State Transport Research Articles

Incentive structures for power-to-X and e-fuel pathways for transport in EU and member states

Though Power-to-X pathways, primarily Power-to-Liquids, attract interest as solutions for decarbonising parts of the transport sector that are not suitable for electrification, the regulatory framework until recently slowed down their implementation. This paper examines the updates in the main aspects of the legal framework in the European Union from 2019 to the beginning of 2022 related to Power-to-X: support schemes, specific targets, and potential barriers. The results show increasing interest and market entrance of electrolysis and push from the different actors and regulatory parties to establish solutions that will enable faster upscaling. However, it is visible from the National Energy and Climate Plans and hydrogen strategies that the most emphasis is still on hydrogen as an end fuel for personal vehicles or power-to-gas. On the other hand, few countries have implemented legal frameworks facilitating diverse PtX pathways without focusing solely on hydrogen. Nevertheless, revisions of RED II have finally set up specific targets for electrofuels and Fit for 55 has introduced new actions supporting electrofuels in aviation and marine transport.

Создание и развитие Школы инженерного предпринимательства: опыт отраслевого университета

Purpose: To characterize model, concept and composition of engineering entrepreneurship school project, including consideration of matters of topicality and practical significancy of educational system transition from traditional to in principle new forms, integrated into modern university digital ecosystem with account for world trends in digitalization, for digital economy state strategy provisions, intellectual priorities of industrial branch development. Methods: The work uses materials of Internet open sources as well as uses the program of PSTU (Petersburg State Transport University) development till 2030. Ecosystem approaches as well as modular and project-based ones are applied to work organization of the engineering entrepreneurship school. The methods of innovation management, engineering entrepreneurship and system analysis are used. Results: The study reflects conceptual basics of the development and introduction of an innovative educational model — Engineering Entrepreneurship School (EES) — created by the team of the first engineering transport university of Russia — Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University. The results of realization first experience of EES work stages, including EES appearance and architecture characterization, are presented. Practical significance: The application and subsequent scaling of PSTU unique experience as an industry university will allow to implement outrunning training with expanded scarce competencies of a human capital and will form growth points for transport education competitive ability in modern Industry 4.0.

Cross-asset prioritization model for transportation projects using multi-attribute utility theory: a case study

The Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21), enacted by the US Congress in 2012, establishes seven national infrastructure performance goals that must be considered during funding allocation procedures by state transportation agencies (STAs). These goals’ wide range of aspects creates situations where STAs have to deal with conflicting objectives without formal trade-off mechanisms, forcing them to make investments that might be difficult to justify to stakeholders. Moreover, STAs strive to create standard performance metrics that allow the comparison of investment alternatives among different groups of assets. This paper presents a case study on applying a Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) model to make trade-offs among conflicting objectives in different types of transportation construction projects. The case study was conducted on ten construction projects executed by the Iowa Department of Transportation. The case study shows how the proposed MAUT model can be used as an objective mechanism to prioritize infrastructure projects across asset classes to provide the necessary justification for infrastructure policy decision-making.

Research on Internal Parameter Filtering of Natural Gas Pipeline under Duty Cycle Transmission Mechanism

In recent years, with the continuous growth of China's long-distance oil and gas pipeline network, wireless communication network applications have become more and more extensive with the continuous promotion of intelligent oilfield construction, while the energy-saving problem in the process of information transmission has become increasingly prominent. In order to ensure the sustainable development of China's oil and gas industry, low-power wireless transmission has become a basic requirement for the current intelligent oil and gas pipeline communication construction. For the monitoring of pipeline operating conditions, pressure and flow rate values are important parameters. If the accuracy and comprehensiveness of pipeline operation data can be ensured simultaneously under an energy-efficient transmission mechanism, it will provide strong support for the green and safe operation of pipelines. Therefore, in this paper, a recursive filtering study is conducted for natural gas gathering pipeline flow system under duty cycle transmission mechanism to complete the reliable monitoring of pipeline fluid transportation status.

