State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Scale Research Articles

The impact of one-year COVID-19 containment measures in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: A longitudinal survey-based study

BackgroundWe assessed levels of depression, anxiety, stress, anhedonia, somatization, psychological distress, sleep, and life quality in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) after one year of containment measures started in Italy to stem the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsWe consecutively enrolled 51 patients with MTLE, administering an online survey that compared the year before and after the COVID-19 propagation. We analyzed clinical data (e.g., seizure frequency, life quality) and neuropsychological assessment through Somatic Symptom Scale–8 (SSS-8), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-2), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS), Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). The BDI-2 and STAI-Y scores were compared to those acquired in the same patients before the COVID-19 outbreak. ResultsComparing our population with MTLE before and after COVID-19 outbreak, we found a significant worsening in life quality (p = 0.03), SSS-8 (p = 0.001), BDI-2 (p = 0.032), and STAI-Y scores (p < 0.001). After one year of pandemic, 88.2% of patients obtained pathological scores at PSQI, 19.6% at SHAPS, 29.4% at IES-R. Reduction of life quality correlated with anxiety, depression, stress, and somatization. Higher levels of anhedonia correlated with stress, depression, and anxiety. Somatization correlated with depression, anxiety, and sleep quality. Distress levels correlated with anxiety, somatization, and depression. ConclusionsWe demonstrated a significant worsening of depression, anxiety, life quality, and somatization in patients with MTLE after one year of COVID-19 beginning. Concomitantly, results suggest that the pandemic had a negative impact on sleep quality, psychological distress, and anhedonia, but not on epilepsy itself.

Father newborn skin-to-skin wheelchair transfer from delivery room to neonatal care unit: Possible change in practices

ObjectiveTo evaluate the transfer of newborns from the delivery room to the neonatal care unit with their fathers on wheelchairs in terms of the safety of the procedure and paternal anxiety. MethodsA prospective observational single-center before-and-after pilot study was conducted from February to May 2018 at the University Maternity Hospital of Nantes. Safe transfer was judged on the basis of episodes of hypothermia or hypoglycemia. Paternal anxiety was assessed with the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scale after newborn transfer. ResultsOverall, 70 preterm newborns were enrolled, 44 were carried in wheelchairs in the father's arms (target group) and 26 were transferred in an incubator (control group). After adjusting for gestational age and birthweight, there were no statistically significantly differences between the target and the control group in the rates of hypothermia (43.9% vs 30.8%, p = 0,59) and hypoglycemia (9.52% vs 19.23%, p = 0,19). The STAI scale score was not significantly different between groups after incubator transfer or wheelchair transfer, at 35 ± 8.2 and 38 ± 10.2, respectively (p = 0.07). ConclusionTransferring a newborn to the neonatal care unit via wheelchair with the father is a safe alternative to incubator transfer.

The Effect of Video-Based Education on Anxiety of Patients Receiving Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy.

Patients receiving stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) may have an anxiety due to unknown aspects of the treatment. We aimed to reduce patient anxiety by using video-based education. Forty patients were divided into 2 groups, with one-to-one information session (n = 20) and one-to-one information session plus video-based education (n = 20). The patients completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and visual facial anxiety scale before and after information sessions and after treatment. The setup time and disruptions during treatment sessions were recorded for patients receiving treatment with Novalis® and Cyberknife®, respectively. The patient characteristics and STAI scores before education were similar between groups. The anxiety level was significantly lower in group 1 after treatment (median 38, interquartile range (IQR) 27-45) compared to before (median 43, IQR 36-47) (p = 0.003) and after information sessions (median 42, IQR 36-47) (p = 0.004); however, any difference was not observed in anxiety levels between before and after information sessions (p = 0.317). The anxiety level was significantly lower in group 2 after video-based education (median 25, IQR 22-33) and after treatment (median 25, IQR 20-30) compared to before video-based education (median 35, IQR 31-42) (p < 0.001 for both), while there was no significant difference in anxiety levels between after video-based education and after the treatment (p = 0.407). The interruptions during treatment were observed in 9 (60%) patients in group 1 and 6 (40%) patients in group 2 (p = 0.038). Video-based educations significantly reduce patient anxiety before SRS/SBRT and increase their compliance with the treatment.

