State Political Systems Research Articles

TOLIBON HARAKATI TA’SIRIDA MINTAQAVIY HARBIY-SIYOSIY JARAYONLAR TRANSFORMATSIYASI

The article provides an in-depth analysis of the reasons for the return to power in Afghanistan in 2021 of the Taliban movement and the prospects for the development of a new state political system. The relevance of the topic is explained by the following: after the Taliban movement gained control of the state, the internal situation in Afghanistan deteriorated, all existing institutions of political power were destroyed, and the exercise of their powers by state authorities was terminated. As a result, the country is facing a comprehensive crisis.

Institutional knowledge and perceived rural representation

Place-based identities could potentially shape how the public evaluates political information, especially when cleavages between rural and non-rural become more central to politics. Rural voters may particularly respond distinctly to knowledge about the United States political system, which through several political institutions, notably the federal Senate, gives rural areas a share of votes exceeding their share of the population. Observational survey responses from the 2020 American National Election Study show that although most respondents feel that government institutions give less political influence to rural areas, knowledge about American politics reduces that feeling. The relationship between this knowledge and beliefs about rural political influence, however, occurs only in those with suburban and, especially, urban identities; rural and small-town identifiers seemingly shrug off their knowledge in assessing rural political influence.

Ideas about the future in the collective consciousness of Russians

The article discusses the interpretation of the image of the future in the views of Russians. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of the formation of the image of the future in conditions of political instability. It is shown that citizens' ideas about the future of their loved ones and the state are influenced by current social problems and contradictions. However, we are not talking about the mechanical transfer of actual experiences of respondents to an idealized future. The factors determining the complex and multi-stage process of constructing the image of the future in the public consciousness are revealed. It is shown that trust in political institutions and state power is one of the main factors in the process of forming a relatively consistent and positive image of the future. The reasons for the weak reaction of society to various types of threats, including corruption and social inequality, are analyzed. Ideological concepts and the stereotypes that have manifested themselves in recent years in the minds of Russian citizens. The role of mass media in the construction of collective ideas about threats to the existence of the state in the medium term is noted. The evolution of conservative political attitudes in the mass consciousness under the influence of the official political narrative is traced. The fact of the growth of anxiety and alarmist ideas about the near future in various social groups is noted, as a psychological reaction of individuals to incomplete information about the ongoing political changes in society. At the same time, there is an obvious trend towards preserving democratic institutions and values that modern Russian society is not going to abandon. The article is descriptive and abstract in nature. The method of secondary analysis is applied. The conclusions are based on the publications of the Institute of Socio-Political Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1992-2022 , and according to the data of the All-Russian monitoring "How are you living, Russia?" (1992-2022), a comprehensive sociological study "Forecasts and alternatives for the development of Russia through the eyes of Russians" (2021). On the basis of the conducted research, criteria are identified that ensure the reproduction of stereotypical ideas about the future in the analyzed social groups. The study of the features of the formation of the image of the future can be useful for making political decisions aimed at the development of the state-political system, the improvement of civil society and the consolidation of modern Russian society based on the adoption of national values and ideals. The factors hindering the construction of a holistic image of the future in present-day Russia are considered. The relevance of the studied topic is explained by the fact that the analysis of the structural features of the formation and functioning of collective ideas about the future of the state contributes to the understanding of complex socio-psychological processes.

“Don't Say Gay”: The influence of state political factors

AbstractRecently, several states have introduced legislation designed to limit discussion around sexual orientation and gender identification. These types of legislation have been widely referred to as “Don't Say Gay” bills. Three state political characteristics: political culture, interparty competition, and general policy liberalism, which are deeply rooted in the political science literature, were used to examine a state's tendency to introduce or pass “Don't Say Gay” legislation. By using these variables, the state was not viewed in the Democratic/Republican dichotomy but rather by aspects enshrined in the state's political system. Using correlation analysis, the results from this study show that all three state political variables are correlated with introducing or passing a “Don't Say Gay” bill, while binary logistic regression results show that only political culture and interparty competition are statistically significant predictors of a state introducing or passing a “Don't Say Gay” bill.