Школа инженерного предпринимательства как основа облика транспортного университета четвертого поколения

Purpose: To describe the first results of a unique experience of Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University (PGUPS) as a branch transport university where there has been created a school of engineering entrepreneurship in the university scientific-educational ecosystem. Methods: System analysis of open sources of the Internet and of PGUPS development program till 2030; as well as ecosystem, modular and project approaches for organizing the work of engineering entrepreneurship school. Results: The study shows that the search for effective formats for the development of human capital becomes particularly relevant in ensuring national technological sovereignty, and the creation of an engineering entrepreneurship school on a university basis as a new format for generating and integrating innovations is a time dictate. The key purpose of an engineering entrepreneurship school is an intellectual elite preparation by educational modules of entrepreneurship, engineering and inventive creativity of students with the formation of a unique pool of competencies in organization and management of full lifecycle of projects, innovations and high-tech production. It is noted that a branch university image is transformed into an ecosystem capable of creating a unique entrepreneurial space for involving students, employees and industrial partners into their own know-how hub. Practical significance: The application and subsequent scaling of the unique experience of PSUPS as a branch university will allow to pursue outrunning training of human capital with expanded scarce competencies and will form growth points in the competitiveness of transport education in modern Industry 4.0.

Параметры мерзлых грунтов при численном моделировании теплофизических задач

Purpose: Currently, the most prevalent foreign geotechnical software systems (Midas GTS NX, Plaxis) include modules for thermophysical modeling. Thermophysical modeling is especially important in the design and construction on foundations composed of frozen soils. When carrying out numerical calculations, an important stage is the verification of models, here thermophysical models, of frozen soils for their compliance with theoretical bases and calculation prerequisites, underlying in domestic standards. For this purpose, a comparison was made of theoretical prerequisites in foreign geotechnical complexes with prerequisites underlying in Termoground package which was created with the participation of specialists from the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Petersburg State Transport University, PGUPS [Kudryavtsev S.A., Sakharov I.I., Paramonov V.N.]. This package has a long background of successful use in the practice of calculations and projection; the theoretical premises, implemented therein. are verified and fully comply with the requirements of domestic standards. Methods: Conducting theoretical analysis of regulatory and technical documents of foreign software systems. Performing numerical simulation of real thermophysical problems. Results: It has been established that dependences underlying foreign geotechnical complexes, in general, have the same theoretical prerequisites as those reflected in domestic regulatory documents; also, at numerical modeling, a satisfactory convergence of the calculated temperature fields in a soil mass for building construction real tasks on frozen ground was noted. Practical importance: The obtained results can be used in the practice of design/construction for to set thermophysical parameters for foundation soils in the course of numerical modeling of thermophysical tasks and analysis of geocryological situation of the Far North conditions.

BIG DATA IN MEDICINE

BIG DATA IN MEDICINE Ezozbek Tokhirov Ph.D., Associate professor, Tashkent State Transport University, Uzbekistan, Tashkent   ABSTRACT In this report there are applications in the field of big data located in the medical indus

Electronic transport mechanism and defect states for p-InP/i-InGaAs/n-InP photodiodes

We have studied the defect states and electronic transport mechanisms in the mismatched p-InP/i-InGaAs/n-InP photodiode grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and current–voltage (I–V) measurements. Two defect states were observed in the p-InP layer, which could have originated from Zn diffusion, and another one detected in i-InGaAs acted as a dislocation defect. The total defect density of the device estimated by DLTS and space-charge limited current (SCLC) was about 4 × 1013, which was much lower than the device grown by other methods. I–V measurements pointed out that the leakage current in this photodiode was caused by the existence of defect states and the small conduction band offset. Therefore, to suppress the leakage current in the devices, it is urgent to reduce the trap density and optimize the thickness of the p-InP layer. The study of defect state and electronic transport mechanism in p-InP/i-InGaAs/n-InP PIN diodes could help to develop a strategy to improve the SWIR sensing technology in the future.

