State-Trait Anxiety Inventory For Children Research Articles

Presence of oral habits and their association with the trait of anxiety in pediatric patients with possible sleep bruxism.

Bruxism is a repetitive masticatory muscle activity with a multifactorial etiology , that can be associated to emotional factors. The aim of the study is to identify the presence of oral habits (OHs) and their association with the trait of anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children [STAI-C]) in pediatric patients with possible sleep bruxism (PSB). Children between 3 and 12 years of age with PSB reported by their parents with complete deciduous or mixed dentition were included in the present study. Sociodemographic data (SD) as well as those on OHs such as only natural (ON), artificial breastfeeding (OA) or both (NA), finger sucking (FS), pacifier use (PC), and biting nails (BN) or objects (OB) were obtained through an interview with the parents/guardians answered the Brazilian version of the STAI-C questionnaire. SD and OH as well as STAI-C findings were descriptively evaluated, while the associations between OH and STAI-C with PSB were evaluated using the Chi-square test (P < 0.05). The final sample was 52 children (6.62 ± 1.8 years). Of these, 51.9% were males, 82.7% reported not living in social risk areas, and 21.2% were only children. Considering the OH, patients participated in ON (26.9%), OA (9.6%), and both (63.5%); 13.5% had an FS habit and 46.2% had related PC use; and 80.8% were reported to have OB biting behaviors, while 53.8% participated in BN. The STAI-C was present in 25 (48.1%) patients with PSB and was not associated with the presence of OH. There is no association between STAI-C and OH in pediatric patients with PSB.

The Effect on Pain of Buzzy® and ShotBlocker® during the Administration of Intramuscular Injections to Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

To investigate the effect of Buzzy® and ShotBlocker® on reducing pain induced by intramuscular penicillin injections in children. This was a randomized controlled study. A total of 150 Turkish children aged 7~12 years who presented to our pediatric emergency clinic and met the inclusion criteria were recruited. The children were randomly assigned to each group (control=50, Buzzy®=50, ShotBlocker®=50). Data were collected using an information form, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, Visual Analog Scale, and Faces Pain Scale-Revised. The children in the control group had significantly higher pain scores during the penicillin injection than the children in the ShotBlocker® and Buzzy® groups. The children in the Buzzy® group had significantly less pain than the children in both the ShotBlocker® and control groups (p<.001). Buzzy® was more effective compared with ShotBlocker® in this study.

Anxiety, self-esteem and body image in girls with precocious puberty

Currently, the age of onset for pubertal changes is decreasing, especially in girls, which may have an impact on psychosocial factors such as anxiety, self-esteem and body image. The aim of the present study is to compare these variables in two groups: a group of 15 girls with precocious puberty and a group of 16 girls of the same age without precocious puberty. A non-experimental descriptive design was used and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) and Self-Description Questionnaire (SDQ) were used to measure variables. Significant differences were found in Anxiety and Body Image levels between groups, but there were no differences in Self-Esteem levels. In conclusion, the findings show girls with early onset pubertal changes present high anxiety levels and negative body image compared to girls who start pubertal changes at the normal time.

Effect of Quantitative and Qualitative Diet Prescription on Children Behavior after a Diagnosis of Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Background: Diet and lifestyle healthy modifications represent the first therapeutic approach of early intervention for hypercholesterolemia. We aimed at evaluating the impact of a qualitative dietetic program rather than a quantitative one on metabolic parameters and anxiety level of children affected by heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia [hFH] and their mothers. Methods: In a sample of 42 hFH children (11.4±2.9 years old) we investigated which factors were associated with children perceived quality of life and in their mothers' anxiety levels after qualitative dietary changes rather than quantitative ones. Findings: The administered diets had similar metabolic effects. However, higher Child Behavior Checklist (Behavior Problems subscale) [CBCL] scores were significantly associated with the permanence in quantitative diet, as well as children's higher age, higher Children's Depression Inventory 2 (CDI2) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-CH) score, and with mothers' anxiety at the baseline. Interpretation: In hFH children, a diet intervention to improve food choice seems to be associated with a more healthy children behavior rather than a quantitative diet. Funding: No specific funding has been provided for the research. Declaration of Interest: All the authors certify that they have NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in the present manuscript. Ethical Approval: Parents signed an informed consent. The study was carried out in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki and approved by the local ethical board.

