State Of Mexico Research Articles

A systematic literature review on environmental, agronomic, and socioeconomic factors for the integration of small-scale coffee producers into specialized markets in Oaxaca, Mexico

The coffee sector’s challenges, such as low and volatile prices, prompt adopting strategies focused on product differentiation, including high-quality specialty coffee. Nevertheless, documented evidence shows that small producers in Oaxaca, Mexico, are not equally benefiting from this market opportunity compared to other states in Mexico, such as Veracruz or Chiapas. This review article identifies and analyzes the factors in integrating small Oaxacan producers into the specialty market. A total of 138 scientific contributions were analyzed, emphasizing three thematic axes: (1) Trends and behavior of the coffee market. (2) Factors to enable the production of high-quality coffee, and (3) Current situation and challenges of small coffee producers in the specialized market. We found that coffee quality depends on the environment (mainly altitude, temperature, and geographical conditions) and agronomic, genetic, and socio-economic factors. Moreover, agronomic and genetic factors should focus on choosing coffee varieties suited to the environmental conditions of the farm and adopting innovations in production, harvest, and post-harvest processes. The most significant socio-economic factors that hinder small coffee producers’ participation in the specialized market include but are not limited to, lack of information, social connection, and financial resources. However, in the literature analyzed here, it was also possible to identify specific farmworker experiences that operate with a community approach and have inserted their small producers into high-quality market transactions. For this reason, this article suggests that the standardization model of quality from the collective approach within the community-based enterprise is a sustainable and inclusive alternative to achieve the goal: the insertion of small Oaxacan coffee producers into the more significant specialty market.

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF BROWN SPIDER MITE (Oligonychus punicae Hirst) DAMAGE IN AVOCADO USING SPATIAL ANALYSIS BY DISTANCE INDICES (SADIE)

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a perennial crop that belongs to the Lauraceae family. This crop is affected by various pests, the most important of which is the spider mite Oligonychus punicae Hirst (Acari: Tetranychidae), also known as the brown avocado spider. The damage begins with reddish spots that spread throughout the leaf, eventually tanning the foliage and staining the fruit, resulting in its rejection in the market. As a result, understanding its spatial distribution is critical for growers to plan and implement integrated pest management programs effectively, reducing their economic and environmental impacts. This study used spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) to determine the spatial distribution of damage to the Hass avocado crop caused by brown spider mite populations in Coatepec Harinas and Donato Guerra, two municipalities in the State of Mexico, Mexico. Spatial behavior allows for the development of preventive or corrective control measures for the use of precision farming techniques. Spatial distribution maps were created using the geostatistical technique of ordinary Krigeing, and the mean and variance of damage caused by the brown spider mite in avocado were examined. The findings revealed a clustered spatial distribution with several aggregation centers that shift over time and correlate with the plots’ terrain and climate. No homogeneous pattern was found in any plot, indicating the need to continue this type of research to better understand concentration conditions and implement specific actions in the field.

The commercialization of ornamental plants in containers in the south of the State of Mexico

The commercialization of ornamental plants in containers in the south of the State of Mexico

The Frequency of Risk Factors for Cleft Lip and Palate in Mexico: A Systematic Review.

Cleft lip and palate is an anomaly that affects both women and men. It is considered to be among the most frequent congenital abnormalities and is related to modifications in chromosomal DNA and multiple genetic alterations. This anomaly can also be associated with various environmental factors, such as tobacco and alcohol consumption, medication use, and exposure to different environmental and industrial toxic substances. The objective of this study was to document the frequency of risk factors related to cleft lip and palate through a systematic review of Mexican studies. In this systematic review, a bibliographic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines in the databases Scielo, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and EBSCO. Keywords related to cleft lip and palate, epidemiology, and risk factors were used. In all, 3 independent reviewers (J.A.S.L., S.L.V., and N.M.F.) selected and evaluated a total of 17 articles included in this analysis, achieving a coefficient of κ = 0.84. The analysis revealed that the highest frequency of conducted studies was in the State of Mexico. The most common risk factors identified were environmental, pharmacological, consumption habits, and gynecological factors. Identifying the main risk factors for cleft lip and palate in the Mexican population will enable the implementation of preventive measures aimed at reducing exposure to these factors. Additionally, early intervention can improve the quality of life for individuals affected by this condition.

