State Of Nagaland Research Articles

Farmer’s Perception and Determinant of Horticultural Crops in Nagaland and Manipur States

Background: The present research work was undertaken to known about the farmer perception and determinant as the adoption of the horticultural crops and major production constraints faced by them in Nagaland and Manipur states. Methods: For the present study by selecting 100 respondents each from Nagaland and Manipur states to have 200 respondents in total by using purposive stratified simple random sampling technique with the help of data collected through personnel interview methods during the Agricultural calendar year 2019 to 2022 (contain 3 years survey field data). Result: About the farmer perceptions for the horticultural crops in the study area viz; pineapple and chili both were selected due to the prominent crops; based on benefit-cost ratio pineapple crops of Nagaland was recorded as highest (3.31:1) returns, followed by pineapple crop of Manipur (3.01:1) state; also based on benefit-cost ratio, chili crop of Manipur was recorded highest (2.70:1) returns, followed by chili crop of Nagaland (2.76:1) state, respectively. About the perception level it increase by maximum 17.00 per cent for Dimapur Pineapple, followed by Thoubal Chili was 16 per cent, Kohima Chili was 12.00 per cent and minimum Senapati Pineapple was 10 per cent, respectively. About the major constraints faced by the respondents during the production, the foremost was due to the need for high investment in inputs, followed by the size of the land holding and lack of technical knowledge, respectively.

Reconfiguring the Tribe: Changing Ethnic Affiliations in India’s Northeast

This essay sees the form and functioning of the Zeliangrong Naga community as a work in progress. Rather than a perennial, historically immutable and delimited entity, the (relatively recent) formation of the Zeliangrong community indicates that tribes can be formed afresh and that tribal identities are constantly in flux. I begin by tracing and placing the origins of the Zeliangrong Naga as told by Zeliangrong elders and circulating origin and migration stories. Then, continuing my focus on ethnic alignment and realignment, I studied the Zeliangrong movement that emerged in the 1920s. At first, they advocated a Naga Raj through the ousting of the colonial government. Over time, however, this rebellion changed direction and reduced its ambitions to the creation of a Zeliangrong homeland that would unite the Zeliangrong people who currently inhabit three different states of Northeast India, namely Manipur, Nagaland and Assam. Drawing both on historical analysis and fresh ethnography this essay shows how over time the Zeliangrong ethnic identity has come under strain and is increasingly internally contested with its constituent parts now expressing divergent political aspirations while also struggling over status, standing and dominance within.

Geospatial analysis of alarmingly increasing flood vulnerability and disaster risk within the northeast himalaya region of India

Geoenvironmetally the eastern part of the Himalaya region is highly vulnerable to flood and other natural disasters as it consists of fragmented and tectonically active geology and geomorphology, very high monsoon rainfall (>360 cm) and subsequent runoff, rugged hilly terrain with high ranges of elevation and slope, dense drainage density etc. Other hand, the unplanned developmental activities keep going and scaling up this vulnerability and risk to floods and other disasters. Addressing this burning issue, a geospatial technology-based case study of the Kohima district, Nagaland state (India), is presented here. The geospatial "technology-based" analyses employed in the study are thematic GIS mapping of flood hazard, vulnerability and risk controlling factors; and performing overlay operation using the AHP model in GIS software to generate spatio-temporal map layers of flood vulnerability and disaster risk. Results reveal that the region is under a high rate of monsoon climate change (increasing temperature, rainfall, rainy days, rainfall events and flood events with an annual rate of 0.35 %, 1.12 %, 0.36 %, 2.67 % and 4 % respectively), land use degradation (increasing built-up area with 0.60 %, annual rate decreasing forest, shrubs and water bodies with 0.80 % accumulated annual rates respectively) and demographic changes (increasing urban as well and rural population density with 0.53–2.10 % and 0.55–2.14 % respectively). Accumulated impacts of climate change, land use degradation and demographic changes causing an increase in flood hazard, vulnerability and disaster risk. Flood hazard zones and vulnerability zones extending with 0.50 % (4.89 km2) and 0.84 % (8.16 km2) annual rates respectively, subsequently the flood risk zones categorized as a moderate, high and very high potential risk, have been spreading out with a yearly rate of 0.07 % (0.65 km2), 0.13 % (1.31 km2) and 0.03 % (0.33 km2) respectively. It decreases the area under low and very low-risk zones by 0.17 % (1.63 km2) and 0.07 % (0.65 km2) annual rates respectively. Following up on these annual rates, the spatial distribution of flood hazard, vulnerability and risk zones for the next decade (2031–2040) have also been projected, revealing alarming situations, if flood disaster risk reduction (F-DRR) measures were not implemented in timely. It is strongly believed that the proposed study will be very useful for district-level planners and administrators to implement sustainable development planning, for the scientific fraternity to enhance their research work in the field of flood disaster management and for individuals for their safety in terms of life and property.