The Effect of Parental Presence on Pain and Anxiety Levels During Invasive Procedures in the Pediatric Emergency Department

Parental presence during invasive procedures is important in family-centered-care. Family-centered-care is a basic principle of pediatric nursing. This randomized controlled trial included data from 111 cases in the Pediatric Emergency Department of Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, during October 2016-January 2017 (parental involvement group, n = 40; parental presence group, n = 40; parental absence group, n = 31). Information form, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children and Visual Analogue Scale were used to collect data. When children's pain levels before invasive procedures were compared, there was no significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). Significant difference was found between pain levels of the groups during the process (P < 0.001). It was found that the pain levels of the children in the parental absence group (6.00 ± 2.88) were significantly higher than those in the parental involvement group (3.15 ± 2.79) and the parental presence group (3.70 ± 2.92) (P < 0.05). There was a weak, positive, and significant relationship between parents' trait anxiety levels and the preprocedural pain and trait anxiety levels of children in all groups (P < 0.05). Parental involvement is effective in reducing the pain felt during invasive procedures. Moreover, anxiety levels of children during the procedure were not affected in all groups; however, the children of parents with high trait anxiety levels had higher preprocedural pain and trait anxiety levels.

Ansiedad y felicidad como estados emocionales contrapuestos en la infancia

No se deben obviar las emociones y resulta fundamental en la vida saber reaccionar de manera adecuada ante ellas. Esta realidad, se convierte en un arma muy importante con la que afrontar de manera exitosa la vida. Por esta razón, este trabajo tiene como objetivo fundamental analizar los tipos y niveles de ansiedad y felicidad, en función de la edad, género, cultura y estrato socioeconómico, así como contemplar las relaciones que se pudieran dar entre ambas variables, para una población infantil multicultural. Para ello, se ha contado con 764 participantes, de siete centros en los que se imparte formación perteneciente a la Etapa Primaria. Considerando la cultura, el grupo mayoritario es el de participantes pertenecientes a la cultura-religión musulmana. Estos constituyen el 74.2% de la muestra, mientras que el 25.8% de la misma pertenecía a la cultura-religión cristiana, siendo el 53.2% varones y el resto de la muestra (46.8%) mujeres. Como instrumentos de evaluación se han empleado el Inventario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo para Niños (STAIC) y un cuestionario elaborado para evaluar la felicidad. Los resultados reflejan niveles bajos en Ansiedad y altos en Felicidad. En ambas variables influyen la edad, el género, la cultura/religión y el estatus socio-económico-cultural, de forma inversa. Se halló relación estadísticamente significativa entre ansiedad y felicidad, siendo inversamente proporcional, lo que hace que sí se puedan considerar estados emocionales contrapuestos.

Anxiety in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

Adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at a high risk of psychosocial comorbidity, e.g., anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. Anxiety symptoms have been associated with poorer glycemic control. Anxiety symptoms have not been well studied in these youth. Our aim was to describe the experience of anxiety symptoms in adolescents with T1D, especially related to diabetes self-management and sleep patterns. We used qualitative description, consisting of 10 open-ended questions, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), and Hemoglobin A1c (A1c). The analysis was guided by the principles of thematic analysis. Demographic data, A1c, and STAIC scores were used to stratify the qualitative data. Adolescents with T1D (ages 10-16) were recruited from the Yale Program. Twenty-nine participants were interviewed. Participants were mean age 13.6+1.9 years, 32% minority, 31% lower socioeconomic status (SES), A1c 8.3+1.3%, mean disease duration 5.6+3.7 years, mean state anxiety 47.1+4.5, and mean trait anxiety 32.8+8.2. Four themes and 7 sub-themes emerged. Participants reported that T1D was an extra layer of responsibility that took time away from their ability to participate fully in other aspects of their lives. Some participants were able to integrate diabetes management into their lives, while others were not. Participants noted that their experience of anxiety was associated with poor quality sleep, general lifestyle factors, diabetes, or all of these. Exploratory stratified analyses based on levels of STAIC findings revealed that: adolescents with high state anxiety were from lower SES single-parent families and all reported poor sleep and high A1c levels (≥9.5%); those with low state anxiety were from higher SES families with two parents, all had low A1c levels (≤7.5%), and all were still managed by their parents. Associations between anxiety symptoms and poorer self-management should be confirmed with further data. Increased screening and interventions for anxiety symptoms might be warranted. Disclosure K. Rechenberg: None. L.S. Sadler: None. M. Grey: None.