Characterization of the virome in broad bean: First detection of Potyvirus phaseoluteum and Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae in Montecillo, Texcoco, Mexico

Background / Objective. In broad bean (Vicia faba) crops established in Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico, 100% of plants were observed with viral symptoms consisting of mosaic, mottling, leaf curling, wilting and a notable decrease in plant development. These symptoms led to a significant reduction in seed yield and quality. In this context, the present study was carried out with the objective of identifying the viral species associated with these symptoms. Materials and Methods. The experimental strategy consisted of extraction of total RNA from leaves showing the aforementioned symptoms, followed by next-generation sequencing. Results. In the results, the complete genomes of Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae (before impatiens necrotic spot virus) and two isolates of the Potyvirus phaseoluteum (before bean yellow mosaic virus) were obtained. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate of O. impatiensnecromaculae (INSV CPMEX) shows significant divergences from those previously reported in other plant species. On the other hand, the two P. phaseoluteum isolates (BYMV CP1MEX and BYMV CP2MEX) proved to be different from each other, being related to isolates reported in Sudan and Iran. Conclusion. This result suggests considerable genetic diversity among the viruses associated with viral symptoms in faba bean crops in the region, which underlines the importance of accurate identification for the management and control of these viral infections.

Unveiling creativity in artisanal beer through cultural and collective intelligence: a study of market in Mexico

PurposeThe principal objective of the study is to analyze the influence of ethnicity, culture and collective intelligence in entrepreneurial creativity, innovation and marketing of artisanal beer in Mexico.Design/methodology/approachThe qualitative data have been gathered by conducting four workshops with twelve respondents in each workshop across four states of Mexico comprising Mexico City, Puebla, Queretaro and Guadalajara. These workshops were held for four hours during the pre-lunch period over the weekends, which was participated by a mix of entrepreneurs and consumers.FindingsArtisanal entrepreneurship is driven by the culture, ethnicity, collective intelligence and frugal innovations. Ethnic products generate patriotic feeling and consumption for a social cause to encourage artisans at the grassroots with the local tags. Results also indicate that social media and crowd cognition play an important role in developing creative artisanal beer.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is founded on the theoretical maxims of social learning theory (SCT), social cognitive theory and theory of creativity. The contextual interpretation of SCT explains the socialization of concepts by modelling emotions and behavior to derive structural experiences as observed in artisanal entrepreneurship.Practical implicationsEntrepreneurs can develop brand emotions, boost anthropomorphic feelings and inculcate the sense of nationalism among consumers to market ethnic brands and develop social consciousness towards consumption of “Made in Mexico” products.Social implicationsArtisanal beer face major challenge of customer outreach by enhancing the brand proximity and ethnic values. Ethnic products hold a strong image in niche market and need to be stimulated by the experience sharing through social media and community interactions.Originality/valueThis research study significantly contributes to the existing literature on ethnic entrepreneurship and creativity using innovative research approach.

Determining co-movements of tomato prices in the United States and macroeconomic variables in Mexico for 2023

Objective: To analyze the co-movements of macroeconomic variables in Mexico and prices of Mexican tomato exports and to estimate the prices of Mexican tomatoes in American and Canadian supply markets based on Mexican macroeconomic variables. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was conducted using Pearson's coefficient—calculating the standard scores for X and Y. We determined the co-movements of Mexican tomato market prices and Mexico’s GDP, the Interbank Equilibrium Interest Rate (IEIR), natural gas prices, and consumer inflation. Econometric techniques were thus combined with agricultural sector variables as a reliable precedent of the relation intensity between said variables. Results: The coefficient of determination showed an acceptable degree of linear relationship between the market prices of Mexican tomatoes in different cities and the selected macroeconomic variables, with an average correlation of 20%. We concluded that the variables are not entirely independent since they show a weak linear relationship between them. Study limitations/implications: It is crucial to conduct studies to determine whether the coefficients of determination support linearity or independence between the evaluated macroeconomic variables. Findings/Conclusions: Econometric techniques were combined with agricultural sector variables as a reliable precedent of the relation intensity between said variables. The coefficient of determination showed an acceptable degree of linear relationship between the market prices of tomatoes in different cities and the selected macroeconomic variables. We recommend the creation of a price forecasting model.

VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF PEACH TREES [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] ASSOCIATED WITH NATIVE SQUASH (Cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo L.) AND BAYOCOTE (Phaseolus coccineus L.) IN MILPA INTERCROPPED WITH FRUIT TREES (MIAF) SYSTEMS

The scarcity of basic foodstuffs in the Mazahua region of the State of Mexico, Mexico, reflects the scarcity of arable land in peasant agriculture. This issue was exacerbated in the early years of the Milpa Intercropped with Fruit Trees system (MIAF, for its Spanish acronym), because the fruit tree strip occupied up to 40 % of the area while producing no food or income during its vegetative growth stage. Native squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) and bayocote (Phaseolus coccineus L.) are basic species in the Mazahua diet, but it is unknown whether they have an adverse effect on the vegetative growth of the newly planted peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] when grown in association. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effect of native squash and bayocote, grown in the fruit tree strip of the MIAF system, on the vegetative growth of peach trees for efficient soil intensification during the juvenile period of the tree. The treatments primarily involved associating peach trees with native squash, bayocote, and uncovered soil. The experimental design comprised randomized blocks with three replications. Vegetative growth, shoot biomass, root distribution, and soil moisture content were evaluated 60, 120, and 180 days after planting. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and comparison of means with the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05) using the SAS 9.4 program. The native squash decreased the diameter and stem biomass of the peach trees since there was greater root overlap between the two species and less soil moisture. In contrast, with the association of the fruit tree with bayocote, the root distribution of the peach tree was greater, with no decrease in the diameter, height, or biomass of its stem. Local species such as bayocote have the potential to be grown in the fruit tree strip of the MIAF system in their first year of establishment.

Trayectoria y Contradicciones del Programa de Atención a Jornaleros Agrícolas en Hermosillo, Sonora, 1990-2018

The article presents the history of the Attention to Agricultural Workers Program (PAJA) in Hermosillo, Sonora, now extinct. The goal is to explain this federal pro-gram, that focused on agricultural work by migrants, as a part of the formation of a neoliberal state in Mexico. Using political anthropology, the article analyzes the set of practices, ideologies, and representations of the state that gave the PAJA its shape from 1990 to 2018. The text derives from a historical and regional ethnographic study made between 2018 and 2023 on social policies applied to agricultural land in Sonora. The article draws on interviews with former PAJA employees, participant observation in government offices, and the consultation of official documents. The main argument is that the PAJA served to promote the expansion and consolidation of agricultural corporations. The article contributes to studies of the state and migrant agricultural work, by presenting processes of depoliticization, control, and legitimization of the exploitation of labor on agricultural land

First Record of the Connecticut Warbler in New Mexico

A Connecticut Warbler (Oporornis agilis) photographed and recorded calling at Percha Dam State Park, Sierra Co., New Mexico, on 9 September 2023 represented a first confirmed record for the state of New Mexico. Of the relatively few Connecticut Warblers found inland in western North America, this individual was a fall migrant, and the date is typical for other occurrences in the West.

State, crime and violence in Mexico, 1920–2000: Arbiters of impunity, agents of coercion

State, crime and violence in Mexico, 1920–2000: Arbiters of impunity, agents of coercion

Novelties in Pitcairnia (Bromeliaceae; Pitcairnioideae): three new species from Mexico

Three new species of Pitcairnia from Mexico are proposed: P. aleserratoae was found in Guerrero, Morelos, and Puebla; P. gracielae known from the Estado de Mexico and Morelos while P. pugana has been collected in Jalisco. Information on distribution, habitat and phenology is provided for each species. The new taxa are compared with P. jaliscana, P. karwinskyana, P. micheliana, P. palmeri, and P. pteropoda, species morphologically similar.

High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals New Viroid Species in Opuntia in Mexico.