Söke Bölgesi'nde COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Diş Hekimine Başvuran Bir Grup Türk Hastada Durumluk-Sürekli Anksiyete Seviyelerinin, Dental Anksiyete Seviyelerinin ve Aşıya Karşı Tutumlarının Belirlenmesi: Analitik Araştırma

Objective: A new disease called coronavirus disease2019 (COVID‐19), was discovered in the city of Wuhan in China and has quickly reached many countries. During this period, mental health of people was affected negatively. This study aimed to evaluate the anxiety levels of dental patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, determine the reasons for admission to the dental center, and to investigate the rate of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Material and Methods: A questionnaire consisting of the stated topics and demographic data was completed by the patients. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scales were used to determine anxiety levels and the Corah-Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) was also used to assess dental anxiety. Results: The DAS scores showed that patients had low levels of dental anxiety, while STAI-State and STAI-Trait scores showed that most patients were moderately anxious. Gender, age, marital status, education, and location of residence were associated with higher DAS and/or STAI scores. Vaccine hesitancy was reported in 28.31% of patients. Side effects and the unknown long-term effects of the COVID-19 vaccine were given as major reasons for vaccine hesitancy (34.13%). Conclusion: Our results reveal that there was a concerning level of anxiety and vaccine hesitancy in a group of Turkish dental patients during COVID-19 pandemic in Soke Region.

Anxiety, depression, COVID-19 anxiety, and the effects of hospital environment on patients presenting to dermatology outpatient clinic during the pandemic

Background: The World Health Organization has defined the COVID-19 infection as a pandemic. Anxiety and depression are emphasized to increase with the pandemic. Aims: The current study aimed to identify anxiety, depression, and COVID-19 anxiety of patients who presented to the dermatology outpatient clinic and the effects of hospital environment on them during the pandemic. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was applied, including questions about the sociodemographic characteristics, the state of being hesitant about transmission of COVID-19 infection in hospital, pandemic-associated attitudes in hospital, persons and hospital sites thought to be risky for transmission of the infection, opinion about tele-dermatology, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI1, STAI2), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the COVID-19 Anxiety Scales (CAS). The diagnoses of skin disorders were recorded after examinations. Results: The study included 458 patients (60.7% females, the mean age was 31.8 years) who presented to the dermatology outpatient clinic in March 2021. Of patients, 64.7% rated their hesitancy as moderate and higher about the transmission of the COVID-19 infection in hospital. With the STAI1 scale, the rate of moderate and severe anxiety was 47.6%; with the HADS, the rate of anxiety was 26.6%; with the HADS, the rate of depression was 37.3%; and with the CAS, the rate of anxiety due to COVID-19 was 3.9%. Conclusion: Dermatology patients should be evaluated to be adversely affected at least as much as the other members of the society. Patients found the hospital environment risky in terms of the transmission of COVID-19 infection, creating an additional stress factor.

Impact of Face Masks and Viewers' Anxiety on Ratings of First Impressions from Faces.

Face mask is now a common feature in our social environment. Although face covering reduces our ability to recognize other's face identity and facial expressions, little is known about its impact on the formation of first impressions from faces. In two online experiments, we presented unfamiliar faces displaying neutral expressions with and without face masks, and participants rated the perceived approachableness, trustworthiness, attractiveness, and dominance from each face on a 9-point scale. Their anxiety levels were measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Social Interaction Anxiety Scale. In comparison with mask-off condition, wearing face masks (mask-on) significantly increased the perceived approachableness and trustworthiness ratings, but showed little impact on increasing attractiveness or decreasing dominance ratings. Furthermore, both trait and state anxiety scores were negatively correlated with approachableness and trustworthiness ratings in both mask-off and mask-on conditions. Social anxiety scores, on the other hand, were negatively correlated with approachableness but not with trustworthiness ratings. It seems that the presence of a face mask can alter our first impressions of strangers. Although the ratings for approachableness, trustworthiness, attractiveness, and dominance were positively correlated, they appeared to be distinct constructs that were differentially influenced by face coverings and participants’ anxiety types and levels.