On the Institutional Status of the Armed forces of Tajikistan

The article draws attention to the new topic of determining the institutional status of the National Army in the state-political system of Tajikistan. Of interest is the positioning of the army institute in the totality of the political institutions of the state and society, its evolution in the process of depoliticization of power structures. It is established that the institute of the Army of Tajikistan has evolved from a political institution during the Civil war into an instrument of the policy of the peacetime authorities, and the actual power component of effectiveness does not fully correspond to the level of external threats. 30 years ago, on February 23, 1993, the armed forces of independent Tajikistan were born. On the anniversary date, speeches by the president, political and military figures, scientists are published, revealing the outstanding role of the army in saving the state during the difficult years of brutal political and military confrontation between secular patriotic and Islamist forces. However, the topic of the connection between the army and politics, the role of the army in politics is not in the focus of interest of the scientific community of Tajikistan, although addressing this issue is relevant in light of the rapid and dangerous changes in the military-political situation in the world and the Central Asian region. These circumstances determined the research question about the status of the Tajik army - it is a political institution or a policy tool, as well as the purpose and objectives of the publication – to reveal the conditions and process of institutionalization of the Tajik army, its functions and status as an institution of the state and society.

Implementation of Democratic Values in Islam to Build Student Character in the Millennial Era

The importance of implementing democratic values in the life of the nation and state for every citizen, especially for students as the younger generation of future leaders of the nation. In this current era, the character of the nation has experienced a decline due to various factors, both from itself and environmental factors so as to form an uneducated generation, such as promiscuity, discrimination between seniors and juniors, brawls that create unrest in society and even fall into drug use. Whereas in the past students were recorded as the genuine force of the reform movement in Indonesia. Sincerity, passion, and partiality to the fate of the people and the future of Indonesia have made students as agents of change that are always taken into account from time to time. So that democratic values are needed by the students of today's millennial generation for character building, because in essence the students are the generation of the nation's movers who are the successors of the future leadership. Democracy as a state political system that is seen as the best model and capital to manage political life, so that students' understanding of democratic values is an important investment in building character as a process towards achieving a civil society order based on Pancasila, students should prioritize exemplary attitudes and abandon behaviors that discriminate against others, by improving their abilities in accordance with their fields.

Review: Nowhere to Run: Race, Gender, and Immigration in American Elections, by Christian Dyogi Phillips

Review: <i>Nowhere to Run: Race, Gender, and Immigration in American Elections</i>, by Christian Dyogi Phillips

The role of elections in the political life of an independent state

Following the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan claims to be a democratic state; the people of Kazakhstan are the only source of state power; the people exercise state power directly and through their representatives. Elections are one of the forms of direct exercise of state power by the population of the Republic, the central element of the political system, observing the democratic nature of the state. It is the basis for all representative authorities at the republican and local levels, municipal bodies, the head of state, and the head of regional executive power in some democratic states. Elections are recognized as one of the most effective forms of democracy, allowing citizens to interfere in the state's political life and participate in the management of state affairs. The article is devoted to disclosing the role of elections in the life of the state and society. To fulfill the corresponding task, the report reveals the importance of elections in the conditions of the democratic regime, examines its role in ensuring the legitimacy of the current state power as a whole, the function of elections. At the same time, for the institution of elections to fully comply with its purpose in the state's political system, the article considers the guarantees of the implementation, the integrity of electoral rights and justifies the need for their improvement. Keywords: state power, democratic state, political system, elections, people's elections, electoral rights, guarantees of electoral rights, voter, candidate, voting, absenteeism.