In the main cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica)-producing region in the State of Mexico, fruit production occupies the largest cultivated area with 15,800 ha, while 900 ha are cultivated for edible young Opuntia pads ("nopalitos") which are consumed as vegetables. Two composite samples consisting of cladodes of plants for fruit production (n = 6) and another of "nopalitos" (n = 6) showing virus-like symptoms were collected. Both sample sets were subjected to high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to identify the viruses and viroids. The HTS results were verified using RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Subsequently, 86 samples including cladodes from "nopalitos", plants for fruit production, xoconostles, and some wild Opuntia were analyzed via RT-PCR with specific primers for the viruses and viroids previously detected via HTS. Three viruses were discovered [Opuntia virus 2 (OV2), cactus carlavirus 1 (CCV-1), and Opuntia potexvirus A (OPV-A)], along with a previously reported viroid [Opuntia viroid 1 (OVd-1)]. Additionally, two new viroids were identified, provisionally named the Mexican opuntia viroid (MOVd, genus Pospiviroid) and Opuntia viroid 2 (OVd-2, genus Apscaviroid). A phylogenetic analysis, pairwise identity comparison, and conserved structural elements analysis confirmed the classification of these two viroids as new species within the Pospiviroidae family. This is the first report of a pospiviroid and two apscaviroids infecting cactus pears in the world. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the virome associated with cactus pears in Mexico.

Botanical Origin and Biological Properties of Honey and Propolis from Cuautitlan, State of Mexico, Mexico.

Beekeeping is an activity that generates various products, mainly honey and propolis, with different biological activities that are studied extensively using various methodologies. The influence of various phenolic compounds, such as phenols and flavonoids, which are synthesized and concentrated differently in each product depending on the melliferous flora and sources of resources, on the manufacture of propolis or honey has been investigated. However, the analysis of these products has been performed separately and is outdated in time, and depending on the area and the flowering periods, different crops may be harvested. The analysis of the honey and propolis produced in Cuautitlan, State of Mexico, in the high plateau beekeeping zone, for a period of four years, both in the dry and rainy seasons, was proposed to determine the botanical origin of the honey and propolis. The primary pollen type in both honey and propolis was from Brassica rapa. Physicochemical tests were conducted, revealing higher concentrations of antimicrobial activity in the dry season than in the rainy season. Honey, propolis, and a vegetation extract showed activity against S. aureus, while only honey had an effect on E. coli in both seasons. For antifungal activity, only propolis collected in the rainy season had this activity. The biological properties of these products are closely related to the flora that varies both annually and between seasons, influencing the concentrations of phenolic compounds, as well as the biological activity of honey and propolis.

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF ANTHRACNOSE IN AVOCADO (Persea americana Mill.) IN DONATO GUERRA, MEXICO

Anthracnose is a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. that affects the avocado (Persea americana Mill.) crop and causes significant economic losses in the farming sector. To focus control measures, it is important to understand the spatial distribution and the dynamics followed by the disease under field conditions. The use of methods derived from spatial statistics facilitates this task. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial behavior of anthracnose in Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass in Donato Guerra, a municipality in the State of Mexico, Mexico, using a geostatistical and spatial analysis by distance indices. Four hundred trees were selected and georeferenced in the municipal area. In order to measure the incidence, 48 fruits were selected from every tree. Using these data, the experimental semivariogram was estimated, and adjustments were made to models that explain the spatial arrangement. Maps were created using ordinary kriging, and the infection area was estimated. The maps generated show the presence of aggregation centers and a spatial distribution mostly fitting Gaussian and exponential models, with ranges fluctuating between 12 and 56 m, indicating spatial association between data. Likewise, the greatest percentage of infected areas was 98 %, while the lowest was 45 %. Geostatistics enables a precise understanding of the distribution patterns of diseases such as anthracnose in avocado-growing areas of the State of Mexico, which facilitates the implementation of integrated management programs with greater effectiveness.

Molecular Detection of Coxiella burnetii in Vaginal Swab Samples from Sheep That Aborted.

Background: Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular bacterium, is the etiological agent of Q fever in humans and one of the causes of abortion in small ruminants. Although coxiellosis is considered an exotic disease, there are a few reports in Mexico. Methods: The objective of this work was to determine the presence of C. burnetii DNA in vaginal samples from sheep that presented abortion and ram semen. A total of 180 vaginal exudate samples and 20 semen samples were obtained from five Central and Southern States of Mexico. Total DNA was extracted from vaginal swabs and C. burnetii was identified by PCR amplification and sequencing of the IS1111 insertion sequence. Results and Conclusion: In total, 110 (110/180) vaginal samples and 12 (12/20) semen samples were positive for C. burnetii. This is the first report of C. burnetii in sheep that aborted and in ram semen in Mexico.

