Process Of State Reform Research Articles

Reforma do Estado e políticas de avaliação da qualidade da Educação Básica no Brasil

A partir da revisão bibliográfica este ensaio tem como objetivo identificar o percurso histórico e os alicerces de destaque da teoria neoliberal e sua influência no Brasil a partir do início da década de 1990. Esse período é marcado pela recente redemocratização do país e estabelecimento legal das políticas sociais, entre elas a política de educação. Mas nesse momento de consagração de direitos, começa o processo de reforma do estado. A política de educação teve destaque dentro das reformas neoliberais, no qual o principal instrumento utilizado foram as avaliações em larga escala. A partir da adoção de receituários neoliberais, vê-se a negação dos preceitos constitucionais e a deficitária afirmação de direitos sociais. Para análise e problematização dessa temática, este artigo se divide em duas partes: i) “A Reforma do Estado e seus desdobramentos na política de educação brasileira”, que aborda a emergência da teoria neoliberal, seu alastramento no Brasil e impacto na política de educação; e ii) “Avaliação em Larga Escala”, que trata a forma como se dá a avaliação de políticas sociais, em especial na educação básica em larga escala. Compondo o trabalho também há as seções de introdução e considerações finais.

Mapa de asociaciones público-privadas en saneamiento en Brasil: un análisis comparativo (2006-2017)

The process of state reform, associated with the chronic fiscal crisis, has enabled new forms of insertion of the private sector in areas traditionally under state control. Recently, the Brazilian Department is betting on Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) to increase access to sanitary sewage service. The paper proposes to answer the following question: do PPPs in sanitary sewage present better results in relation to the public management of services? The objective of the present article is to analyze the behavior of these experiences in comparison to the cases of public management of the services from the index of total service of sewage and treated sewage index referring to the water consumed. Methodologically, descriptive statistics and T-tests were used for independent samples between groups. The results indicate that there is no substantive difference in the expansion of sanitary sewage services between public management and PPPs in the analyzed groups.

Políticas de empleo público en la provincia de Buenos Aires (1991-2016)

A partir de la década de los noventa, en el marcode los procesos de reforma estatal y de modernizaciónestatal, se implementaron políticas de empleopúblico que mostraron dos tipos de orientacionesdiferentes: medidas que tenían como objetoel achicamiento del gasto en personal y la flexibilizaciónlaboral, y las orientadas a promover laprofesionalización de los agentes públicos. Si bienla bibliografía especializada coincide en señalarque resultaron predominantes las estrategias de reducciónde plantas de personal y flexibilización, lamayoría de los estudios se centra en forma exclusivaen los cambios operados en el ámbito nacional,existiendo menos antecedentes acerca de las modificacionessucedidas en los niveles subnacionales.De esta manera, el presente artículo realiza unrecorrido por las principales transformaciones enel empleo público de la Provincia de Buenos Airesdesde 1991 dando cuenta del repertorio de políticaspuestas en práctica y sus resultados, e ilustrandolas tendencias prevalecientes en la materia. Así, elartículo abarcará cinco administraciones políticas:1) el gobierno de Eduardo Duhalde (1991-1999); 2)el de Carlos Ruckauf (1999-2001), 3) el de FelipeSolá (2002-2007); 4) el de Daniel Scioli (2007-2015);y 5) el actual, de María Eugenia Vidal (2015-actua-lidad). La hipótesis del trabajo es que el criterio“reduccionista” ha sido invariablemente utilizadodurante todas las gestiones de gobierno, mientrasque las iniciativas de profesionalización han tenidouna escasa presencia en la agenda institucionaly un carácter restringido, presentando resultadoslimitados.

South Africa in the Twenty-First Century: Governance Challenges in the Struggle for Social Equity and Economic Growth

Since the advent of democracy in 1994, South Africa has undergone an extensive process of state reform aimed at overcoming the legacy of Apartheid and at building a more egalitarian social and political order. Whilst progress has been made in reforming the state infrastructure, the pursuit of an inconsistent economic growth path has meant that inequality and poverty remain serious challenges to the social order. The inability of oversight institutions to control powerful political interest groups, furthermore, has led to the growth of public sector corruption and to power struggles within the ruling alliance. From a BRICS perspective this suggests that the current governance challenges in South Africa need to be taken into account when factoring in its future role in the partnership.