Analysis of Relationships between DAT1 Polymorphism Variants, Personality Dimensions, and Anxiety in New Psychoactive Substance (Designer Drug) (NPS) Users.

The use of ‘new psychoactive substances’ appears to be increasingly common. The aim of this study was to examine biological and personality determinants in individuals who choose to use these substances, which may help in the prevention and treatment of psychoactive substance use disorders. The study group consisted of 374 male volunteers; all were users of ‘new psychoactive substances’ (NPS). The NPS users were recruited after they had abstained—for at least 3 months—from any substance of abuse in addiction treatment facilities. The NPS patients and the control subjects were examined by a psychiatrist using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.), the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scales. The real-time PCR method was used for genotyping. When we compared the controls with the study group, statistically significant interactions were found between DAT1 polymorphism, neuroticism, and NPS use. NPS use and DAT1 polymorphism were associated with a higher level of neuroticism on the NEO-FFI scale. The study group of NPS users showed a higher severity of anxiety symptoms, both in terms of trait and state, compared to the control group. The results may support the idea that neuroticism and anxiety correlate strongly with coping motives for using NPS.

The prevalence, grouping, and distribution of stressors and their association with anxiety among hospitalized patients.

Anxiety is prevalent among hospital inpatients and it has harmful effects on patient well-being and clinical outcomes. We aimed to characterize the sources of hospital distress and their relationship to anxiety. We conducted a cross-sectional study of inpatients (n = 271) throughout two Southeastern U.S. metropolitan hospitals. Participants completed a survey to identify which of 38 stressors they were experiencing. They also completed the State Trait Anxiety Inventory six-item scale. We evaluated the prevalence of stressors, their distribution, and crude association with anxiety. We then used multivariate logistic regression to estimate the association between stressors and clinically relevant anxiety, with and without adjusting for demographic variables. We used factor analysis to describe the interrelationships among stressors and to examine whether groups of stressors tend to be endorsed together. The following stressors were highly endorsed across all unit types: pain, being unable to sleep, feelings of frustration, being overwhelmed, and fear of the unknown. Stressors relating to isolation/meaninglessness and fear/frustration tend to be endorsed together. Stressors were more frequently endorsed by younger, female, and uninsured or Medicaid-insured patients and being female and uninsured was associated with anxiety in bivariate analysis. After controlling for the sources of distress in multivariate linear analysis, gender and insurance status no longer predicted anxiety. Feelings of isolation, lack of meaning, frustration, fear, or a loss of control were predictive. Study results suggest that multiple stressors are prevalent among hospital inpatients and relatively consistent across hospital unit and disease type. Interventions for anxiety or emotional/spiritual burden may be best targeted to stressors that are frequently endorsed or associated with anxiety, especially among young and female patients.

How anxious were Quebec healthcare professionals during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic? A web-based cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may cause significant anxiety among healthcare professionals (HCPs). COVID-19-related psychological impacts on HCPs in Western countries have received relatively little attention.OBJECTIVE:This study aims to assess the levels of anxiety in HCPs working in the province of Quebec (Canada) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and identify factors associated with changes in anxiety scores.METHODS:An exploratory online cross-sectional survey was conducted among Quebec HCPs from April to July 2020. The Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to measure state anxiety among HCPs. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed.RESULTS:A total of 426 HCPs completed the survey. Anxiety scores ranged from 20 to 75 points, with 80 being the highest possible value on the STAI scale. Being a female HCP [B = 5.89, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.49–9.3] and declaring having the intention to avoid caring for patients with COVID-19 (B = 3.75, 95% CI: 1.29–6.22) were associated with increased anxiety scores. Having more years of experience was associated with decreased anxiety scores [B = –0.2, 95% CI: –0.32–(–0.08)].CONCLUSION:Organizational strategies aimed at preventing and relieving anxiety should target junior female HCPs who express the intention to avoid caring for patients with COVID-19. Seniority could become an important criterion in selecting frontline HCPs during pandemics. Further studies are needed to comprehensively examine the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Canadian HCPs and identify evidence-based coping strategies.