Modeling Sea Level Rise Using Ensemble Techniques: Impacts on Coastal Adaptation, Freshwater Ecosystems, Agriculture and Infrastructure

Sea level rise (SLR) is a crucial indicator of climate change, primarily driven by greenhouse gas emissions and the subsequent increase in global temperatures. The impact of SLR, however, varies regionally due to factors such as ocean bathymetry, resulting in distinct shifts across different areas compared to the global average. Understanding the complex factors influencing SLR across diverse spatial scales, along with the associated uncertainties, is essential. This study focuses on the East Coast of the United States and Gulf of Mexico, utilizing historical SLR data from 1993 to 2023. To forecast SLR trends from 2024 to 2103, a weighted ensemble model comprising SARIMAX, LSTM, and exponential smoothing models was employed. Additionally, using historical greenhouse gas data, an ensemble of LSTM models was used to predict real-time SLR values, achieving a testing loss of 0.005. Furthermore, conductance and dissolved oxygen (DO) values were assessed for the entire forecasting period, leveraging forecasted SLR trends to evaluate the impacts on marine life, agriculture, and infrastructure.

Microbiological quality of marketed fish and shrimp in San Luis Mextepec in the State of Mexico, Mexico.

Objectivo: Análisis de productos comunes de la pesca y de amplia comercialización en zona popular de la población de San Luis Mextepec en el estado de México; afín de determinar el peligro y potencial de riesgo a la salud por consumo de estos productos. Diseño/metodologia/enfoque: Se realizó la colecta de muestras de filete de pescado y camarón entero en pescaderías disponibles de la zona popular de comercialización de alimentos acuáticos en San Luis Mextepec en el estado de México cada semana durante un mes, evaluando su calidad microbiológica consistente en mesófilos aerobios, coliformes totales, Salmonella, hongos y levaduras. Resultados: El análisis de mesofilos aerobios en pescado y camarón indicó que no sobrepasaron los limites permisibles de la norma oficial sanitaria, mientras que coliformes en pescado el 100% de las muestras y en camarón el 50% sobrepasaron el límite permisible. Para hongos en pescado y camarón presentaron recuentos que oscilaban entre 8 y 2150 CFU/g, mientras que para levaduras los valores oscilaron entre 95 y 1010 CFU/g. Finalmente en el análisis de Salmonella spp., el 50% de muestras de pescado y camarón dieron positiva a la presencia del patógeno infringiendo el límite sanitario e indicando un riesgo a la salud para consumidores. Limitaciones/implicaciones: Este estudio debe replicarse en otras épocas del año ya que el tipo y grado de contaminación en pescados y camarones puede variar influyendo en los peligros microbiológicos y riesgo a la salud de consumidores. Conclusiones: El análisis microbiológico de pescado y camarón comercializado indicó la presencia de contaminación microbiológica que influye en su calidad e inocuidad convirtiéndose en un peligro y riesgo a la salud de consumidores.

Waiting for a Liver Transplant in New Mexico; Understanding the State's Multi-layered Adversity.

Contrary to the assumption of consistent medical care for patients with specific illnesses in the United States, research reveals vast inconsistencies and inequalities in healthcare delivery, affecting various aspects such as mental illness diagnosis and management, life expectancy differences, overall mortality rates, and healthcare accessibility due to racial, ethnic, and cultural disparities. Liver transplantation, particularly studied in the context of the state of New Mexico (NM), highlights the multilayered inherent disadvantages faced by its citizens. Despite these challenges, the new liver transplantation allocation system implemented by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) in 2020, which focuses on geographic concentric circles rather than donor service areas (DSA), cautiously raises hope for reducing these inequities. The future of decades' worth of adversity remains uncertain, but we are optimistic that New Mexicans' systemic difficulty in getting a new liver would eventually be eased.

Tax colletion and the use of ICT through the referenced payment: the perspective of taxpayers in Texcoco, State of Mexico, in 2019

In Mexico, the Tax Administration has committed to the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to avoid tax evasion and avoidance, which is why the Mexican government has proposed an information system to comply with tax obligations. This work aimed to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of a new system called Referenced Payment. 110 taxpayers in the municipality of Texcoco, State of Mexico, were surveyed through directed sampling. The type of research was basic and the research approach was mixed and descriptive. SPSS software version 15.0 for Windows was used to systematize and analyze the data collected in the surveys. The results show a positive acceptance by taxpayers despite being a system that changed the way in which, for many decades, calculations and payments had been made to the treasury in Mexico.