Идейные истоки Единой трудовой школы

The purpose of the article is based on the analysis of materials published in the pre-October period and in the first post-revolutionary years to identify theoretical ideas and practical developments in the field of pedagogy, which formed the basis for the design of the Soviet labor school. Research material. The main sources of the research are scientific and pedagogical publications of representatives of Western pedagogical thought and Russian pedagogy, published in the first decades of the XX century. Research results and conclusions. The analysis of the research source base allowed us to identify the ideological foundations formed in the late XIX – early XX centuries, on which the theory and practice of the labor school were built. The goal of the school was to, based on the labor principle of education The goal of the school was to ensure, based on the labor principle of education, the overall development of the intellectual abilities of the child, to teach him to observe the world around him and explore it independently, to gain knowledge by experience, to be able to continue and expand them, organically merging into one whole worldview. The developed ideological foundations became the basis for the theoretical development in 1918 of the project of a new Soviet school. However, by the end of the 1920s, in the conditions of the aggravation of the inconsistency of the proclaimed ideas with the requirements of the emerging Soviet state-political system, the increase of errors and shortcomings in their implementation, the model of the labor school ceased to be in demand.

О реализации задач инспектирования школьных учреждений России в 1921–1923 годы (на примере Курской губернии)

The relevance of the article stems from the importance of a qualitative study of the tasks of inspection inspections of schools in Soviet Russia, which was used by the state as a control over the process of building a new school. A century later, inspection tasks have a similar focus. In addition, the inspection and control activities in the schools of the Kursk region in the first revolutions and the civil War have not been studied, which increases the relevance of the presented material. The purpose of the article is to define the tasks of inspecting schools in Russia in 1921-1923. The objectives of the article follow from the goal and are to: to determine the timing of the creation of the Soviet inspection apparatus of schools; to formulate the tasks of the inspection of the Soviet school; to indicate the specifics of the inspection of school institutions in the counties of the Kursk province. The methodology of the article is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency, which are supplemented by special methods, which include historical-legal, historical-comparative and historical-typological. Result. After the establishment of Soviet power in Russia, a new educational doctrine is being formed. Control over its implementation in schools was carried out by the inspection apparatus. It was built on new principles. The inspectors were faced with tasks related to monitoring the implementation of the instructions of the new government in the field of public education. The inspectors were trained in special courses, but the main professional criterion of the inspector was the acceptance and dissemination of the ideology of state power. In the Kursk region, the process of creating an inspection apparatus was completed in 1923, but a thorough study of schools in the outback began in 1924. An important area of control was the execution in school institutions of decrees, resolutions and orders of the Central Executive Committee and the SNK on public education. Based on the inspectors' reports, new directives were developed. Conclusions. The change of the state-political system in Russia predetermined fundamental changes in the education system, which were controlled by a specially created inspectorate. The education system was based on principles different from the "old" school. The goal of the Soviet government was to build a labor school and, as a result, the conformity of the educational and educational process with the principles of the labor school. The inspection apparatus, which controls the implementation of the ideological principles of power, was a supervisory body and a connecting element between educational institutions and public education departments.

Некоторые особенности демократизации государственно-политической системы в республиках Северного Кавказа в постсоветский период

This article reveals the features and main trends of the process of democratization of the statepolitical system in the North Caucasus republics in the post-Soviet period. It is noted that the state-political systems of the North Caucasus republics are characterized by both democratic and authoritarian tendencies. The author emphasizes that in recent decades, the opportunities for democratic change of the political elite in the North Caucasus region have been significantly limited, which is primarily due to changes in legislation at the Russian and regional levels, primarily related to the actual abolition of direct national elections of heads of republics and municipalities. The national republics of the North Caucasus are characterized by a high concentration of power in the hands of top officials, which is due to the poorly established work of government bodies with appeals from citizens, the inefficiency of public chambers, the underdevelopment of the middle class, the unstructured civil society, and the lack of an effective multi-party system that can form a real opposition.