Effectiveness of Self-Guided Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Panic Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundVirtual reality (VR) is as effective a technique as traditional cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and a promising tool for treating panic disorder symptoms because VR exposure can be safer and has better acceptability than in vivo exposure and is more immersive than exposure through imagination. CBT techniques can be delivered more effectively using VR as well. So far, VR has required high-quality devices, but the development of mobile VR technology has improved user availability. At the same time, a well-structured form of VR can be reproduced and used anywhere. This means that VR can be used to provide a self-guided form of treatment and address the high treatment costs of evidence-based therapy and the lack of professional therapists. This study aimed to investigate the potential of self-guided VR as an alternative to high-cost treatment.ObjectiveThe main goal of this study was to offer data about the efficacy of a mobile app-based self-led VR CBT in the treatment of panic disorder.MethodsA total of 54 subjects with panic disorder were enrolled in this study and randomly assigned to either the VR treatment group or waitlist group. The VR treatment was designed to be total 12 sessions for 4 weeks. The VR treatment consists of 4 steps in which patients are gradually exposed to phobic stimuli while learning to cope with panic symptoms in each stage. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed through the Panic Disorder Severity Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Body Sensations Questionnaire, Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Korean Inventory of Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, Korean Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, and Perceived Stress Scale. In addition, physiological changes using heart rate variability were evaluated.ResultsIn within-group analyses, the VR treatment group exhibited improvements in panic disorder symptoms, anxiety, and depression after 4 weeks, while the waitlist group did not show any significant improvement. Compared to the waitlist group, the VR treatment group showed significantly greater improvements in the Panic Disorder Severity Scale in both completer analysis and intention-to-treat analysis. Heart rate variability in the VR treatment group showed improvement in normalized high frequency from baseline to postassessment with no significant differences in any outcome measure between groups.ConclusionsThe self-guided, mobile app-based VR intervention was effective in the treatment of panic symptoms and restoring the autonomic nervous system demonstrating the validity of the use of VR for self-guided treatment. VR treatment can be a cost-effective therapeutic approach.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04985019; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04985019

The effect of multimedia health education on pain and anxiety in women undergoing mammography in Taiwan

ObjectiveBreast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Taiwan. However, the discomfort of receiving mammograms reduces the willingness to screen. Materials and methodsThis study using a quasi-experimental design and recruited 150 participants in a medical center, Taiwan. In the control group, only provided traditional health education sheets, the experimental group has joined the intervention of multimedia health education. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Visual Analogue Scale, respectively, were used to compare the differences in anxiety and pain between the two groups before and after receiving mammography. ResultsAfter the intervention, the experimental group's state anxiety score was significantly lower than that of the control group (30.63 ± 8.43 vs. 33.77 ± 10.74, p < .05). However, there was no significant difference in pain scores (4.13 ± 2.37 vs. 4.57 ± 2.31; p = .25). ConclusionsYounger, prior experience with mammography, and high trait anxiety affect pain and state anxiety of women undergoing mammography. The multimedia health education intervention could reduce anxiety effectively, but it does not significantly relieve the pain undergoing mammography.

Cognitive and psychoemotional impairment dynamics in patients with hemorrhagic hemispheric stroke at the early rehabilitation stage

The aim of the study was to establish the dynamics of cognitive and psychoemotional disorders under comprehensive rehabilitation in patients with hemorrhagic hemispheric stroke (HHS) during the recovery period of the disease. 46 patients with HHS during the recovery period (31 males and 15 females) were examined on the 30th, 90th, and 180th day. For this purpose, the following modern clinical scales and tests were used: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), Barthel Index (BI), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), “10 words remembering” test (by Luriya A.), memory self-evaluation scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scale (STAI) and Beck's Depression Inventor (BDI). It was found that 89,13 % of patients with HHS had cognitive impairment. It was also determined signifi‑cant cognitive improvement during the recovery period of the disease. Additionally, the correlation analysis of values on the 30th day of the condition showed the credible impact of the neurological deficit severity by NIHSS on the MMSE, MoCA, and memory self-evaluation scale rates (p &lt; 0.05). As well correlation between neurological impairment and Beck's somatic sings subscale was established (p &lt; 0.05). It was additionally evaluated the impact of neurology deficit level on the BDI overall score (both subscales) on the 180th day of the disease (p &lt; 0.05). It was estimated the age influenced on both the situational anxiety and patient gender on the personal anxiety level (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, it was revealed the impact of lesion location on the presence and severity of depressive disorders (p &lt; 0.05).

