State-owned Property Research Articles

Small steps to emerge from the tunnel

Based on the experience and activities of the National Centre for Town Planning Studies of the National Council of Engineers (CNI), and AUDIS, the Disused Urban Areas Association, the author proposes some suggestions to emerge – with small steps – from the tunnel of the crisis. First of all, do what is necessary. Simplify the planning regulations and procedures. Measures to take in the short term and at no cost: town planning reform, taking up the Lupi-Mantini proposals previously discussed and shared in the last legislation by Commission VIII of the Chamber on the Territory and Environment; a new law on the landholding system, the proposal developed by CNA (National Confederation of Artisans and Small and Medium Enterprises), CNI, ANCE (Italian National Association of Construction Companies) and Tecnoborsa. Secondly, do what is useful: quality and innovation in urban redevelopment projects. The AUDIS Charter on urban regeneration; the Quality Protocol for Roma Capitale. Thirdly, something extra: targeted projects for start-ups. Social Housing. The city to be scrapped. The renewal of residential assets. The divestment of state-owned properties. The reuse of obsolete industrial buildings.

Governor System for 300MW Hydraulic Generator in Xiangshuijian Pumped-Storage Power Station

This paper describes the 300MW pumped storage governor system which is applied in Xiangshuijian power station and is featured with State-owned independent intellectual property rights from three aspects. Firstly, this paper describes the principle and configuration of the pumped storage governor system; secondly, it describes some features for the application of the system in Xiangshuijian power station and advanced control strategies thereof; and thirdly, it describes the implementation of some special features of application of the system in Xiangshuijian power station. Through this article, we hope for further exploration of the system in the industry and hope the application of the system can be further popularized in the design and implementation of localization governor system of large pumped storage power station in the future.

Horse riding posing challenges to the Swedish Right of Public Access

Increasing numbers of horses are being kept for sports and leisure purposes in peri-urban areas throughout the Western world. This expansion of the equestrian sector represents a multifunctional transition, with new production of rural goods and services and increasing influence on land use. In Sweden, the number of horses has increased from 70,000 to approximately 300,000 over the last 30 years. This increase is putting pressure on the traditional Right of Public Access, an old custom allowing the public to walk, cycle or ride on private or state-owned property. This paper analyses multifunctional land use in peri-urban areas in order to provide a deeper understanding of the potential conflicts arising due to the expanding equine sector and to assess how these can affect the Swedish right of public access and spatial planning. A survey of horse riders and landowners in three peri-urban regions of Sweden revealed that these groups differ in their attitudes towards the Right of Public Access. The data also showed that the expanding equine sector is generating new demands on rural areas and there are questions regarding how the current system of open accessibility can meet the increasing market for equestrian leisure activities. The main conclusion is that there seems to be a strong need for intervention and deliberate creation of new ways of handling the accessibility question, where both a bottom-up and top-down approach may be useful.

Spatial transferring of ecosystem services and property rights allocation of ecological compensation

Ecological compensation is an important means to maintain the sustainability and stability of ecosystem services. The property rights analysis of ecosystem services is indispensable when we implement ecological compensation. In this paper, ecosystem services are evaluated via spatial transferring and property rights analysis. Take the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) as an example, we attempt to classify the spatial structure of 31 categories of ecosystem services into four dimensions, i.e., local, regional, national and global ones, and divide the property rights structure into three types, i.e., private property rights, common property rights and state-owned property rights. Through the case study of forestry, farming industry, drainage area, development of mineral resources, nature reserves, functional areas, agricultural land expropriation, and international cooperation on ecological compensation, the feasible ecological compensation mechanism is illustrated under the spatial structure and property rights structure of the concerned ecosystem services. For private property rights, the ecological compensation mode mainly depends on the market mechanism. If the initial common property rights are “hidden,” the implementation of ecological compensation mainly relies on the quota market transactions and the state investment under the state-owned property rights, and the fairness of property rights is thereby guaranteed through central administration.

A Study about the Improvement of State-Owned Properties Management - With a Focus on State-Owned Land -

As of 2010, the state owns of land, which accounts for 24% of the nations total land area of . In the meantime, the state-owned national property management policies enacted laws changed since the variety has been showing up but still a problem. Also recently, on April 1, 2011 amendment, the state-owned property law enforcement in the front and relieve the problem somewhat, but still state-owned estates efficiently and economically as well as management and operation of the state not be public purpose and welfare of the people in order for there not being used as a reasonable choice still remains to be improved is Free.