Media Systems and the Coverage of COVID-19 Pandemic: Assessment of Emerging Issues

The COVID-19 pandemic received enormous media coverage from the very beginning when it was first noticed in Wahan, China in December 2019. The media system which was usually defined by existing state political system radically changed during the COVID-19 period due to the rise of digital media. A new media system emerged with robust communicative power. The paper used secondary data (document analysis) to descriptively analyzed issues that arose from media systems coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic. These issues included emergence of a new media/medicine relations, the change in pattern of health news consumption and persistent public fear and panic. The paper recommended for a regulatory framework for telehealth service delivery, governments engagement of the public using social media platform and development of real-time alerts system for public health officials to respond quickly to misinformation during pandemics.

Kodeks Baltazara Behema jako świadectwo miejskiej ideologii władzy

The present reflections are devoted to the political and ideological circumstances of the compilation of the so-called Codex of Baltazar Behem, a richly-illuminated cartulary of the municipal council of the city of Cracow from the early years of the 16th century. According to the main argument of the article, the codex was made in 1503–1505 as the foundation of the Cracow city council and expressed the official urban ideology of power. The ideological programme of the codex was at the same time a response to political challenges resulting from the reform of state political system under King Alexander Jagiellon.

ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛИ ВСЕХ НАЦИЙ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ ЖИЗНЬ НА ПРАВОВОЙ ОСНОВЕ - ОБЩЕСТВЕННАЯ И НЕЗАВИСИМОСТЬ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО МИРА (REPRESENTATIVES OF ALL NATIONS IN KAZAKHSTAN LIVING ON A LEGAL BASIS - PUBLIC AND INDEPENDENCE OF POLITICAL PEACE)

The article states that the future of Kazakhstan is always directly linked to peace between peoples and an important element of the political system of our state is to ensure strict observance of the rights and freedoms of citizens regardless of nationality, uniting the interests of all nationalities. This means that political stability and social harmony play a special role in the development of our country and the strengthening of our relations with foreign countries. This is one of the fundamental principles of our state - stability, which allows the political system to maintain its structure and effectively live in the face of various internal and external changes. It is characterized by its contribution to the rapid development of the economy, stable growth in the welfare of the population, and the legitimacy and democracy of the political system. Political stability is not a consideration of the sustainable development of the state's political system based on strict principles, but rather the consideration of socio-economic, political changes and the development of society as a stabilizing factor in the socio-political environment. The main thing in political stability is to ensure the legitimacy, transparency, effectiveness of the government, stability of the observed norms and values of political culture, and order in political relations. For the state of Kazakhstan, the main issues are the stability of society, the consolidation of the state, the consolidation of society, and ensuring political stability

The Civil War as a Type of Armed Violence: Definition of the Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Foreign Political Science

The article analyzes the main concepts and theories regarding the characterization, origins and consequences of civil wars as a type of armed violence. During the work the views on the problem of leading Ukrainian and foreign scientists were considered, in particular, E. Ankudinov, I. Artsybasov, T. Garr, O. Huseynov, S. Danilov, G. Demin, A. Kasesse, V. Korchmit-Matyushov, O. Ladinenko, S. Mosova, S. Nefedova and others. Much attention is paid to the analysis of the concept of civil war, its essence, causes and consequences, which was formed by the Ukrainian scientist S. Vovk.Having considered the problem, the author states that some aspects of the problem need more elaboration ‒ there is a need for a comprehensive generalization of the most common views on defining the phenomenon of civil war.The author concludes that consideration of the main achievements in the coverage of the Civil War, as a type of armed violence, showed that this aspect was studied quite vividly. Today there are several common interpretations of the phenomenon of civil war, its causes and origins, and political implications in the world of political science. Having analyzed them, the author gives his own interpretation of the concept of civil war as a type of armed violence.According to the author, civil war can be attributed to a specific type of internal armed violence, since it leads to significant changes in the socio-political system of the state. These phenomena are similar, but not identical. The Civil War is only an extraordinary stage in changing the state's political and political system. This kind of armed violence can be triggered by a revolution, or, conversely, victory in a civil war by supporters of radical change may lead to revolution. However, the purpose of armed conflict during the civil war is, first and foremost, the seizure / retention of power, the overthrow / canning of political structures, rather than radical systemic change. In fact, civil war leads to socio-political transformations indirectly. Unlike the revolution, which is a kind of armed violence that results in rapid, fundamental changes in all spheres of society.