Repensando las políticas de privatización en educación: El cercamiento de la escuela

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar el concepto de cercamiento, enclosure en inglés, como una categoría desde donde pensar las tendencias privatizadoras en educación. El concepto de cercamiento remite a los procesos por los que los derechos y los usos comunales de la tierra fueron barridos entre los siglos XIV y XVIII, dando paso así del feudalismo al capitalismo. Actualmente, el discurso que podemos denominar como “paradigma de los comunes” (Bollier, 2007) denuncia las dinámicas de privatización como un movimiento contemporáneo de cercamientos. En este texto, las políticas de privatización en educación son analizadas como un movimiento de cercamiento de la escuela. El texto se divide en cuatro secciones principales. Primero, se analiza la reforma del Estado en el contexto actual de globalización y la difuminación de los límites entre lo público y lo privado. La segunda sección, se centra en “el paradigma de los comunes”, seguida de las críticas que se le ha hecho a este discurso en la siguiente sección. La cuarta sección reflexiona sobre el cercamiento de la escuela a partir de otras investigaciones sobre las políticas de privatización introducidas en el Estado español y especialmente en la Comunidad de Madrid.

The Unsettled Southern Ethiopian-Somali Boundary on the Eve of Decolonization: Political Confrontation and Human Interactions in the Ogaadeen Borderland

Historically, the Ethiopian-Somali borderland has been marked by significant confrontation and recurring struggle. Since the Scramble for Africa during the late nineteenth century, and even more so since the end of the Second World War, it has remained one of the most contested terrains in Africa. During the 1890s, the Ogaadeen region was included in the Ethiopian empire “to secure its sovereignty” against European maneuvers, as part of the process of state reform and modernization led by Emperor Menilek II, which culminated in the victory over the Italians at Adwa in 1896.1 While the general pattern of the European conquest and partition of Africa was related to diplomatic bargaining among the colonial powers, without any acknowledgment of African kingdoms, polities, or social hierarchies, the Horn of Africa was a remarkable exception to this trend, since the Ethiopian empire took part in the sequence of diplomatic events that resulted in the boundary agreements signed in 1897 by Emperor Menelik

Introduction

The introduction explores the politics and political economy of austerity in comparative perspective, setting out the context of current austerity policies and discourse in Europe. It places the specific exploration of the dynamics and particularities of French austerity politics under Hollande within a broader context of changes since the 1980s to democratic institutions and electoral practices, the politics of European integration and the conditions of complex economic interdependence resulting from processes of deregulation, liberalisation and globalisation. It establishes the rationale behind the focus of the articles in this special issue on, firstly, the link between popular approval of elected politicians, democratic legitimacy and austerity; secondly, the politics and dynamics of state reform processes at the national and subnational levels which are integral to delivering on austerity-oriented commitments to reduce public expenditure; and thirdly, on the increasingly asymmetrical Franco–German relationship whose changing contours have major implications for the politics of austerity in Europe – notably facilitating the dominance of German ordo-liberal economic ideas at the heart of Eurozone crisis responses initiatives.

Una mirada a la gestión educativa local en el marco de la descentralización. El caso de dos municipalidades en Perú

Este artículo, a través del análisis de dos municipalidades en el norte del Perú, examina el funcionamiento del gobierno local y el papel que asigna a la educación, en el marco de la descentralización. Este importante proceso de reforma del Estado se viene implementando hace once años y está posibilitando que gobiernos regionales y locales impulsen iniciativas de gestión descentralizada de la educación. Ello ocurre en un contexto global en el que los gobiernos latinoamericanos vienen promoviendo diferentes iniciativas para mejorar su calidad. Se muestra cómo se organizan dos municipalidades de la Región Piura (Paita y Morropón) y cómo están desarrollando estrategias para asumir las nuevas competencias y responsabilidades en educación que les asigna la reforma estatal. Con este marco se analiza la existencia de diferentes lógicas, composición y capacidades en sus burocracias al asumir la educación como función en condiciones y entornos específicos. El estudio muestra que existen serias dificultades para instaurar el modelo de gestión gerencial, particularmente porque no se cuenta con una burocracia calificada. Los casos analizados evidencian que, si bien las municipalidades desarrollan acciones efectivas en educación, principalmente dirigidas a la infancia, la educación no constituye una prioridad de la gestión municipal. Estos estudios de casos permiten comprender la complejidad de los cambios en la gestión local en el contexto de descentralización. Las estrategias seguidas ofrecen pistas para la implementación de una gestión educativa descentralizada.

A reforma do poder judiciário no Brasil: uma análise a partir do modelo gerencial

Este artigo tem como objetivo identificar o perfil da reforma no Poder Judiciário brasileiro, por meio da análise do processo de reforma do Estado. Nesse sentido, o foco do estudo foi identificar o processo de substituição do modelo burocrático para o gerencial, implantado na administração pública brasileira a partir de 1995, tentando transplantá-lo para a gestão judiciária. Além disso, foi observado o papel que o Conselho Nacional de Justiça exerceu neste processo e a lógica do plano de metas da instituição, buscando descrever o viés dessa reforma. Como resultados observou-se que as metas implantadas buscaram implantar uma gestão mais eficaz neste núcleo estratégico do Estado, com ênfase na celeridade processual. Dessa forma, a lógica gerencial exerceu grande influência no novo modelo de gestão adotado tendo em vista que as diretrizes dessa reforma focaram nos objetivos estratégicos do poder e não na lógica fiscal, predominantemente economicistas. Deve-se ressaltar que não se pretende esgotar a temática, porém, é necessário suscitar um campo de debate para que sejam discutidas as consequências da adoção deste modelo na gestão do Poder Judiciário e seus reflexos para a sociedade brasileira.