Issues of Sovereign and State Entities in International Arbitration: A Look into Investor-State Arbitration

Globalization and international trade have increased the number of international commercial arbitrations where the investor and state instrumentality are parties and bilateral investment treaties (BITs) between countries exist. Many of these arbitrations arise out of bilateral or multilateral investment treaties (MITs) and are resolved under the ICSID convention. A significant number arise as a result of disputes in infrastructure projects which have been funded by development banks. In such position, these cases may be resolved by ICC rules and it will be conducted in the same way as arbitrations between individuals. In addition, numerous countries adapt privatization policies which aim to transfer its public companies sector activities and functions to the private sector. This is done to encourage foreign investment. In that case, the state can waive its immunity by a concession agreement or by an arbitration clause. But in the same time they still control those entities. These policies lead to several changes which make it inflexible to conclude if the entities are independent according to its legal principle or are owned by the state. Moreover, the state may be entitled to claim under the sovereignty immunity principle against recognition and enforcement of the award. The purpose of this paper is to focus and highlight the issues in the area of sovereign, immunity and state-owned commercial entities in investor-state arbitration. One of the questions I hope to raise through this study is whether state sovereignty may affect the arbitration award. Another important question is whether there are several methods to determine if the state entities are truly independent under the constitutional principle of separation of powers or in reality they are under government control. Consequently, the state might be liable for the conduct of its instrumentality. As a result, whether a State is seeking immunity from jurisdiction or from execution against State-owned property, the State and its wholly owned or controlled entities are considered to be functionally the same. So, the activities of State enterprises are considered to be carried out by the State in its exercise of sovereign authority.

Intensive Cultural Resources Survey of the Proposed Wurzbach Parkway Extension Project from Blanco Road to Wetmore Road, Bexar County, Texas

SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted an intensive cultural resources survey on behalf of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), of the proposed Wurzbach Parkway Extension Project in San Antonio, Texas. TxDOT proposes to extend the existing Wurzbach Parkway approximately 5.3 miles between Farm-to-Market Road (FM) 2696 (Blanco Road) and Wetmore Road. The undertaking involves the new construction of a four-lane divided roadway within an approximately 250-foot right-of-way (ROW) that is state-owned property. Overall, the Area of Potential Effects (APE) is 27,984 feet long, 250 feet wide, and maximally 10 feet deep. Additionally, the APE covers roughly 51.77 acres of permanent and temporary easements. SWCA’s investigations of the Wurzbach Parkway Extension Project APE included a background review, and an intensive pedestrian survey with shovel testing and backhoe trenching of selected areas within the APE.

The Rule of Law, Economic Transformation and Corruption After the Fall of the Berlin Wall

According to the famous argument of Max Weber, there is a strong and direct connection between the rule of law and economic success: the establishment of the rule of law facilitates the functioning of an efficient economy. Indeed, as Weber argued, the emergence and establishment of a rational legal order and formation of law-based political authority were important factors which explain rapid economic growth. These theses of Max Weber reflect long lasting and deeply embedded European legal cultures and legal mentalities. Recent developments in Eastern and Central Europe, especially privatization of state-owned property, challenge a simplistic understanding of the Weberian argument. The sheer amount of property to be privatized, and the strong interests involved make the rule of law toothless, especially if the state is weak. Moreover, the very principle of the rule of law becomes questionable if the law represents dominating interests in the context of political capitalism. Thus, instead of the law-controlled privatization of national property, one observes growing corruption, nepotism and clientelism as important mechanisms of law-making. Additionally, the weakness of government, above all the weakness of the law-applying and law enforcing agencies, and the traditional, formalistic understanding of the rule of law principle, additionally contribute to pathologies of economic transformation in Eastern and Central Europe, after the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Peasants Should Enjoy Equal Social Security Right with Urban Dwellers

According to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China and the effective conventions therein, every citizen should enjoy equal right of social security. But in reality, a peasant has much less such right than an urban dweller, only because of their different hukou. Peasants, as part of the investors of state-owned property, should have the rights of owners and enjoy the benefits from their assets; the existing binary social frame which limits the rights of peasants baffles China’s progress into a market economy and founding of a harmonious social society. Therefore, establishing a uniform system of security right that authorizes all citizens to enjoy it equally is one of China’s urgent tasks.

Restructuring China's Restructuring

The inefficiencies of China's state-owned property policies form the central focus of this Article. In short, I argue that ill-defined property rights and transaction costs have hindered China's macroeconomic transition. My contentions diverge from prior scholarship, however, by explaining the overwhelming transaction costs through an analysis of the relative power of ministries within China's administrative hierarchy and the role of legalism in the People's Republic of China. Based upon this analysis, I suggest that the long-delayed State-Owned Assets Law now scheduled for passage in 2009 will only achieve the goals of diversification policy if accompanied by organic reforms within the Chinese government.