Otizm spektrum bozukluğu tanılı çocukların kardeşlerinde şimdiki ve yaşam boyu psikiyatrik bozuklukların değerlendirilmesi

Objective: Families of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have both psychiatric genetic burden and are exposed to negative effects of chronicity of the illnes. In our study, we aimed to investigate the psychiatric disorders in the families of the individuals with ASD, the familial psychiatric burden and the effects on the families of having a child with OSB. Method: The case group of our study consisted of siblings (n=70) of children who were followed up with ASD diagnosis between the ages of 8-18 years and control group of siblings (n=45) of children with type 1 DM diagnosed at the pediatric endocrinology policlinic. The investigators applied the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (6-18) (K-SADS PL) to assess psychiatric diagnoses in the siblings. All participants were assessed by self-reports of Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Social Phobia Scale for Children and Adolescents, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC). Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Social Reciprocity Scale (SRS) were fullfilled by the parents. The disease severity of the ASD child was assessed by Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). The obtained data and scale results were evaluated statistically. Results: Siblings of ASD children had statistically higher rates of speech delay, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and social anxiety disorder (p 0.05). The rates of psychiatric admission in the mothers were higher in the case group (34%) than in the control group (14%), but this difference was not statistically significant (p> 0,05). Correlation analysis performed in case group showed positive correlation between OSB severity and behavioral problems and lifetime psychopathology. Conclusions: It has been observed that siblings and parents of ASD children have increased risk for psychiatric disorders. We think that in cases of ASD children, the treatment team needs to consider the familial burden and develop strategies for this.

Is growth hormone deficiency associated with anxiety disorder and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents?: A case-control study

AimChildren with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) are reported to experience failure in psychological maturation, and to have a lack of self-confidence in social life, and depressive symptoms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between GHD and anxiety disorders and depression in children and adolescents. Method122 children and adolescents aged 7–17, 87 receiving GHD therapy and 35 before treatment, and 122 healthy volunteers were included in the study. All participants were evaluated using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - Present and Lifetime Version-Turkish Version (K-SADS-PL-T). Diagnoses falling outside this semi-structured interview were made with clinical evaluation based on DSM-V diagnostic criteria. Participants were also assessed using an information form, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-C), the Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised (SASC-R), and the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and the results were subjected to statistical analysis. ResultsGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) were significantly more common in children with GHD compared to the control group (p ≤0.001 and p = 0.033, respectively). Receipt of treatment significantly reduced GAD and SAD rates in the group diagnosed with GHD (p = 0.012, and p = 0.014). Being in receipt of GH therapy also caused a significant decrease in STAIC (State) (p ≤0.001), STAIC (Trait) (p ≤0.001), SASC-R (p ≤0.001), and CDI (p ≤0.001) scale scores. Untreated subjects had more adverse scale scores than treated subjects, and treated subjects had more adverse scale scores than the control group. An increase was observed in all scale scores in the form of control group < treated group < pre-treatment group. IGF and GH-PEAK exhibited moderate negative correlation with STAIC-TRAIT, STAIC-STATE, and SASC-R, and weak negative, significant correlation with CDI (Spearman's rho p ≤0.05). ConclusionHaving GHD and being in receipt of treatment resulted in lower scale scores. Children with GHD had higher GAD and SAD burdens compared to the healthy controls. The etiology of these children's existing psychiatric diseased now requires identification using more variables in psychosocial and hormonal terms.

The effect of deformity correction on psychiatric condition of the adolescent with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the effects of deformity correction on body image, quality of life, self-esteem, depression and anxiety in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) who underwent surgery. Between June 2014 and July 2015, 41 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for AIS were compared with the control group of 52 healthy patients regarding the changes in the pre- and postoperative quality of life and psychiatric status of patients with deformity correction. Body Cathexis Scale (BCS), Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Piers-Harris self-esteem questionnaire (PH-SEQ) and state-trait Anxiety Inventory for Children were used to evaluate the patients. There was a significant decrease in postoperative first-year Cobb angle and trunkal shift imbalance compared with the preoperative values (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0001). Postoperative first-year thoracic kyphosis angle and body height showed a significant increase according to preoperative values (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0001). Postoperative PH-SEQ score and PedsQL total score showed a significant increase in the study group compared to the preoperative level, but no significant difference was found between the control group. Postoperative CDI score, BCS score, STAI-state and STAI-trait scores decreased significantly in the study group compared with preoperative scores. Surgical correction of deformity in AIS provided significant improvements regarding quality of life and psychiatric condition. Spinal surgeons should be aware of the possible psychological problems of AIS patients and should keep in mind that deformity correction not only improves physical health but also improves mental health. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

Psychopathology in 7-year-old children with familial high risk of developing schizophrenia spectrum psychosis or bipolar disorder - The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study - VIA 7, a population-based cohort study.