Europeanization and the unravelling of Belgium: A comparative analysis of party strategies

Research on Europeanization has greatly deepened our understanding of the domestic impact of European integration but has largely neglected the question of the extent to which it has influenced domestic politics in relation to state reform. The article addresses this question by investigating the case of Belgium, which has experienced the deepest process of state reform and at the same time has been the most exposed to Europeanization. It explores the connections between the two through a qualitative comparative analysis of the degree to which political parties have exploited the European dimension in their rhetorical strategies on state reform, with focus on three key time points. The results paint a contrasting picture. On the one hand, the degree of Europeanization has been limited at each point in time and largely stable over time. On the other hand, the VU/N-VA stands out as a major exception for its consistent – and growing – exploitation of the European dimension. The analysis shows that constitutional preferences, importance of the constitutional question and attitudes to integration are the key factors explaining the patterns observed. These findings call for deeper theorization of the domestic impact of integration and point to avenues for further comparative analysis.

Electronic government policies in Brazil: context, ICT management and outcomes

The State Reform processes combined with the emergence and use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) originated electronic government policies and initiatives in Brazil. This paper dwells on Brazilian e-government by investigating the institutional design it assumed in the state's public sphere, and how it contributed to outcomes related to e-gov possibilities. The analyses were carried out under an interpretativist perspective by making use of Institutional Theory. From the analyses of interviews with relevant actors in the public sphere, such as state secretaries and presidents of public ICT companies, conclusions point towards low institutionalization of e-gov policies. The institutional design of Brazilian e-gov limits the use of ICT to provide integrated public services, to amplify participation and transparency, and to improve public policies management.

Perceptions of the Troubled Relationship between the Flemish and French-speaking Communities in Belgium

Over a period of thirty years, Belgium evolved from a unitary to a federal state consisting of three regions and three communities. This long-term process of continuous state reform was characterised by a series of conflicts between the linguistic communities, and political negotiations which attempted to keep the balance between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking populations. After the 2007 elections, formation of the new government took 194 days, an all-time record, and resulted in the first politically asymmetrical federal government. Pessimistic reporting in the domestic and international news questioned the future of Belgium as a nation state. In this paper, various post-war crises between the linguistic communities are compared with the 2007–2008 deadlock and an illustration is presented of how Belgium has been continuously troubled with friction between the linguistic communities. It concludes that the most recent crisis may not be perceived as a unique phenomenon, although various political, social and international developments have introduced a number of essential innovations and changes.

Educação e responsabilidade empresarial: "novas" modalidades de atuação da esfera privada na oferta educacional

A intensificação da simbiose entre as esferas pública e privada é coetânea das mutações operadas em nível macrossocial, derivadas, sobretudo, dos processos de reforma do Estado e das mudanças no mundo do trabalho. Neste artigo colocaremos em relevo os arenosos terrenos do espaço público e a expansão da intervenção do setor privado. Recuperamos os discursos, políticas e práticas do empresariado para a educação escolar mediante os dispositivos da responsabilidade social empresarial e do trabalho voluntário. Evidencia-se que esses mecanismos estão em consonância com a lógica mercantil do capitalismo neoclássico mediante duas dimensões: a ambientação do (futuro) trabalhador aos processos de reestruturação produtiva e a naturalização da "solidariedade entre emprego e não-emprego", por meio do "trabalho voluntário" neste novo ciclo de produção da mais-valia.

Le retour du Léviathan : la politique de recentralisation en Russie depuis 2000

<titre>The Return of the Leviathan: Re-centralization Policy in Russia since 2000 </titre> During a television appearance on September 13,2004, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a series of political reforms including the cancellation of elections for representatives of the executive branch of government in the regions of the Russian Federation. This return to the appointment of governors concludes the re-centralization policy initiated in 2000, in response to the spontaneous regionalization process of the 1990s, which had proved difficult to control. What are the sources of this recentralization policy, and the principles and fundamental interests behind it? How have these factors influenced its evolution and its effects? How important is this re-centralization process in Russian political development, and what are its prospects today? To answer these questions, we re-examine the regionalization process of the 1990s. Next, we consider what ideologies and interests were driving Russian political protagonists during the recentralization process that followed, as well as their influence upon the course of federal reform, which we can describe as &#8220;new centralism&#8221; (as opposed to Soviet-style &#8220;old centralism&#8221;). Finally, we analyze the implementation of this new policy and its effects on the process of State reform.

