding of the P-V-T Diagram and the Associated Mathematics

This study was conducted to assess the ability to apply an appropriate conceptof state function and its graphical and mathematical representation, including to draw, to translete and to interprete the P-V-T diagram for several thermal processesand thermal cycles. Pre-service physics teachers, respectively 42 students of academic year 2014/2015 and 49 students of academic year 2015/2016, were involved in this study. The findings showed as follows: first, students encountered most difficult in drawing PV, PT, and VTdiagram of adiabatic process; second, students who correctly answer PV diagram were greater than those who correctly answer PT and VT diagram; third, students prefer to understand thermal processes with its characteristics, such as isobaric with constant pressure, isothermal with constant temperature, and isochoric with constant volume. Lack of understanding in drawing the diagram of thermal process also causes lack of ability to draw thermal cycles. One of the promised solutionsto address theselearning difficulties is by implementing pre-class tutorial.

Biology, Intention, Labour: Understanding Legal Recognition of Single Motherhood in India

In recent years, the state's conception of parenthood, giving priority to the father in the child's public identification, has been challenged before the courts in multiple ways. The cases are sociologically significant for they capture emerging modes of parenthood outside the patriarchal family model. But more importantly, the article argues, the terms on which identification through father is dispensed with in these cases show the judicial regard for the social. The "social" phenomenon of single motherhood in India encompasses a much broader set of mothers than how the statutory law imagines this category. In addition to mothers of "illegitimate" children, as single adoptive mothers or single mothers using artificial reproductive technologies, this group includes mothers whose husbands have died, divorced mothers, and mothers deserted or abandoned by their husbands, among others. The article shows that in according legal recognition to this broader social category, judges constructed single motherhood not only through biological relatedness or intentionality but also as a function of who performed the labour of parenting. Single motherhood then is a social phenomenon with multiple legal forms and normative bases.

BORDERS ARE GALAXIES: INTERPRETING CONTESTATIONS OVER LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES IN SOUTH SUDAN

ABSTRACTThis article explores conflicts over local administrative boundaries in South Sudan and what these reveal about relationships between pastoralist communities and the state. Drawing on research in the Gogrial region of South Sudan, it argues that conflicts over local boundaries are rooted in the existence of different border paradigms and in subsequent attempts to resolve, sometimes violently, competing moral claims on the landscape. It draws a contrast between a Dinka concept of the border as a point that is owned and the state's concept of the border as a neutral dividing line. These concepts are based on different cultural logics, but there has been a century of interpenetration as well as conflict between them. The state has tried to lay its lines over Dinka points and local people have sought to tap the power of the state by claiming authority at administrative boundaries. These complex processes of interpenetration show how rural populations negotiate with violent state power: both in the past and in the process of forming the new state of South Sudan. They also reveal how some pastoralist populations have played an active role in shaping the geography of the state.

NUEVAS HERRAMIENTAS PROBATORIAS EN EL PROCESO CIVIL CHILENO: ANÁLISIS EN UN CONTEXTO DE FACILIDAD PROBATORIA

This paper analyzes the development that evidentiary has taken in the Chilean and comparative civil law process. This development represents a change in the ideological background of civil procedure which, starting from its state's conception and therefore public, must serve one truth based on justice where citizens can prove their positions in order to protect their rights and interests. Three evidentiary tools are analyzed for attempting to avert the difficulties people often face to provide proof: this is the production of documents by the counterparty or third parties, the party as witness as well as public or shared funding of expertise reports.

Making Good Citizens from Bad Life in Post‐Genocide Rwanda

ABSTRACTThis contribution explores the attempts by international humanitarian agencies and the post‐genocide Rwandan state respectively to deal with exceptionality created by the genocide and return to normality. It does so by comparing two kinds of camps that deal with exceptional life: the refugee camps for Hutu who fled after the genocide and the Rwandan government's ingando re‐education camps. While there are resemblances between the exceptional space of refugee camps and the ingando camps, there are also subtle differences. While the international community is attempting to create universal citizens out of ‘bare life’, the Rwandan state is attempting to create good citizens by exorcizing a concrete historical moment of violence; the Hutu who enter the ingando are perceived as what I term ‘bad life’. In this sense, the Rwandan state's concept of a new beginning differs from universalist claims to transitional justice in that it is specific, political and at times violent. Creating a new Rwanda is a political project which involves casting the country in a specific image.