This study aimed to compare the psychopathological profiles of children at familial high risk of schizophrenia spectrum psychosis (FHR-SZ) or bipolar disorder (FHR-BP) with population-based controls. We used Danish nationwide registers to retrieve a cohort of 522 seven-year-old children of parents with schizophrenia spectrum psychosis (N=202), bipolar disorder (N=120) or none of these disorders (N=200). Psychopathology was assessed by reports from multiple informants, including children, parents and teachers. Lifetime DSM-IV diagnoses were ascertained by blinded raters through the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children. The dimensional assessment of psychopathology was performed by the Child Behavior Checklist, the Teacher's Report Form, a modified version of the ADHD-Rating Scale, the Test Observation Form, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Current level of functioning was evaluated using the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS). The prevalence of lifetime psychiatric diagnoses was significantly higher in both FHR-SZ children (38.7%, odds ratio, OR=3.5, 95% confidence interval, CI: 2.2-5.7, p < 0.001) and FHR-BP children (35.6%, OR=3.1, 95% CI: 1.8-5.3, p < 0.001) compared with controls (15.2%). FHR-SZ children displayed significantly more dimensional psychopathology on all scales and subscales compared with controls except for the Anxious subscale of the Test Observation Form. FHR-BP children showed higher levels of dimensional psychopathology on several scales and subscales compared with controls, but lower levels compared with FHR-SZ children. Level of functioning was lower in both FHR-SZ children (CGAS mean score = 68.2; 95% CI: 66.3-70.2, p < 0.0001) and FHR-BP children (73.7; 95% CI: 71.2-76.3, p < 0.05) compared with controls (77.9; 95% CI: 75.9-79.9). In conclusion, already at the age of seven, FHR-SZ and FHR-BP children show a higher prevalence of a broad spectrum of categorical and dimensional psychopathology compared with controls. These results emphasize the need for developing early intervention strategies towards this vulnerable group of children.

Ergenlerde metilfenidat tedavisinin yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisi

Objective: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood mental disorders. Improvement in quality of life is observed with the treatment of ADHD which is a chronic disorder that disrupts the quality of life. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the changes in symptoms of anxiety and depression associated with ADHD and quality of life of adolescents after methylphenidate treatment. Method: Fifty patients between 13-18 years old, who admitted to Mersin University Medical Faculty Hospital Pediatric and Adolescent Psychiatry Outpatient Clinics; were diagnosed with ADHD; received methylphenidate treatment for the first time; and continued with the treatment for three months; were included in the study. Pretreatment and 3rd month results of Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-CH), and adolescent and parent forms of Pediatric Quality of Life InventoryTM 4.0 (PedsQLTM 4.0) were assessed by retrospectively screening of patient charts. Results: After methylphenidate treatment, quality of life scores were improved, except for physical functioning. Quality of life scores were higher in adolescent reports, compared to parents. Male adolescents scored their quality of life more positively than girls before and after the treatment. In addition, anxiety symptoms improved after methylphenidate treatment. Conclusion: It is important to determine the changes in quality of life with the treatment of ADHD in terms of emphasizing the importance of ADHD treatment, evaluating treatment outcomes, and establishing effective and sophisticated treatment plans.

A Retrospective and Prospective Follow-up Study of Psychological Distress in the Danwon High School Survivors of the Sewol Ferry Disaster.

Objective We monitored a group of students from Danwon High School who survived the Sewol ferry disaster for 27 months to examine the course of their psychological symptoms. Methods We performed a chart review at the Danwon High School Mental Health Center at the following time points (T): 9 months (T1), 12 months (T2), and 15 months (T3) after the disaster. Additionally, we performed a follow-up review at 27 months (T4). Subjects completed the ‘State’ section of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression assessment, the Child Report of Post-traumatic Symptoms, and the Inventory of Complicated Grief. Data from the 32 subjects who completed all four assessments were used in the statistical analyses. Results Scores of psychological variables tended to increase until T2 and then slowly decreased until T4. The severity of anxiety and complicated grief symptoms changed significantly over time, but the severity of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms did not. Conclusion We found that the symptoms of anxiety and complicated grief reported by Sewol ferry survivors from Danwon High School were exacerbated at the first anniversary of the disaster, but these symptoms subsided after the students graduated from high school.