Privatization in economic theory

In reality privatization has never occurred according to the handbook rules of ordinary market transactions. Not even in advanced market economies can privatization transactions be described by the Walrasian or Arrowian, or Leontiefian equilibrium models, or by the equilibrium models of the game theory. In these economies transactions of privatization take place in a fairly organic way ? which means that those are driven by the dominance of private property rights and in a market economy. But despite this fact Western privatization also some peculiar features as compared to ordinary company takeovers, since the state as the seller may pursue non ? economic goals. Changes in the dominant form of property change positions and status of many individuals and groups in the society. That?s why privatization can even less be explained by ordinary market mechanisms in transition countries where privatizing state-owned property have happened in a mass scale and where markets and private property rights weren't established at the time process of privatization began. In this paper I?ll discuss and analyze the phenomenon of privatization in context of different economic theories arguing that empirical results go in favor of the public choice theory (Buchanan, 1978), theory of "economic constitution" (Brennan and Buchanan 1985), (Buchanan and Tullock, 1989), and theory of "collective action" (Olson, 1982). These theories argues that transition from one economic system into another, for example transition from collectivistic, socialistic system into capitalism and free market economy with dominant private property, will not happen through isolated changes of only few economic institutions, no matter how deep that changes would be. In other words privatization can not give results if it's not followed by comprehensive change of economic system because privatized companied wouldn't be able to operate in old environment.

Rio's Favelas in Recent Fiction and Film: Commonplaces of Urban Segregation

The metaphor of thecidade partida(fragmented or broken city), which has been used to characterize Rio de Janeiro's darker aspect—its stark inequality, its class conflicts and violence—is not new but has gained, in the last couple of decades, widespread circulation. Since the end of the military dictatorship in 1985, when formal democratic practices such as free speech and open elec–tions were reestablished, it has become more obvious than ever that equal citizenship rights for all, de facto rather than on paper, are still an elusive ideal in Rio and in Brazil as a whole (as in many other places). The neoliberal economic policies of recent decades, with curtailed social spending and privatization of state-owned property, have increased poverty in Rio significantly. The arrival of the large-scale commercialization of cocaine since the late 1970s has deepened urban divisions and intensified violence. The retail end of the drug business often takes place in poor neighborhoods, or favelas. But the violence that prevails in Rio is not limited to warring drug factions or their conflicts with the police. It also inheres in unemployment and inadequate education and health care for the poor, as well as in severely flawed security, judiciary, and penal systems. All in all, the urban experience is fraught with violence and the fear of violence for all residents—though here too there is inequality, since this violence and fear affect some segments of the population far more than others.

Montes blancos, baldíos y realengos: aproximación a tres tipologías tradicionales de montes públicos en la provincia de Zaragoza

The article analyses the meaning of three terms for common land that are very common in Aragon and other parts of Spain and which correspond to obsolete legislation or traditional names, namely, montes blancos, and realengos. The term montes blancos has often been used as a synonym of communal land or deforested land ('moorlands'). Regarding the first of these identifications, the article concludes that, in Aragon, the montes blancos arise both from lands that were originally held communally (montes comunes, to use the terminology of the Ancient Regime) and the wastelands (baldios) over which the boroughs came to hold an undisputed title vis-a-vis the State and which effectively became communal lands. However, subsequent enclosure processes led to a significant number of these montes blancos becoming montes de propios ('town council-owned lands'). Regarding the second identification, it can be inferred from the analysis of the Catalogue of Woodland of Public Utility of the province of Saragossa that, historically, many - but not all- montes blancos were deforested. Finally, the article analyses the origin and evolution of the baldios and realengos, lands which, while initially being part of common property, instead of evolving towards communal property, remained for centuries in a state of almost total non-definition as regards their ownership, as a res nullius, until the Civil Confiscation of 1855, which entailed either their sale (because they were considered bienes de propios), their inclusion in State-owned property or their inclusion in municipal property (theoretically as communal property or 'property of common use': bienes de aprovechamiento comun), at which time this typology ceased to exist as a legal category.

On Privatizing State Property

The process of privatizing state-owned property assets such as agricultural or manufacturing enterprises is considered in the paper. An optimal timing model is employed to investigate the question of the best time to privatize a state-owned property asset. Beyond the optimal timing question, the author also analyses the simultaneous question of the optimal amount of new fixed investment that should accompany privatization. In both cases, comparative static analysis is employed to determine how fluctuations in net income streams before and after privatization and tax rates that apply to land and capital improvements affect the optimal timing and capital investment decisions. The results provide important insights for the design of privatization policies.

VERTEBRATE INVENTORY OF RICHLAND CREEK WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREA IN EASTERN TEXAS

Abstract Terrestrial habitats of Richland Creek Wildlife Management Area, Texas, were surveyed for vertebrate diversity in 1998 and 1999. During the 2-year sampling period, 10 species of amphibians, 20 species of reptiles, and 23 species of mammals were collected or observed. These actions represent an effort of Texas Parks and Wildlife to inventory the fauna of state-owned property. This information will begin to form a baseline to assess future management decisions.