The New Stage of the State's Concept Evolution: Example of Russia

The article is dedicated to the state’s concept evolution. Here is the author’s vision of the state as an abstract notion that describes specific governmental relations, formatted in a result of a long evolution process. The special attention is attracted to the Russian political system and features of the new stage of the state's evolution.

Sustaining the State: Legal Consciousness and the Construction of Legality in Competing Abortion Activists' Narratives

This article investigates how activists involved in both sides of the street politics of abortion simultaneously create, are constrained by, and use law when recounting a period of conflict that resulted in litigation. The activists‐turned‐litigants' construction of legality is explored by identifying and analyzing patterns of inclusion, absence, amendment, and type of law (i.e., state or extrastate) in and across the stories they tell. It is found that even though there are multiple reasons to expect all of these activists to resist or amend the state's conception of law, their narratives ultimately reproduce state law's legitimacy and power. The activists' stories also illustrate that legal consciousness is contextually and experientially based and is therefore subject to change. This finding has implications for legal mobilization as well as for the nature of legal consciousness.

The active welfare state

This article briefly presents an overview of the evolution of both the social security and Welfare State's concepts, in order to thoroughly examine the relationsbetween social security and rights to labor and to a freely chosen occupation. Some cases are then presented, to better show the importance of such rights for the new configuration of social security: the Active Welfare State.

The Baltic States and Their Region: New Europe or Old? by David J. s> Smith (review)

i8o SEER, 85, I, 2007 from Dagestan into Chechnya. Despite such occasional lapses which one must expect of a provincialnationalitiesofficialin today's Russia the essay is clearlyworth reading. To sum up, this wide-ranging volume should be of keen interest to those working on the political dimensions of Russian Orthodoxy and Islam in post-Communist Russia and on their mutual interrelationship. TheHoover Institution J. B. DUNLOP Stanford University Smith, David J. (ed.). TheBaltic Statesand 7Their Region: New Europeor Old? On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics, 3. Editions Rodopi, Amsterdam and New York, 2005. vi + 322 pp. Notes. Bibliographies. ?67.00, $84.00 (paperback). THE focus of TheBalticStates andT7heir Region: NewEurope orOld? is to define the 'European'identity, to locate the Baltic Sea States within that context and to highlight any contributionsto that definitionstemming from this region. The articlescan be divided into two general groups:those that fulfilthe criteriaby directly engaging the debate and those that fulfil the criteria while only indirectlyengaging the old/new debate. In the firstgroup, ChristopherS. Browningarguesthat the old/new debate is only the most recent in a long line of identitydebateswithin Finland,beginning with the question of their East/West identity and now asking whether their defence allegiances end at the eastern shore of the Atlantic Ocean or extend across (or do neither). Dovile Budryte addresses a similar question about Lithuania, but shows that because of historical support from the US, historical aggression from Russia, and perceived willingness of the current 'old' EU member states to sacrificethe interestsof the Baltic States to better their own relations with Russia, Lithuania suffers from no such internal debates about the direction of their security preferences: trans-Atlantic structuresand relations firstwith European structuresand relations still very important,but definitelysecond. PerttiJoenniemi, in contrast,focuses not on the effects of the US's European 'altercastation' on individual states and on whether the states are new or old states, but on how the US's distinction between old and new has drivennorth-eastEurope to focus more on regional security. Two furtherarticles,written by Marko Lehti and Helen M. Morris, highlight the Baltic States as 'new' Europe states in direct contrastto 'old' states, while focusing primarily on their identity construction. Lehti shows that through interpretationsand revisions of their own history, the Baltic States have constructed their identity as 'European', though this identity is now being challenged by the old/new debate. Morris highlights how states' identities are constructed partially in response to national minorities, but highlights that the 'old' Europe states expect more of the new EU member states regardingminority rights, than they do of themselves. REVIEWS i8i Highlighting the authors who indirectlyengage the old/new debate is the editor, DavidJ. Smith, and Martyn Housden, both of whom show the influence of the Baltic States in constructingthe 'European'identity. They outline how the minority policies of Estonia and Latvia during the interwar period have done a greatdeal to establishthe currentminoritypolicies of some of the states within the wider European context and could be a guiding light for how the EU wants to develop: from an EU of states to an EU of legally independent groups. Leonidas Donskis shows, by looking at Rolandas Paskas's rise and fall from power within Lithuania, that a state's concept of its identity can be a self-fulfillingprophecy. Viatcheslav Morozov and SergeiJakobson-Obolenski both highlight effectively that the identities of the Baltic States and, in the case ofJakobson-Obolenski, Europe have been created in part by identifying characteristics of other regions or states (Russia and, more specifically, Kaliningrad) that do not fit them. Morozov further argues that only by recognizing the similar history will true identity be constructed between Russia, the Baltic States and Europe. Dirk Crols, despite his title, focuses on the argument(sharedwithJakobson-Obolenski)that the EU encouragesstates to develop into single, stable nation-states,which inherently encourages the 'othering', a concept in direct contrast to the inclusion and integration they profess. Paul Holtom, Charles Woolfson and Eero Mikenberg, in contrast, argue that the EU has effectively integrated the Baltic States, but that this integration has brought with it dilemmas such as illegal trade through the Baltic ports...

