Technology costs have come down hugely, and wind is now knocking at the door of coal, nuclear, and even gas as the least-cost energy source in developed countries. The U.K. has experienced wind farms that have put in bids under the Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation (NFFO) at about US$0.03/kWh, and this is probably a benchmark for many projects in the United States. Yet in many of the World Bank’s client countries, which have good and in some cases outstanding wind regimes, costs are much higher, installed capacity is low, and the prospects are gloomy. Sector Structure Electricity is a sector that is still emerging from dominance with most of its clients in state-owned monopoly utilities, where generation, transmission, and distribution are bundled together. Many electricity sectors are undergoing reform and restructuring, but progress is uneven. Some countries are further down the path of reform than others. There are few, if any, truly open electricity markets where a generator can set up shop to sell electricity. Often utilities resist moves to include renewables in their generation mix: immaturity of the technology, small size of the projects, and fears for system stability are the most frequently cited reasons. At best, generators may have the option to respond to set-piece requests for proposals to supply electricity either under engineer, procure, and construct (EPC) or build, own, and operate (BOO); build, own, operate, and transfer (BOOT); or build, operate, and transfer (BOT) arrangements that are published by electricity utility or government authorities. Quite often it is difficult to separate one from the other, given closeness of the policy and the regulatory and operational framework in many countries. Some of the bids have resulted in strong competition and quite low prices, but they: Do not represent a proper market since they are called at a time, frequency, site, and size of the utility’s choosing Are not sustainable over the long term because BOO/BOOT/BOT arrangements are not compatible with the development of wholesale electricity markets.