WeChat-assisted health education and preoperative care improve the mental state of parents of children with ventricular septal defect

ABSTRACT Many studies have shown that parents of children with congenital heart disease have more stress, anxiety and depression. This study was aimed to explore the effect of implementing WeChat-assisted health education and preoperative care on parents of children with the restrictive ventricular septal defect to improve the psychological state. A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted in a provincial hospital in China. Participants were randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group to explore the psychological state of parents of children with the restricted ventricular septal defect. Before surgery, the state-trait anxiety inventory scale score (STAI) of the WeChat group were 26.8 ± 8.2 and 27.3 ± 7.0, which were significantly higher than those of the leaflet group (37.6 ± 12.9 and 39.3 ± 11.7). Compared with the STAI score at the first visit, the WeChat group preoperative score was significantly lower (P < 0.05). The rate of loss to follow-up in the WeChat group (0%) was significantly lower than that of the leaflet group (14.3%). The complication of the leaflet group was significantly higher than that of the WeChat group. Health education and preoperative care for parents of children with restrictive ventricular septal defect through WeChat can effectively improve the parents’ mental state and reduce the incidence of complications and the rate of loss to follow-up.

Impact of a Mobile App on Paramedics' Perceived and Physiologic Stress Response During Simulated Prehospital Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Study Nested Within a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundOut-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) are stressful, high-stake events that are associated with low survival rates. Acute stress experienced in this situation is associated with lower cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance in calculating drug dosages by emergency medical services. Children are particularly vulnerable to such errors. To date, no app has been validated to specifically support emergency drug preparation by paramedics through reducing the stress level of this procedure and medication errors.ObjectiveThis study aims to determine the effectiveness of an evidence-based mobile app compared with that of the conventional preparation methods in reducing acute stress in paramedics at the psychological and physiological levels while safely preparing emergency drugs during simulated pediatric OHCA scenarios.MethodsIn a parent, multicenter, randomized controlled trial of 14 emergency medical services, perceived and physiologic stress of advanced paramedics with drug preparation autonomy was assessed during a 20-minute, standardized, fully video-recorded, and highly realistic pediatric OHCA scenario in an 18-month-old child. The primary outcome was participants’ self-reported psychological stress perceived during sequential preparations of 4 intravenous emergency drugs (epinephrine, midazolam, 10% dextrose, and sodium bicarbonate) with the support of the PedAMINES (Pediatric Accurate Medication in Emergency Situations) app designed to help pediatric drug preparation (intervention) or conventional methods (control). The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Visual Analog Scale questionnaires were used to measure perceived stress. The secondary outcome was physiologic stress, measured by a single continuous measurement of the participants’ heart rate with optical photoplethysmography.ResultsFrom September 3, 2019, to January 21, 2020, 150 advanced paramedics underwent randomization. A total of 74 participants were assigned to the mobile app (intervention group), and 76 did not use the app (control group). A total of 600 drug doses were prepared. Higher State-Trait Anxiety Inventory–perceived stress increase from baseline was observed during the scenario using the conventional methods (mean 35.4, SD 8.2 to mean 49.8, SD 13.2; a 41.3%, 35.0 increase) than when using the app (mean 36.1, SD 8.1 to mean 39.0, SD 8.4; a 12.3%, 29.0 increase). This revealed a 30.1% (95% CI 20.5%-39.8%; P<.001) lower relative change in stress response in participants who used the app. On the Visual Analog Scale questionnaire, participants in the control group reported a higher increase in stress at the peak of the scenario (mean 7.1, SD 1.8 vs mean 6.4, SD 1.9; difference: −0.8, 95% CI −1.3 to −0.2; P=.005). Increase in heart rate during the scenario and over the 4 drugs was not different between the 2 groups.ConclusionsCompared with the conventional method, dedicated mobile apps can reduce acute perceived stress during the preparation of emergency drugs in the prehospital setting during critical situations. These findings can help advance the development and evaluation of mobile apps for OHCA management and should be encouraged.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03921346; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03921346International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-10.1186/s13063-019-3726-4