A stochastic framework for the assessment of horizontally curved aluminium bridge decks on steel girders

A purpose-developed structural reliability assessment (SRA) framework for the evaluation of horizontally curved aluminium alloy bridge decks on steel I-girders of centre subtended angle, θ≤34.4 with precinct on the American association of state highway and transportation officials (AASHTO) load resistance factor design (LRFD) specification is presented. The finite element analysis (FEA) simulations were performed in the ABAQUS© CAE, whilst the probabilistic assessment model was developed using the first-order reliability method (FORM). Besides performing detailed design checks and a validation exercise, the developed SRA framework was used to examine the structural behaviour of the bridge assembly in the presence of stochastic design truck axle loads, structure’s self-weight, among other loads, whilst varying geometric properties. The most critical structural responses chosen at salient points obtained via FEA simulation is applied in deriving the limit state function (LSF), which is then substituted into the stochastic model within the purpose-developed iterative FORM algorithm to calculate the reliability index (RI), β of the structure. It is shown that the proprietary AlumadeckTM system conforms with the LRFD specification, which stipulates that the target value of RI is 3.5 for resistance factor (RF) of 1.0 (assuming 80% composite action compression flange). The result also reveals that the RI shows a strong dependence on the composite action between the deck and the girder for RF of 1.0 full composite action (considering the failure of the bottom flange), indicating the safety index is within acceptable limits. Furthermore, it is revealed that the minimum composite action for safety is 40%, corresponding to a safety index of 1.16. Hence, it can be inferred from the foregoing that the AlumadeckTM can withstand the stochastic axle load it is subjected to considering the HL-93 load design condition and satisfies all design criteria considered from a stochastic perspective based on the AASHTO LRFD guidelines, provided the minimum stiffner thickness tstiffner of 7mm is adopted (based on the FEA simulation results). A case study conducted herein established that the structural configuration selected (i.e. depth at 2.4m, flange thicknesses at 21mm, flange width at 50cm and web thickness at 16mm) demonstrates the structural safety and durability of the bridge system coupled using the AlumadeckTM.

TITLE: AIRLINES DEFINE BUSINESS MODELS: A CONTENT ANALYSIS IN THE SHADOW OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The airline industry has an extremely dynamic nature. In order to compete with competitors, airline companies have several different business models. The business model is a structured framework for the management of any business which also assists the company to reach its goals in its working environment. Besides this, a unique business model is well known as a source of competitive advantage and value creation method for organizations. This article will determine how global airline companies define their business models by using the airline business model common components on their official web pages. In this manner, a correlation between airline companies’ business model components and their strategies’ during the Covid-19 pandemic will be defined. Besides, companies’ strategic changes among airline business model common components will be discussed. Accordingly, this article will not only contribute to the existing literature on airline strategic management subject but also shed light on the airline companies’ revitalization during the Covid-19 pandemic by supplying a benchmark among the global airline companies. To address this aim, content analysis has been done in “about us” parts of companies’ official web pages of worldwide top 45 airline companies. According to World Air Transport Statistics (WATS) – IATA report 2021, worldwide top 45 airline companies among 200 are selected based on their scheduled revenue passenger kilometers in 2020. Inductive content analysis has been done by using the Python program. The results are indicating that different airline business model components are converging in Covid-19 Environment.