Preventing Nuclear Meltdown: Managing Decentralization of Russia's Nuclear Complex by J. C. Moltz V. A. Orlov A. N. Stulberg (review)

REVIEWS i8i Highlighting the authors who indirectlyengage the old/new debate is the editor, DavidJ. Smith, and Martyn Housden, both of whom show the influence of the Baltic States in constructingthe 'European'identity. They outline how the minority policies of Estonia and Latvia during the interwar period have done a greatdeal to establishthe currentminoritypolicies of some of the states within the wider European context and could be a guiding light for how the EU wants to develop: from an EU of states to an EU of legally independent groups. Leonidas Donskis shows, by looking at Rolandas Paskas's rise and fall from power within Lithuania, that a state's concept of its identity can be a self-fulfillingprophecy. Viatcheslav Morozov and SergeiJakobson-Obolenski both highlight effectively that the identities of the Baltic States and, in the case ofJakobson-Obolenski, Europe have been created in part by identifying characteristics of other regions or states (Russia and, more specifically, Kaliningrad) that do not fit them. Morozov further argues that only by recognizing the similar history will true identity be constructed between Russia, the Baltic States and Europe. Dirk Crols, despite his title, focuses on the argument(sharedwithJakobson-Obolenski)that the EU encouragesstates to develop into single, stable nation-states,which inherently encourages the 'othering', a concept in direct contrast to the inclusion and integration they profess. Paul Holtom, Charles Woolfson and Eero Mikenberg, in contrast, argue that the EU has effectively integrated the Baltic States, but that this integration has brought with it dilemmas such as illegal trade through the Baltic ports, the lack of labour rightsin Lithuania,and the problems of crossborder cooperation between border regions in the Baltic States (now the EU border)and the Russian Federation.These issuesnow become EU (not solely Baltic State) issues and only by addressingthese issues can the EU hope to change them: a change which will, additionally,influence the identitiesof the Baltic States. The authors adequatelyfulfilthe criteria,each addressinga specific aspect of 'European-ness'and a variety of ways in which the identities of the Baltic States have been, and continue to be constructed as 'European'. In that regard,however, the title is misleadingas only a portion of the chaptersfound herein deal directly and in depth with the old/new debate (a point Smith makes in the introduction).Question of title appropriatenessaside, the book is well written and providesvery usefulinsightinto the question and construction of the identity of the Baltic Sea States, particularlythe Baltic States, but Finland and Russia as well. Department ofPoliticsandInternational Relations JEREMY W. LAMOREAUX University ofAberdeen Moltz,J. C., Orlov, V. A. and Stulberg,A. N. (eds).Preventing Nuclear Meltdown: Managing Decentralization ofRussia's Nuclear Complex. Ashgate, Aldershotand Burlington,VT, 2004. xii + 258 pp. Tables. Map. Notes. Index. ?49 95 THIs book is the resultof a collaborativestudythat began in 2000 between the Monterey Instituteof InternationalStudies and the Center for Policy Studies I82 SEER, 85, I, 2007 (PIR)based in Moscow. As a result the book produces an excellent in-depth analysisof Russia'snuclear complex based upon a wide range of information sources.The focus of the book is the relationshipbetween Russia'sregionsand the central ministries tasked with controlling the country's various nuclear facilitiesboth in the militaryand civilianspheres.Althoughlapsesin the monitoring and control of these facilities combined with the continual attempts of criminal organizations to obtain materials from them at times makes for harrowingreading, the book treads a carefulpath warning us of the dangers and the steps that need to be taken without being overly alarmist. The book is divided into three main sections and an introduction, with the latter not only providing an overview of the book but also a very useful summary of research previously conducted on the subject. The first section concerns itself with Russia's federal nuclear agencies, their relationshipwith the regions and the decision making processes involved in such a structure. Chapter two, which is the firstchapter of this section, thereforemaps out the 'concentric circles of authority among federal, regional, and local offices'. It thus providesthe administrativeand legal settingwithin which centre-regional relations operate. In addition, it provides the reader with a good historical overview of the many changes introduced since the dissolution of the Soviet...