Pouzolzia friisii (Urticaceae, Boehmerieae), a new species from north‐east India

Based on a collection housed at LWG (Herbarium of CSIR–National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India), collected by Singh et al. on 25 June 2017 from Nagaland state of India, Pouzolzia friisii A.Gupta & V.Wagh sp. nov. (Urticaceae) is described and illustrated. The species resembles Pouzolzia sanguinea var. fulgens, P. niveotomentossa and P. australis in its serrated leaf margins and the indumentum on the abaxial leaf surface however, P. friisii is quite distinct in its grayish or pale yellowish indumentum, 4‐merous sessile male flowers and densely pubescent fruiting perianths without wings and ribs. A detailed description, illustration, distribution map, and information on ecology, as well as phenology are presented.

Curcuma ungmensis (Zingiberaceae): a new species from Nagaland, North-East India

Curcuma ungmensis M.Sabu, Hareesh and P.Tiatemsu sp. nov. from Mokokchung district of Nagaland state, India is described here. The new species shows affinities towards C. inodora but distinct in many attributes. Detailed description and distribution are provided along with colour photographs of the new species for easy identification.

Burden of cervical cancer in India: estimates of years of life lost, years lived with disability and disability adjusted life years at national and subnational levels using the National Cancer Registry Programme data

BackgroundCervical cancer is ranked as the second most common cancer in India. This study aims to assess the cervical cancer burden at the national and subnational level in India, projecting it for the year 2025 in terms of years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).MethodsTwenty-eight population based cancer registries within the National Cancer Registry Programme network contributed cancer incidence and mortality data for this analysis. The DisMod-II tool, WHO lifetables, disability weights, mortality to incidence ratio, sample registration system, and census data were used to estimate the burden of cervical cancer. The projection estimates for 2025 were performed using a negative binomial regression model.ResultsIn 2016, the cervical cancer burden in India was 223.8 DALYs per 100,000 women. The highest age-standardised DALYs were found in the northeast region (290.1 DALYs per 100,000 women) and the lowest in the eastern region (156.1 DALYs per 100,000 women). The states of Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, and Nagaland had a higher cervical cancer burden with DALYs exceeding 300 per 100,000 women. The projected cervical cancer burden for India in 2025 was estimated to be 1.5 million DALYs.ConclusionsThe study has found a significant cervical cancer burden across the regions of India, providing a baseline for monitoring impact of actions. Enhancing awareness of cervical cancer, advocating for the significance of screening, and promoting HPV vaccination among adolescents, families, and communities through informative communication campaigns are essential steps in managing and ultimately eliminating cervical cancer in India.

An Assessment of Social Media Usage Patterns and Influences among Tribal Naga Women of North East India

Social media platforms have been acclaimed as providing immense potential for the empowerment of diverse societal groups regardless of gender, caste, class or race. But studies on women’s online experiences have authenticated the hindrances faced by women in access and engagement in social media discourses. This study aimed to assess the pattern of social media use, influences and hindrances faced by tribal Naga women of North East India in their engagement in social media public platforms. Data was collected through a questionnaire survey of 360 female respondents from the States of Nagaland and Manipur. The results showed that WhatsApp Messaging is the most popular platform (n=338) among Naga women, followed by YouTube (n=298) and Facebook (n=286). About seventy-four per cent (74.55%) of the respondents stated that they access social media several times daily. Using social media for news and information ranked the highest (95.93%) followed by social relationships (92.51%). It was observed that social media exposure and usage has positively increased Naga women’s gender awareness (97.16%) as well as their awareness of political and civic issues (96.15 %). However it has not significantly increased their public opinion expression (20%) on socio-political and civic issues. The main hindrances in engagement on social media discussions were Lack of Knowledge about issues (73.98%), followed by a Lack of Interest (71.13%) and a Lack of Time (62.14%). Based in the findings, despite the hindrances and low level of engagement in social media public discourses, it was concluded that Naga women’s information seeking behaviour being the main motivation behind social media could be a positive indicator for the development of their agency.