Anxiety and Depression among Family Caregivers of Children with Epilepsy in Burkina Faso

AbstractBackground Epilepsy is a common and chronic neurological disorder influencing children's cognitive and behavioral performance. Primary caregivers of children with epilepsy (CWE) report high levels of depression and anxiety.Patients and Methods We performed a cross-sectional study on caregivers of CWE in the Neurology Department of Yalgado Ouédraogo University Teaching Hospital from May 7, 2020 to August 18, 2020. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scale and Beck Depression Inventory scale were assessed to screen anxiety and depression.Results One hundred caregivers with a mean age of 37.75 ± 10.69 years were included in the study. The majority of them were female gender (73%), aged &lt;40 years (59%), and residing in rural areas (79%). Most of caregivers were female gender (73%) and the mothers of children (67%). The majority of CWE were boys (55%), having generalized epilepsy (55%) and epilepsy duration less than 6 years (74%). Anxiety was observed in 56%, depression in 27%, and both anxiety and depression in 23% of caregivers. The factors influencing anxiety among caregivers were female gender (p = 0.04), being patient's mothers (p = 0.04), and caring male patients (p = 0.04). The factors associated with caregiver's depression were being married (p = 0.03) and caring patients with five seizures per year (p = 0.04).Conclusion Our study revealed very high rates of anxiety and depressive disorder among caregivers of CWE in Burkina Faso.

Effect of virtual reality on preoperative anxiety in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a virtual reality video on preoperative anxiety, hemodynamic parameters, and patient satisfaction in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty. MethodsThis was a prospective, observational cohort trial. Forty patients between the ages of 18...65 who were scheduled for elective septorhinoplasty, with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I...II were included in the study. Patients experienced a 15-minute virtual reality (VR) video via a phone using a VR device. A three-dimensional, 360.. video depicted the beauty of nature and was accompanied by meditation music. Patients... oxygen saturation values, heart rate, and blood pressure were monitored and recorded. Using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scale, anxiety scores and hemodynamic parameters were compared before and after VR application. ResultsMedian anxiety scores decreased significantly from 40.5 to 34 (p.ß<.ß0.001). VR also had positive effects on hemodynamic parameters. ConclusionsVR reduces preoperative anxiety and has positive effects on hemodynamic parameters in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty. We anticipate that VR will be increasingly used as a non-pharmacological preoperative approach in the future.

The Influence of Family Function on State Anxiety of Chinese College Students During the Epidemic of COVID-19.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) may affect mental health. There is little research about the influence of family function on the state anxiety of college students in the context of the global pandemic. The study aimed to clarify that generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and trait anxiety had mediating effects in family function on the state anxiety of Chinese college students following the “stay-at-home” order during the outbreak of COVID-19. This cross-sectional study was conducted online with 1,039 respondents. We analyzed demographics, The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (ST-AI) and Chinese Family Function Scale (FAD-18), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and used path analysis to discuss the influence of family function on state and trait anxiety. The results showed that female students’ state and trait anxiety was higher than that of male students (P < 0.05). Medical students’ state and trait anxiety was lower than that of literature students (P < 0.05). The GAD of the male was lower compared with the female. The score of family function has significant differences in gender, age, education, and region (P < 0.05). Gender, family function, state anxiety, trait anxiety, and GAD relate to others (r = 0.07∼0.85, p < 0.05). The results of fit indices for measurement invariance models showed that the impact of family function among GAD, state and trait anxiety across gender is significantly different (each step p < 0.05). GAD and trait anxiety had a complete meditating effect between family function and state anxiety (the proportion of standard indirect mediating effect was 24.94% in females and 36.79% in males). A healthy family function may alleviate GAD and anxiety of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Comparison of intraoral mask and classic face mask in terms of ventilation success and practitioners' workload assessments: A randomised crossover study.