"The Other": Precursory African Conceptions of Democracy

Democracy is a configuration of governance molded by the general values, biases, prejudices, and nuances of a given culture. Individuals in Western countries typically identify with the state as reflecting the desires of the body politic. However, in the African world, including Northeastern Africa (or the Middle East as it is labeled in Western literature), identity is primarily reflected in one's ethnicity, religion, and communal adaptations and traditions. That is, the state's conception of governance is not always congruent with the heterogeneous peoples of a particular nation-state. As a result, ways of governance and perceptions of the “good” life are often conflicting at the local, state, and national levels. These clashing ideas are viewed with incertitude and trepidation in the Western world of democracies. Thus, Western democracies label non-Western democratic experiments as “the other.” Hence, without a more holistic understanding of why ethnicity, religion, and communal attachments are so salient in non-Western societies, Western democracies limit the “democratic playing field” as well as circumscribe cooperative, enduring relationships with “the other.” A reappraisal of democracy as a form of governance is needed to find a paradigm that is more suitable to the context in which various African nation-states exist. That is, one size does not and should not fit all.

Education, Civic Participation and Identity: Continuity and change in Hong Kong

This paper firstly identifies the major legacies inherited by the post-colonial government in Hong Kong, with reference to the key features of access, control and curriculum. Subsequently we examine the state's attempts to reconcile the tension between its quest for legitimacy and for stability. Two dimensions of education, namely the process of educational policy making and the nature of citizenship promoted through the school curriculum, are analysed in terms of the conceptions of civic participation and identity promoted and implemented by the state. In conclusion we point to the shift in the policy making process and the strengthening of policy actions designed to promote the state's conception of civic identity.

Ideological Hegemony and the Political Symbolism of Religious Buildings in Singapore

Cultural geographers have for too long ignored the association between the ‘religious' and the ‘political’, concentrating instead on separating the ‘religious' from the sociopolitical and economic forces in society, The challenge is taken up in this paper in an analysts of the contemporary meanings and values of religious buildings in Singapore as invested by the state. Attention is paid to the state's conceptions of religion and religious space and the roles it plays in influencing such space, The ways in which, through its various roles, the state in Singapore plays a significant part in influencing context and hence in shaping the constraints to the construction of meanings are demonstrated. Also discussed are the ways in which religious groups respond to state policies which have direct and indirect implications for their space.

Israel and the European Extradition System

I shall try in the following pages to explain Israel's policy on extradition, outline briefly Israel's Extradition Law, 1954, and survey Israel's extradition links with European countries. I shall then deal with Israel's experience with the application of the European Convention on Extradition of 13 December 1957, and shall consider possible modifications to the Convention. This task has been made easier by the three reports which have been presented by Professor Schultz, Mr. Duk and Mr. Karle.The extradition of criminals presents for every country delicate and complex problems, for this branch of law, regulated by both international agreements and domestic legislation, is intimately related to each State's concepts of administration of justice and criminal law, as well as to its approach to human rights in general, and asylum in particular.