ПОЛИТИКО-ПРАВОВАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ДЕПУТАТОВ СЕВЕРНОГО КАВКАЗА В ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ДУМЕ РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ В НАЧАЛЕ ХХ В.

The article analyzes the political and legal activity of the deputies of the North Caucasus in the early XX century, during the formation and activity of the State Duma. It is noted that the tsarist administration, modernizing the state-political system of the country, could not ignore the multinational and multi-confessional nature of the Russian state and therefore tried to take into account these features of the Russian state-political system. The article concludes that the involvement of regional MPs in political and legal activities of the first legislature (State Duma) at the beginning of the XX century has allowed to bring to the attention of Central government authorities, the main problems of the North Caucasus region and provides a process for the integration of national and regional elites in the Russian political elite to pinpoint the positions of North Caucasian elites in the political space of the Russian state. But many legislative initiatives put forward by the deputies of the North Caucasus did not find support from the government authorities and their decisions were ostponed indefinitely

Динаміка демократизації в Чеській Республіці: між дивергенцією та конвергенцією

The paper studies the democratization dynamics in the Czech Republic in the context of interrelations between the power and the opposition. For modeling of the democratization process, we have applied the basic principle of synergetics – the principle of subordination. The interdependence of the democratization state and its parameters has been established. For the trend dynamics of democratization of the state political system, reproduced with the help of indicators in a modeled form, periods of fluctuation and its main phases – divergence and convergence are typical. It has been established that parliamentary elections are typical fluctuation points. They provide agents with the possibility to legitimately implement the election strategy and to change the vector of democratization in a constitutional way, to determine the short- or long-term implementation of the strategy of the ruling party or its leader, which, under conditions of greater total social capital helps either deterrence or stratification forces in their coming to power, triggering the dissipative democratization of the political system. Based on the analysis of the democratization trend, we have identified the defining points that recorded the stoppage of democratization and its entry into the fluctuation phase. This state of the system has been defined as the result of achieving a certain balance between the power and the opposition, as the prolongation of the established rules of the game, according to which the parties bore minimal transaction costs, reducing thus inter-party competition and institutional stability. It has been proved that after a certain stabilization, comes the stage at which the level of democracy of the political system reduces to a new saturation point (convergence). The study has revealed an unfinished cycle of fluctuation, which had manifested itself in the trend towards the convergence of democratization of the political system of the Czech Republic. Based on the analysis of indicators and modern political processes in the country, it has been found that democratization took place against the background of the permanent formation and preservation of two opposite poles in the political field.

Сучасні авторитарні політичні режими регіону Тропічної Африки та перспективи їх демократизації.

The article analyzes modern authoritarian regimes that have established themselves in the region of Tropical Africa in the post-colonial period, when independent states, as a result of prolonged national liberation struggles, hoped to stabilize political life and raise socio-economic standards. The relevance of the topic of the study is motivated by the fact that the signs of authoritarian state-political system, characteristic of the region, investigated within the article, are common and inherent in most countries of the African continent as a whole, which allows the expansion of analytical material for relevant generalizations. The purpose of the article is to analyze the authoritarian political regimes of the countries of Tropical Africa and to identify social conditions and circumstances conducive to democratic transit. As a result of elaboration of the theme, the types of conflict characterization as the main destabilizing cause of democratic transit in the post-authoritarian states of the region are characterized, which brings additional risks in the choice of an adequate path of political development and maintenance of cultural identity. Discriminatory factors of democratic transit, such as personified and one-party regimes, legitimized ethno-dictatorships, and a propaganda system aimed at asserting that democracy is unfit for the African continent, are revealed. Favorable conditions for region-specific democratization include: the dominance of personalized regimes that hold on to leaders whose elimination accelerates their dismantling; economic crises that motivate the government to receive international assistance, one of the conditions for receiving it is the democratization of the political regime; the role of the Arab Spring as a precedent for political change for the continent and others.