Prey Species in the Diet of the Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis) during Autumn Passage Stopover in Northeast India

Abstract We recorded the diet of Amur Falcons (Falco amurensis) during their autumn passage at stopover sites across in Northeast India. We collected and examined 1200 pellets to identify prey remains in the diet of Amur Falcons from three major stopover sites in Nagaland State in the years 2017 and 2018. Additionally, in 2019, we examined 200 pellets each at two other sites in the neighboring states of Assam and Manipur. We only recorded insect prey belonging to five taxonomic orders: Orthoptera, Isoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera, with Isoptera being dominant in the diet of Amur Falcons. The frequency of occurrence of Isoptera (termites) was the highest (87%) across years and across all stopover sites in Nagaland; diets were similar at the two other sites in Assam and Manipur. We identified the species of termites in the diet of Amur Falcons as Odontotermes feae and O. horni, the mass emergence of which coincided with the falcons’ arrival in the region. We further estimated that 1,000,000 Amur Falcons stopping over for an average of 15 d in the region consumed approximately 67–134 metric tons of alates (approximately 1 to 2 billion individual alates). We concluded that Amur Falcons stop over in Northeast India primarily to refuel. Our study highlights the importance of availability of abundant termite prey for the success of Amur Falcons’ onward migration, which includes oceanic crossings en route to Africa.

An annotated checklist of the liverworts and hornworts of Nagaland, India

The present checklist comprises 168 species, including three infraspecific taxa, of liverworts and hornworts belonging to 54 genera and 32 families. It is based on literature reviews and specimen studies from the CAL herbarium. Six taxa are reported for the first time from the State of Nagaland.

The Hidden Treasures of the Forest: Promoting Forest Conservation through Non-Timber Forest Products in the Eastern Himalayan Region

The study examined the impact of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) on forest conservation by local communities in the study areas. Surveying 250 respondents from 20 villages, a good number of plant and animal-based NTFPs were identified in the states of Meghalaya and Nagaland. The Binary Logistic Regression Model confirmed that income from NTFPs had a positive and significant influence on four forest conservation models in Meghalaya and three forest conservation models in Nagaland. It implied that the extraction of NTFPs can serve as a vital incentive for sustainable forest management. The policy recommendations include supporting NTFP-based livelihoods to enhance community engagement in conservation efforts through local conservation bodies and traditional institutions, including the state forest department.

Consumer's Attitude towards Digital Payments: A Demographic Analysis

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to assess the knowledge and attitude of consumers towards various payment modes with special reference to digital payment methods in Nagaland State, India. Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on primary data from students, scholars, government employees, and self-employed private employees of the Nagaland state of India. The data were collected through a questionnaire. The questionnaire was standardised by using the item analysis and the items generating unfavourable t-statistics were removed. The basic data were analysed by using descriptive statistics followed by interpretation of the results. In addition to that, inferential statistics was also used for hypothesis testing. Findings: The majority of consumers were satisfied with the electronic payment option, according to the study's findings, which is encouraging for the country's lawmakers. However, consumers also make use of cash on a regular basis. Debit or credit cards are used by almost half of consumers for both in-person and online purchases. Consumers of both sexes and varying socioeconomic backgrounds have quite different sentiments about e-payments. Regarding e-payments, people with different educational backgrounds, marital statuses, management styles, and work statuses have the same attitudes. Research limitations/implications: The study was conducted in Nagaland state of India and confined to only two districts. Convenience sampling technique was used in the study. This study considered only perception towards E-Payments. Similar study may be conducted by using some other variables. Furthermore, research that are cross-sectional and longitudinal can be conducted to delve deeper into the topic. Originality/value: This study fills the apparent gap in the existing payment gateway system. It contributes to the body of research on adoption of new technologies, and specifically E- payment services. It provides with a better understanding of Consumer's attitude towards E-Payments.

Strobilanthes khasyana (Acanthaceae): an addition to the flora of Nagaland, India

The present paper deals with the taxon Strobilanthes khasyana reported for the first time from the state of Nagaland, northeastern India. The taxon which was earlier reported to be endemic to the states of Meghalaya, Sikkim, and West Bengal has extended its distributional range to Nagaland state. The detailed morphological description and the photographs are provided for easy identification.