Effect of selected play activities on preoperative anxiety level and fear among children undergoing abdominal surgeries

Backgroun Hospitalization and surgery are stressful events children face especially during the early years. Through play activities, children can reduce the level of preoperative anxiety and fear. Aim The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of selected play activities on preoperative anxiety level and fear among children undergoing abdominal surgeries. Sample A convenient sample of 50 school-age children undergoing abdominal surgeries participated in the current study. Design One-group pre–post-test time series quasi-experimental research design was used to achieve the aim of the current study. Setting The current study was conducted at the General Pediatric Surgical unit at Cairo University Specialized Pediatric Hospital. Tools Data were collected through the following tools: structured interview questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), and the Glasses Fear Scale (GFS). Results The results revealed that preoperative anxiety scores on STAIC and preoperative fear scores on GFS were lower among the studied children after using the selected play activities than before. A highly statistically significant difference was detected between total mean score of STAIC and GFS in the pretest and after the first, second, and third play sessions and at 30 min before surgery. Conclusion The current study concluded that the selected play activities were effective in reducing the level of anxiety and fear among children undergoing abdominal surgeries. Recommendations It was recommended that establishing preoperative play activities for children undergoing abdominal surgeries is essential for preparation of the child for surgery.

Comparative Study of Effect of Two Methods of Family-Centered and Child-Centered Education on Preoperative Anxiety in 6-12-Year- Old Children in Bushehr City

Introduction: Surgery is a common medical practice carried out in many hospitals and one of the most stressful events that may occur during each person's life. Anxiety is commonly seen in children undergoing surgery. Considering the importance of the subject matter, the aim of present research was to compare the effect of two methods of family-centered and child-centered education on preoperative anxiety in children aged 6-12 years. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study conducted on 70 school-age children undergoing surgery (6-12 years) in Bushehr hospitals. The subjects were selected using quota and simple random sampling methods. The pre and postintervention data were collected using 20- item Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, the validity and reliability of which were previously confirmed. The familycentered and child-centered education methods were implemented in the first and second groups, respectively. Data analysis was later carried out using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency) and inferential statistics tests (chi square test, paired t-test and independent t-test) in SPSS vs. 22. Findings: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic variables. There was not statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of pre-intervention mean anxiety scores (P=0.758); however, the post-intervention anxiety score in the childcentered intervention group was significantly lower than that of the family-centered group (P=0.033).The findings also showed both the above groups reduced the anxiety score in the postintervention phase (P<0.001, P<0.001). Conclusion: The results showed that family-centered and child-centered education methods reduced preoperative anxiety. The child-centered group led to higher reduction in the preoperative anxiety rate than the family-centered group and these interventions should be performed to prepare patients and reduce preoperative anxiety in the treatment centers.

Impact of psoriasis in the quality of life of children, adolescents and their families: a cross-sectional study

AbstractBackground: Psoriasis is a chronic and inflammatory disease that impairs quality of life and causes psychological symptoms. Despite the high prevalence of psoriasis in pediatric patients, studies investigating the impact of psoriasis in the quality of life of children, adolescents and families are sparse.Objective: To investigate the impact of psoriasis in the quality of life of children and adolescents with psoriasis and their families and to determine depression and anxiety levels of the patients.Methods: A total of 58 patients with psoriasis aged 7-18 years (median age: 11) and a family member of each patient were included in the study. Children’s Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI), Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (FDLQI), Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) were used in the study.Results: The median PASI score of the patients included in the study was 1.8. The median CDLQI and FDLQI scores in the study groups were 5 and 10, respectively. The median CDI score, STAIC-state and STAIC-trait scores of the patients were 6, 28 and 32.5, respectively.Study limitations: Lack of a control group and patient assessment of disease severity. Relatively mild disease severity of the subjects.Conclusions: Psoriasis has a negative impact in the quality of life of children, adolescents and their families, even in the presence of mild disease. Considering that impairment in quality of life may be associated with psychosocial morbidity, a combined approach with medical therapy, family counseling and quality of life assessment may be beneficial in this patient group.