Decentralization in France: Central Steering, Capacity Building and Identity Construction

This article provides an overview on decentralization in France from three distinct conceptual lenses. It considers decentralization in France first as part of a wider process of state reform, an example of ‘steering at a distance’ drawn from a subset of the literature on governance. The second reading is of decentralization as part of an iterative process of local and regional capacity building. The third reading of decentralization, drawn from literature on new regionalism and minority nationalism, tests linkages between identity formation and meso-level political institutions. Although each hypothesis can draw some support from the evidence presented, the article concludes that capacity building captures the dynamic process unleashed by decentralization better than either central state steering or identity-based mobilization.

Global Networks and Local Prison Reforms: Monarchs, Bureaucrats and Penological Experts in Early Nineteenth-Century Prussia

This essay takes the Prussian prison reforms of the first half of the nineteenth century as an example to demonstrate the emergence of specific networks of penological experts which crossed national boundaries as well as the seemingly clear division between state and non-state agencies. It is based on the actor-network approach as developed initially in the works of Bruno Latour and others. The paper tries to show that this approach can help us to understand how state reform processes actually worked. Building on this, it argues that networks of such different groups as state administrations, monarchs, lawyers and penological experts overlapped in the penitentiary as the central tool of the state's treatment of prisoners. These groups claimed for themselves a monopoly on defining the function, construction and legitimization of the reforming machine. For each of these groups, the prison meant something different, but no group could implement its ideas without the support of the others. Each group had to seek allies in order to overcome resistance, whether from the interests of other agents or technological faults. Reform, therefore, must not be understood as a one-way process in which one reforming party translates its ideal type of prison into practice. Rather, it must be seen as a process of adaptation in which power relations between the actors balance each other out via networks.

State reform and the ‘privatized state’ in Paraguay

AbstractThis article uses Paraguay, in Latin America, as a case study in order to examine the difficulties of introducing state reform where the state itself has a long history of control by private interests. It shows how the ‘privatized’ nature of the Paraguayan state is central to an understanding of how it has functioned and responded to recent reform efforts. The article provides an overview of the Paraguayan public sector and identifies several of its peculiar features that are relevant to understanding the state reform process: its small size, high levels of inefficiency and ineffectiveness, rampant politicization and endemic corruption. The article examines the three major components of an externally driven state reform process that began with democratization in 1989: privatization of loss‐making state corporations, civil service reform and decentralization. It shows how the ‘privatized’ nature of the state has proved a major obstacle to these efforts and is a major factor in explaining their limited success. The article concludes by offering a pessimistic assessment of the likely prospects for state reform and highlights the danger that Paraguay could descend into a ‘failed state’. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Pacifying National Majorities in the Brussels Capital Region: What About the Immigrant Minority Groups?

The process of state reform and devolution has put recognition of cultural-linguistic diversity on the foreground as the guiding principle for (representation in) Belgian political life. The (new) constitution, indeed, clearly departs from the postulate of a ‘multination state’1 and recognises the rights of (partial) self-determination of those groups which are seen to be the constitutive elements for the Belgian nation2. The constitution states that the Flemish, Francophone and Germanophone groups are the fundamental cultural communities of Belgium. This postulate then serves as the basis for organisation of the entire Belgian political field. The Flemish-Francophone divide, however, clearly constitutes the central political axis. Belgium is, however, not only officially built out of three Communities (a Dutch speaking (=Flemish), French speaking and German speaking community), it is also officially the sum of three territorial entities, the so-called Regions (Flanders, Wallonia and the Region of Brussels-Capital). The Regions and Communities have specific political competencies. The Regions have jurisdiction over so-called 'space-bounded' matters

A reforma do Estado nos anos 90 e suas implicações para as políticas públicas educacionais na região amazônica

The article discusses how the State reform process has been developed in Brazil, focusing particularly the implications that this reordering has been bringing for the educational public politics, which began to be implemented in the amazon area by the government of the State of Pará since the second half of the nineties. Guided by the hypothesis that the educational politics practiced in the amazon area by the Para’s Government are based on the guide lines of the managerial public administration, the study considers the relationship of that choice with the widest process of those changes happened at the present time on the world wide capitalism.

Las políticas públicas en un contexto de privatización de la práctica social del Estado

The international deployment of capital is a product of the State's social undertakings, the dictatorial privatization of public policies is the result the State's reform processes. The economicist perspective predominant in the State's management has subordinated social beneficts to profitability. The mechanical identification and comparison between, private and public efectiveness and efficiency implies to reduce social processes to simple technical and quantitative relationships. An inclusive and comprehensive citizenship involuement will be crucial in governmental management so as to link the world's dynamics with the social national development