Bridging the vitamin A and deworming coverage gap among underserved populations in India through government and civil society organization partnerships

BackgroundVitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major public health problem in India, where approximately 62% of children under five have low retinol levels (< 70 µmol/L). This study aims to (1) evaluate vitamin A supplementation (VAS) and deworming (VAS + D) coverage in Nagaland state through government and civil society organization (CSO) partnerships, (2) examine socio-demographic barriers and facilitators to VAS + D coverage, (3) examine associations between socio-demographic characteristics and source of VAS coverage (i.e., government vs. CSOs), and (4) estimate the impact of VAS on health outcomes due to increased coverage through government and CSO partnerships.MethodsA cross-sectional statewide coverage survey was conducted in Nagaland, India with 1,272 caregivers of children 6–59 months. Household socio-demographic data and VAS + D exposure variables were collected via quantitative survey. Univariate analyses were used to assess the associations between the independent and outcome variables; odds ratios were computed to measure the strength of the association at a significance level of < 0.05. The Lives Saved Tool (LiST) was used to estimate the impact of increased VAS coverage on child undernutrition, morbidity and mortality.ResultsMost children (77.2%) received VAS in the past six months, with 28.1% receiving VAS in capsule form (provided primarily by CSOs) and 70.2% received VAS in syrup form (provided primarily by government). Total deworming coverage was 74.2%, with 43.5% receiving both VAS and deworming. Lower pre-school enrollment was a barrier to receiving VAS (47.4% not enrolled vs. 80.9% enrolled, p < 0.001). A barrier to receiving VAS + D was lack of knowledge of benefits (p < 0.001). Based on LiST modeling, increasing VAS coverage by 22% through CSOs resulted in an estimated 114 stunting cases averted, 25,017 diarrhea cases averted, and 9 lives saved in 2019 in Nagaland State.ConclusionsGovernment and CSO partnerships can reduce disparities in VAS coverage and decrease under-five child morbidity and mortality.

Gandhian Intervention and the AFSPA in Northeast India: The Case of Irom Chanu Sharmila

Political violence and conflicts have been predominant features in Northeast India which comprises the states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura, and Sikkim. Resistances in many states arose to counter the perceived loss of land, demographic change, and political, cultural, and economic marginalization of indigenous communities. Some of the resistances had arisen due to the harboring of national visions by groups in Northeast India which were inimical to the visions held by those in the centers of power in the country. There have also been interventions, either official or unofficial or both to resolve these conflicts and violence. Some of these interventions are inspired by Gandhian principles of conflict resolution. This paper intends to provide an insight into one of the Gandhian interventions in Northeast India and discusses Irom Chanu Sharmila’s sixteen years long fast to have AFSPA repealed.

Assessment of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Potential: A Case Study for Nagaland

Abstract: Water scarcity has become a serious global threat due to hazardous population growth frequent droughts and changing climate pattern (Carolina B. Mendez et. al). Water is scarce natural resource, even though 71% of land is covered by water out of total water on the earth near about 25% are fresh which is being utilized for various purposes viz. domestic, irrigation and industrial are common. Nowadays the need of commercial water is magnifying tremendously in a developing country like India which has long tradition of rural culture. Here in this study, an attempt was made to estimate the potential of rooftop rainwater harvesting in the state of Nagaland, India. The results showed that the total domestic water demand of Nagaland was estimated at 62,012,868,550 liters and domestic supply potential only from rooftop rainwater harvesting was estimated to fulfill about 64.70% of total water demand and the shortage which is about 35.3% can be through state governments water supply scheme, from the private sector and also other sources like pond, river, spring water, etc

Manipur Violence- A Geo-Political Analysis

Manipur is one of the states of North -Eastern India where many cultural arts originate like polo and Manipuri dance. Today, communal violence and ethnic clashes are common and about 252 were killed during ethnic conflict May, 2023 to till now. Here, 33 communities inhabiting the valleys and hills of the state has a long history of violent and deadly clashes. The violence outbreak in Manipur due to directing the Manipur High Court to pursue a 10 years old recommendation to grant Schedule Tribe status to the non- tribal Meitei community. It is bounded by the states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram the south, Assam to the East and the boundary of Myanmar to East. The total land of the state is 22,347 sq km. It is like a football stadium with Imphal valley representing the center of the playground and the surrounding hills its galleries. The main objective has to study about the Manipur violence and also to find out the solution of the conflict. The research is mainly based on secondary data. The situation of the state is dangerous. If the state government do not control the situation, a day will come a new slogan of separate country will echo in the North Eastern India.