Repressive Adaptive Style Across Ethnicities

There may be significant differences in coping styles across ethnicities. Previous research has suggested disparities in the number of individuals who utilize repressive adaptive coping style among cultural groups. Repressive adaptive style is a coping mechanism in which individuals report low distress levels while they actually experience high levels of stress. Developing an enhanced understanding of the prevalence of the utilization of repressive adaptive style in different ethnic groups is important for informing intervention techniques to better account for the cultural influences on mental health. The present study investigated the utilization of repressive adaptive style across American Indian (n = 31), African American (n = 53), and European American (n = 48) children in the Midwest. The age range of the children was 10 to 13 years and 50.8% were male. Dependent measures included the Children’s Social Desirability Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Results indicated significant differences in reports of anxiety between ethnic groups. Additionally, it was discovered that African American and European American children utilized repressive adaptive style more than American Indian children, albeit not significantly. Because of the high rates of suicide and emotional distress believed to be experienced by American Indian children this result is interesting. Continued research investigating protective factors, such as high levels of cultural identity and connectedness, is warranted.

Cognitive Function and Neuropsychological Comorbidities in Children with Newly Diagnosed Idiopathic Epilepsy.

BackgroundIn this study, we aimed to identify cognitive function and neuropsychological comorbidities in children with newly diagnosed idiopathic epilepsy.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the records of 97 antiepileptic drug-naïve children (9.7 ± 2.9 years; 54 males and 43 females) with newly diagnosed idiopathic epilepsy, all of whom underwent a neuropsychological battery. The battery consisted of the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Rating Scale, ADHD Diagnostic System, Children's Depression Inventory, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. We investigated association between scores of the neuropsychological battery and epilepsy classification, lateralization of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) on electroencephalography (EEG), and variables related to seizures.ResultsThirteen patients (14.3%) had ADHD symptoms. Three patients (4.1%) had depressive symptoms, and 9 (12.3%) had anxiety symptoms. Patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) had significantly lower full-scale intelligence and performance intelligence quotient scores than patients with idiopathic localization-related epilepsy (ILRE) (89.0 ± 17.6 vs. 96.3 ± 14.8; P = 0.030 and 88.9 ± 16.3 vs. 97.0 ± 16.4; P = 0.016, respectively). Patients with ILRE having unilateral IEDs had significantly higher full-scale intelligence quotient scores than patients with ILRE having bilateral IEDs and patients with IGE (99.9 ± 12.2 vs. 93.7 ± 16.1 vs. 89.0 ± 17.6; P = 0.039, respectively).ConclusionOur results suggest that idiopathic epilepsy may be accompanied by various neuropsychological comorbidities even at initial diagnosis. Patients with IGE and ILRE having bilateral IEDs on EEG appear more likely to be at high risk of decreased cognitive function.

Experiencing Anxiety about Self-Efficacy during Teamwork

Introduction: High perceived self-efficacy in teamwork is significant for the accomplishment of objectives typical of adolescence. The levels of trait-anxiety and state-anxiety among children and teenagers grow with age. Anxiety can be provoked by both situations at school and lack of acceptance from one’s peer group. Girls with high levels of anxiety are more likely than boys to perceive themselves in negative terms. The objective of the study: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between self-efficacy in relation to teamwork and the level of anxiety considered as either a state or a trait (defined as a relatively fixed disposition). Resources and methodology: The survey covered 66 first-year schoolchildren from lower-secondary schools in Lublin. Tools used: The Self-Efficacy in Teamwork Questionnaire and The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC). Study findings: A statistically significant correlation was found between gender and state-anxiety levels (r = 0.254, p <0.05), and trait-anxiety levels (r = 0.323, p <0.01), and the level of self-discovery as a result of social interaction (r = -0.265; p <0.05). Persons with low levels of self-discovery, concerning especially the determination of their preference for teamwork, achieved high scores in state-anxiety (37.5%). The obtained results prove that schoolchildren with high levels of trait-anxiety, and, consequently, state-anxiety, do not prefer teamwork. The proposed hypothesis was confirmed by the results of the study.

The Psychometric Properties of the French Version of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire–Child Short Form

The psychometric properties of the French version of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire–Child Short Form (TEIQue-CSF) were investigated in a sample of 556 children 9 to 13 years of age. The internal consistency and temporal stability were satisfactory. A significant difference for gender, but not for age, was observed. With regard to the factor structure, the best fit was found for a two-factor solution, emotion control and socioemotionality. Regarding convergent validity, positive correlations were found with the total and all except one-factor scores of the Emotion Awareness Questionnaire score (EAQ30). Evidences of concurrent validity were demonstrated, with negative correlations with State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) and childhood anxiety sensitivity index (CASI). Results also showed a positive correlation with Children’s Social Desirability Scale (CSD). In conclusion, these findings provide additional support for the use of the TEIQue-CSF for researchers and practitioners who want to assess emotion-related constructs in children.