Destruction of localization by thermal inclusions: Anomalous transport and Griffiths effects in the Anderson and André-Aubry-Harper models

We discuss and compare two recently proposed toy models for anomalous transport and Griffiths effects in random systems near the Many-Body Localization transitions: the random dephasing model, which adds thermal inclusions in an Anderson Insulator as local Markovian dephasing channels that heat up the system, and the random Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble (GOE) approach which models them in terms of ensembles of random regular graphs. For these two settings we discuss and compare transport and dissipative properties and their statistics. We show that both types of dissipation lead to similar Griffiths-like phenomenology, with the GOE bath being less effective in thermalising the system due to its finite bandwidth. We then extend these models to the case of a quasi-periodic potential as described by the André-Aubry-Harper model coupled to random thermal inclusions, that we show to display, for large strength of the quasiperiodic potential, a similar phenomenology to the one of the purely random case. In particular, we show the emergence of subdiffusive transport and broad statistics of the local density of states, suggestive of Griffiths like effects arising from the interplay between quasiperiodic localization and random coupling to the baths.

Development Status and Challenges of Intelligent Transportation

Development Status and Challenges of Intelligent Transportation

The Experimental Validation of a Digital Filter Mathematical Modelling for Nuclear Fuel Vibration Monitoring System

Aiming at vehicles will produce shocks and vibrations for various reasons in the process of transportation and handling, any shock and vibration that exceeds the regulations would cause damage to the nuclear fuel being transported. In order to monitor and analyze the shock and vibration data scientifically, a monitoring system based on MEMS acceleration sensor technology is developed to measure shocks and vibrations. The measured result involves some noise caused by the sensitivity of the sensor and the electrical noise, and a digital filter mathematical modelling is introduced to reduce noise and improve the measured result accuracy. In order to verify the effectiveness of the device designed in this paper, the device and the high-precision seismic acceleration sensor AC73 are, respectively, used for field tests; the results show that the test precision of the designed device can meet the requirements, and also, the designed shock and vibration monitoring system can record and store the three-axis acceleration, temperature, humidity, pressure, time, and other parameters that exceed the set threshold during nuclear fuel transportation in real time and complete the fuel assembly transportation status assessment and promptly remind the transportation personnel to take safety precautions and treatment measures. Therefore, it can be widely used in the monitoring, recording, and postevent data analysis of the transportation process of important products such as nuclear fuel.

Mechanical-Empirical Pavement Design Guide Applied to Portuguese Pavement Structures

This paper describes the characteristics of the new pavement design method developed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), known as AASHTOWare Pavement-ME®, and presents the results of its application to the flexible pavement structures presented in the Portuguese Manual of Pavement Structures for the national road network. The results obtained clearly show that it is a very useful tool for road engineers not only for designing new pavement structures but also for the analysis of their performance and for efficiently planning maintenance and rehabilitation interventions. According to the characteristics of the case study that was considered, rutting is the most critical distress, since it presents values close to its threshold value of 20.0 mm, a value that is defined in Portuguese Quality Control Plans.

On/Off Switching of Valley Topological Edge States in the Terahertz Region

Topological photonic devices provide a powerful platform to control the flow of light because their topologically protected edge states can be immune to backscattering and be robust to impurities, disorders, and defects. As one of the topological photonic systems, valley photonic crystals have attracted great attention because they can achieve a large bandgap and be easily combined with modern micro-nano fabrication technology. Terahertz photonic devices are of enormous interest in next-generation communications. Here, we design a valley photonic crystal consisting of a triangular lattice with three metal rod scatterers. By rotating the three metal rods in opposite directions to break the inversion symmetry, we achieve a bandgap width of up to 70% and observe the transport of the edge states in the terahertz region. By replacing part of the structure with phase change material VO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , on/off switching of the terahertz photonic topological edge states is realized, and the attenuation can be also modeled by adjusting the size of the VO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> region. The proposed regime has potential applications in sensing and 6G communications.