Seromonitoring, Serotyping and Histopathology of Foot and Mouth Disease in Mithun (Bos Frontalis) in the Northeastern Hilly Terrain of India

Frequent FMD outbreaks have been one of the major challenges faced by the farmers and breeders of Mithun animals in Nagaland, owing to a lack of adequate knowledge and proper vaccination programs for the disease. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the extent of FMD serotype O virus infection, which is the most common serotype causing FMD specifically in the Mithun population in the northeastern state of Nagaland, India. In-vitro screening of serotype O virus antibodies in the blood serum of the Mithun population was carried out by ELISA kit. A total of 213 blood samples of Mithun animals were collected and screened where 67% of the samples tested were found to be positive and only 32% of the samples were found to be negative for the virus. All the samples collected from the neighbouring states of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh were found to be negative for the antibodies against the serotype O virus. Through m-RT PCR, O serotype was detected from all the clinically affected animals from the cells of the tongue epithelium, blood, and saliva of animals. During the histopathological studies, in the pericardium, severe interstitial myocarditis and liver showed focal areas of coagulative necrosis, focal necrosis, and pulmonary oedema were prominent and ballooning degeneration of epithelium in the tongue was evident in all cases. In conclusion, we were able to show the prevalence of FMDV serotype O antibodies in a very high percentage of the Mithun population that were tested along with pathological alterations, which should be addressed immediately with proper vaccination programs and by informing and educating the farmers and breeders about the disease before an outbreak occurs.

Contribution of NTFPs towards Tribal Income and Employment Generation- A Study in Eastern Himalayan Region

"NTFPs are considered as important source for food, energy, and other aspects of rural livelihood. Around 50 million people in India depend upon NTFPs for their subsistence and cash income. The proposed study was conducted in the Eastern Himalayan states of Meghalaya and Nagaland where two districts from each state were selected purposively i.e., East Khasi Hill and Ri-bhoi districts from Meghalaya and Mokokchung and Peren districts from Nagaland. A total of 250 respondents from twenty villages of 4 Rural Development blocks were selected proportionately based on the availability of number of households. Agriculture income dominated the share in the household income in both the states followed by income from NTFP. However, the major share of cash income among the households was from NTFP in the Eastern Himalayan Region. In case of non-cash income, agriculture contributed the highest followed by NTFP income. The contribution of NTFP to household income was largely from plant-based NTFPs followed by animal-based NTFP. Overall, of the total average of 280 employed days, agricultural activities constituted 44% followed by days involved in NTFP collection (26%). Female attributed more to the collection of plant-based NTFPs followed by fuel wood, while the male spent more time in the collection of animal-based NTFP followed by plant-based NTFPs. Independent factors like adult literacy, income from wage employment, and employment generated from NTFPs significantly influenced the income from NTFPs. Dependency ratio and employment from NTFPs were found significant and positively related to income from NTFPs suggesting that as the number of dependents increased in the households, they favoured going for NTFPs collection. For every one percent increase in dependency, income from NTFPs increased by ` 164.87, and for every one-man-day increase in employment from NTFPs, the NTFPs income increased by ` 368.7"

Contact, Diffusion and Divergence

Abstract The study discusses the outcomes of the contact and diffusion in two contact varieties of Assamese with respect to classifiers. The findings suggest that while classifiers have remained remarkably stable in their characteristics in Assamese over the past 160 years, during the same period, one of the contact varieties (Nagamese) has significantly diverged from the source language, and the other variety (Nefamese) displays greater continuity. The divergence in Nagamese is attributed to the substratal effect which has altered its characteristics associated with numerals and quantifiers in the source language, thereby making it more congruent with the host Naga languages. By concentrating on a smaller part of the region spanning three contiguous states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Nagaland from Northeastern India, the findings also help unlock in small ways the mysteries surrounding the diversity of classifiers arising out of areal diffusion.

We returned home empty-handed: COVID-19, care, and contested citizenship of Naga migrant workers in northeast India.

COVID-19 highlighted interconnections between matters of identity and citizenship, vulnerability, and inclusion in/exclusion from systems of care in times of crisis. Migrant workers from Nagaland state, northeast India, were disproportionately impacted by the pandemic's socioeconomic consequences. The public health emergency brought into question who is 'Indian' and the citizenship rights attached to that identity, heightening migrants' exclusion from central structures. Communitarian responses in Nagaland enhanced resilience in the face of often inadequate government responses; however, COVID-19 also exposed structural inequalities within and between Naga communities. This study shows that identity-based citizenship regimes and multi-nation federalism interact to increase minorities' exclusion during crises, and that crises can strengthen both divisions and solidarity at the local level in multi-nation federal systems. Inclusion in and exclusion from systems of care are shaped by and can reshape notions of identity and citizenship, underlining the need for inclusive sociopolitical systems to mitigate crises in multi-nation federal states.