European Choice of Ukraine: Prerequisites, Contents and Main Factors

The proclamation of the Act on State Independence of Ukraine is a significant milestone in the history of the Ukrainian people on their way to national self-determination. A new phase of development has begun since 1991 when institutional factors have become crucial. First of all the creation of the Ukrainian state as a new national-state phenomenon takes place. During the years of independencethe process of Ukrainian state development was accompanied by opposition of political forces, which defended the multidirectional vectors of civilization development.The article deals with the issues of the European choice of Ukraine, as a strategic orientation of the socio-political development of the country, a priority direction of its national-state self-determination. The authors set out to analyze the prerequisites, substantive aspects, major internal and external factors that have influenced Ukraine's choice of a European vector of development.The study is based on the principles of objectivity, dialectics, historicism, social determinism, pluralism. The authors use general scientific methods, including inductive-deductive, analogies, modeling, etc. The comparative method has become an instrument of comparison, and consequently knowledge of the peculiarities of the state-political systems of Ukraine and other countries, which have become the benchmarks in the process of Ukraine's foreign policy self-determination.The article analyzes the attitude of Ukrainian citizens to the foreign policy and foreign economic development vectors of our country. It is revealed that the general rejection of the multilateralismpolicy significantly changed due to the Orange Revolution, when a sharp polarization occurred in society. The denial of the negative practices of V. Yanukovych's regime was manifested in the non-alternative choice of the European vector of Ukraine's development. The period of the presidency of P. Poroshenko has once again proved that only a radical implementation of the political, legal and social norms and standards of the EU will make it possible to overcome the oligarchic traits of the state – political system of Ukraine.Ukraine's European integration aspirations, such as a manifestation of its national-state self-determination, began to gain international legal prominence from the moment when the EU embarked on an enlargement to the East course. Ukraine, as a candidate for membership in a united Europe, has to undergo a series of transformations to adapt to EU norms and standards.However, the European choice as a project of national self-determination was confronted with a number of contradictions and inconsistencies between the mutual expectations of the subjects of this process, which led to the crisis of the whole project and political crises in Ukraine. A number of factors have hindered the implementation of the European integration plan, ranging from the internal instability of Western orientations within the country itself, the unwillingness of European Union members to further enlargement, and the massive opposition from Russia seeking to keep Ukraine in its political orbit.

Psychospołeczne uwarunkowania odraczania decyzji o macierzyństwie

Cel. Celem artykułu jest refleksja teoretyczna na temat podejmowania przez kobiety decyzji o ciąży i macierzyństwie po 35 roku życia.&#x0D; Omówione koncepcje. Artykuł oparty jest na dotychczasowych badaniach na temat macierzyństwa. Dla wielu współczesnych kobiet macierzyństwo nie stanowi życiowego priorytetu. W związku z tym odkładają decyzję o ciąży na późniejsze lata bądź całkowicie odrzucają myśl o dziecku. Głównym założeniem artykułu jest analiza przyczyn tego globalnego zjawiska.&#x0D; Wyniki i wnioski. Uznaje się, że przemiany ustrojowe i polityczne lat 90. ubiegłego wieku przyczyniły się do powszechności późnego macierzyństwa w Polsce. Najczęstsze powody podejmowania decyzji o ciąży dopiero po 35 roku życia to: wydłużona edukacja w Polsce, znacząca pozycja kariery zawodowej w życiu wielu młodych ludzi, brak stabilizacji finansowej, nastolatyzacja dorosłości oraz lęk przed łączeniem obowiązków zawodowych i rodzinnych.&#x0D; Wartość poznawcza. W artykule zaprezentowano kompleksowe zestawienie psychospołecznych uwarunkowań późnego macierzyństwa. Może to stanowić obszar dalszych badań i rozważań.