Foreign Aid and Foreign Direct Investment: Key Players in the Environmental Restoration of Central and Eastern Europe

This paper can be downloaded without charge at:The Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Note di Lavoro Series Index:http://www.feem.it/web/activ/_activ.htmlSocial Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection:http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=278811 Fondazione Eni Enrico MatteiCorso Magenta, 63, 20123 Milano, tel. +39/02/52036934 – fax +39/02/52036946E-mail: letter@feem.itC.F. 97080600154

Housing and property restitution for returnees in Tajikistan in the 1990s

This article seeks to contribute to an understanding of issues related to housing and property restitution for refugee and IDP returnees in Tajikistan, taking into account Tajikistan's unique background prior to Independence in 1991, when a centrally controlled government system with state-owned property prevailed. It reviews the Civil War of 1992, as well as the causes and implications of the internal and external dis placement of approximately 900,000 Tajiks. The article then reviews how international and regional organizations contributed to a resolution with a pioneering, proactive approach. The role of UNHCR in creating humanitarian space for returnees' housing and property restitution is the analysed in depth. The Tajik General Agreement and Protocol on Refugees of 1997 and the national framework for its implementation, which codified and consolidated progress made during the peace process and the return of refugees, are also discussed. I. Introduction

East-West Women's Culture in Transition: Are East German Women the Losers of Reunification?

East-West Women's Culture in Transition: Are East German Women the Losers of Reunification?1 Hannelore Scholz The hunger strike of the KaU workers in Bischoff erode marked a turning point in the former German Democratic RepubUc (GDR).2 People started to speak up. They also began to protest when their fadories were sdieduled to be shut down (as in Suhl, Weimar, and Rostock). They formed organizations which even poUtidans joined. Women also partidpated in these movements. Since they represent the highest number of unemployed, this was not surprising. Obviously, too much is being demanded of the East Germans. More and more loudly, they have articulated their doubts about the process of structural change in East Germany, noting that they are bearing the brunt of German reunification. New East-West barriers have been ereded. Criticism of the Treuhandanstalt (national trust supervising the privatization of state-owned properties) and of the poUtical committees increases. The controversy about wages and rising unemployment testifies to the acute emergency situation of the East Germans. It is interesting to note that these problems are not conceived of as gender-specific. Among other things, the women of the new states (NBL) cannot fit into the "typical female jobs" in West Germany.3 They are exposed to a more sex-segregated labor market, but because of their East German socialization they have a lower range of job skills than East German men (and West Germans in general). Even those with adequate job qualifications find their skills partly devalued because of new conditions imposed by poUtical and labor-market trends. They are limited by prevailing conceptions of "female abiUties." Not even on the poUtical level are women's demands met; they were given too tittle consideration in the reunification process. This process was and is being taüored to male criteria; women occupy a marginal position in the current poUtical scene of the unified Germany. The social pressures of the present assimilation of East and West can be further noticed in the difficulties of communication between individual women and between women's movements. There are big differences among women in levels of seU-consdousness, in everyday culture, in behavior, and in plans for the future. Most East German women want to work, raise chüdren, and Uve in relationships just as they did before reunification. At the present time, however, they perceive their cultural devaluation as women to such a degree and in so many areas of their sodal life that they are highly skeptical, if not actuaUy pessimistic, about German © 1994 Journal of Women's History, Vol 5 No. 3 (Winter)_________________ 1994 International Trends: Hannelore Scholz 109 assimüation. This development expresses itself in a marked decrease of births as weU as the decrease in marriages since 1989. The marketing of the feminine through the sexual representation of girls and women in the media and the pubUc sphere represents a new phenomenon for the women of the new states that devalues their gender. This new phenomenon initiaUy produced annoyance and insecurity. It has become increasingly more obvious that it is the East German women who have to suffer the greatest disadvantage from this commodification of the female image. As a result, wül they be the biggest losers of reunification? Let me point to barriers between East and West and give some suggestions on how to overcome them. The fad is that after twenty years of the women's movement and three years of the pubUc one in East Germany the positive as weU as the negative results are strikingly similar. Women have not sufficiently realized the potential for poUtical, sodal, and cultural restructuring in the unified Germany. Why has the involvement of women in the unification process been so negUgible? Why is it so difficult to buüd poUtical SoUdarity among women? In order to formulate strategies of action or even solutions, motivations must be made known and an appropriate consdousness must be developed. I do not have a ready answer, but the questions that I ask can be answered from our interdisdpUnary research projeds.4 "East German women exemplified East Germany." This sentence I have heard many times in recent months. West German...

The Individualization of Ownership of State-Owned Property

Our proposal is to implement throughout the country the policy to convert state-owned property to individual, private ownership, and thereby thoroughly reform the microeconomic foundation.

Self-Insurance of State-Owned Property

Self-Insurance of State-Owned Property