Providing effective ventilation of the unconscious patient is an essential skill in every specialty dealing with airway management. In this randomised crossover study aimed to compare intraoral and classic face mask in terms of ventilation success of patients, practitioners' workload and anxiety assessments. Also we analysed potential risk factors of difficult mask ventilation for both masks. In all, 24 anaesthesiology residents and 12 anaesthesiologists participated in the study. Each of the practitioners ventilated four patients with both masks at settled pressure and frequency. Practitioners rated their workload and anxiety related to masks with National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index score and State Trait Anxiety Inventory scale. Ventilation success was evaluated with Han scale, expiratory tidal volume and leak volume. We analysed potential risk factors of difficult mask ventilation with anthropometric characteristics and STOP-Bang score. Ventilation success rate was superior with intraoral mask comparing to classic face mask in terms of successful ventilation (P=.000) and tidal volume (P=.000). Leak volume in in intraoral mask ventilation was significantly lower than classic face mask (P=.000). Difficult mask ventilation risk factors for classic face mask were high weight (P=.011), neck circumference (95% CI, OR=1.180, P=.002), Mallampati score (P=.029) and high risk of OSAS (P=.001). Difficult mask ventilation risk factors for intraoral mask were high body mass index (95% CI, OR 1.162 P=.006) and Mallampati score (P=.043). The anxiety ratings of practitioners were similar between two masks. The workload rating is higher with intraoral mask comparing to classic face mask. Intraoral mask may be an effective alternative device for bag-valve mask ventilation.

Natural Methods for Relieving Labor Pain and Anxiety during the First Stage among Primigravida Mothers

Labor pain is a universal experience among primigravida during pregnancy. Failure to manage labor pain may lead to abnormal labor. There are many complementary nonpharmacological methods used to cope with labor pain such as back massage and breathing exercises. Aim: To evaluate the effect of natural methods for relieving labor pain and anxiety during the first stage of labor among primigravida mothers. Design: A quasi-experimental design was utilized to accomplish this study. Sample: A Purposive sample included 80 primigravida mothers were recruited and divided into two equal groups as a group (A) refers to the back massage group (n=40) and group (B) which refers to the breathing exercises group (n=40). Setting: The study was applied in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at Sohag University Hospital. Three tools were used for data collection (1) A structured interviewing questionnaire, (2) a visual analog pain scale, (3) a State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scale. Results: Revealed that there was a highly significant difference between mean and SD of pretest level and posttest regarding labor pain level in back massage and breathing exercises groups at P=0.001 level. There was a highly significant difference between mean and SD of pretest level and posttest regarding anxiety level in back massage and breathing exercises groups at P=0.001 level. Conclusion: Back massage and breathing exercises were effective in relieving and reducing the intensity of pain and reduce anxiety during the first stage of labor among primigravida mothers. Recommendation: Applying back massage and breathing exercises are recommended to relieve pain and reduce anxiety

Association Analysis of Polymorphic Variants of the BDNF Gene in Athletes.

As BDNF is one of the group of neurotrophins highly influencing the processes happening in the brain, such as the processes of learning and personality creation, we decided to look closer at its genetic variations in association with the personality of a group of athletes and their controls. The study group consisted of 305 volunteers: martial arts athletes (n = 153; mean age = 24.06) and healthy non-athletes as controls (n = 152; mean age = 22.23). Thirty-eight percent of the martial arts group achieved the championship level. Both the martial arts and control subjects were examined using the NEO Five-Factor Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scales. The results of the NEO-FFI and STAI inventories were given as sten scores. The conversion of the raw score to the sten scale was performed according to Polish norms for adults. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood leukocytes and then genotyped using a PCR method for the following polymorphisms: BDNF rs10767664 and BDNF rs2030323. We observed statistical significance for both polymorphisms when comparing martial arts athletes with the control group in relation to the conscientiousness and extraversion scales. However, since few extant articles consider this association, our results still require further analysis, probably by considering a larger group.