Implementation of state transport policy: regional aspect

The implementation of the transport strategy is based on the general principles of federal relations and takes into account the peculiarities of social-economic development and transport needs of individual regions of the country. The regional aspects of the transport system of Russia development are directly related to the creation of a network of competitive innovation clusters, new regional centers of economic development, also in the Russian Far East. The tasks of the transport complex development common for Russia, depending on the specific conditions of the social-economic development of the regions, have their own specifics, focus and priorities, which are taken into account when developing the priorities of the state transport policy. The main problem is that it is necessary to form an active position of the state at the new stage of development of the country economy to create the conditions for social-economic development, primarily to improve the quality of transport services, reduce the total costs of society that depend on transport, and increase the competitiveness of the domestic transport system, strengthening the innovative, social and environmental orientation of the transport industry development. At the same time, transport as a backbone element of the economy and investment and innovation demand generator for products should be considered as an independent point of economic growth. The purpose of the article is to analyze the implementation of the state transport policy on the Primorsky Territory within the framework of the activities by the Ministry of Transport and Roads of the Primorsky Territory and to identify the main problems and prospects for the development of transport policy main trends in the specified subject of the Russian Federation.

Additional Pressure Distribution on Subway Tunnels from Ground Construction

Abstract In the proposed research there were evaluated the factors influencing the distribution of additional pressure from ground construction on the linings of the subway tunnels. In recent years, the Department of Tunnels and Subways of the Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University has provided scientific support for many capital construction projects with geotechnical calculations of the buildings under construction impact on subway structures, both using analytical methods and mathematical modeling. The existing analytical methods allow us to evaluate the change in the additional pressure in the ground massive without taking into account the tunnel construction, while in reality the tunnel construction significantly changes the stress-strain state of the ground massive in the vicinity of the excavation. This factor was considered as the most significant, and together with it, there were evaluated the influence of the tunneling method and the influence of the applied geomechanical soil model on the calculation results.

ISSUES AND VIEWPOINTS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF DESIGNING ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS IN UZBEKISTAN

This research paper provides the main issues that need to be addressed for the development of a domestic scientific school on the design of energy-efficient buildings and discusses issues pertaining to their widespread introduction in the Republic of Uzbekistan. In addition, this paper presents the results of the scientific research carried in this field at the Tashkent State Transport University.

What Drives States to Raise Gas Tax Rates? An Empirical Analysis

Gas taxes represent one of the most important revenue sources for state transportation funding. This study draws upon the theory of policy innovation and diffusion and examines the drivers of legislative decisions to directly increase state gas tax rates among 50 states from 2010 to 2018. Using a discrete event history analysis, this study finds that states raise gas tax rates in response to the growing funding needs of maintaining and improving the quality and performance of state highway infrastructure. Additionally, these findings suggest that state internal characteristics— poverty rate, personal income, rising gas prices, as well as the external influences of neighboring states affect the adoption of a gas tax rate hike.

Implementation of American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials/American Welding Society D1.5 Phased Array Ultrasonic Weld Inspection Programs

This paper describes highlights of phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) nondestructive evaluation (NDE) research activities at the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA’s) Advanced Sensing Technology (FAST) NDE Laboratory. The work supports the goal to implement ultrasonic techniques in lieu of radiographic techniques for American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)/American Welding Society (AWS) D1.5 Bridge Welding Codeinspection of full penetration bridge fabrication welds. The paper also describes some of the advantages and disadvantages of the process to implement a PAUT inspection program. The results of this study support the goal of broader implementation of ultrasonic testing (UT) with results to date showing a good correlation of the comparative inspection results between PAUT and radiography. There is, however, a need to develop a more comprehensive set of weld flaws to ensure a fully representative flaw set is evaluated. To support that goal, the FAST NDE Laboratory is currently using ultrasonic simulation software to 03611981221090236ement the test plate data with a virtual database of simulated flaws. A successful implementation of PAUT can result in a more efficient inspection process with detailed permanent records and images of the flaw locations mimicking the historic radiograph. As more bridge fabrications incorporate PAUT, there will be a broader PAUT experience base as the AWS committee, teamed with the bridge fabricators, FAST NDE Laboratory, and other contributors continue to work toward replacing all required radiography in AWS D1.5 with an option to use PAUT.