Kashmir State Research Articles

POJK: Distinguishing myth from reality

To Pakistan, Pakistan-Occupied Jammu and Kashmir is not a pride, but a possession, and obsession over possession only brings discussion. India has a great deal to do for it and the world at large…….. The ill-fated regions of Gilgit, Baltistan, Mirpur, Skardu, Ghizer, Tangir, Diamer, and other such territories, which is, in reality, a part of the State of Jammu and Kashmir under the Indian territory, has been under the ravishment and aggressive control of the Pakistan for almost the past 7 decades. The Republic of India, an emerging global leader for peace in the international arena having faith in the belief – “Ahimsa Parmo Dharma”, has always been cautious and considerate about the lives of the humankind. The myths revolving around the word “PoK” at the commonplace, the historical background for the never-ending claim of Pakistan in regard with, and the repeated violations of the various charters, international conventions and covenants has been tried to put in pieces. The paper also takes into account the provisions of Geneva Protocol, the roleplay of UNO, and the bi-lateral agreements that has been mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. The various instances of human rights violations and tortures as reported through various channels of media communication has been briefly discussed herewith.

Drug abuse in North Kashmir - An experience from a drug de-addiction center.

The history of substance abuse is as old as mankind itself. Easy transit of drugs across the state of Jammu and Kashmir is facilitated due to its geographical location. A descriptive study was carried out among individuals with substance use disorders in a de-addiction center in Northern Kashmir from August 2017 to July 2018. The study sample included all patients with substance use disorders attending the de-addiction center. Inclusion criteria: Individuals using substances attending the de-addiction center where the study was carried out were included in the study. Exclusion criteria: Individuals using substances attending the de-addiction center and not willing to participate were excluded from the study. A semi-structured pretested questionnaire was utilized as the study tool. Excel sheet and SPSS version 23 were used for data analysis. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional ethical committee. The mean (SD) age of patients was 29.58 years (8.8) ranging from 10 to 62 years and all were males. The commonest age of onset for substance use was between 11 and 20 years (56%). Nicotine abuse was the most common substance in our study. Peer pressure (52.8%) was the most common reason for drug dependence, followed by relief from negative symptoms on abstinence (29.6%). There is a worrying trend of the early age of initiation into substance use disorders. Since more youth are becoming engaged in substance use, it is important to evolve and apply preventive, curative, and rehabilitative strategies before it is too late.

Scientific and Intellectual Aspects of Urdu Ghazal in the State of Jammu and Kashmir: A Historical Analysis of the Poetry of "Bashir Sarafi"

Scientific and Intellectual Aspects of Urdu Ghazal in the State of Jammu and Kashmir: A Historical Analysis of the Poetry of "Bashir Sarafi"

Weightage to Kashmir and Kashmir Issue in Curriculum: An Analysis of Syllabus Taught at School Level in Azad Jammu And Kashmir

This study (content analysis) was conducted to analyze the curriculum taught at school level in the state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K) to know the weightage of contents on Kashmir and Kashmir issue in the curriculum/syllabus. The entire syllabus taught at elementary and secondary levels in AJ&K were reviewed by the researchers. Besides this, all those who have relevant experienced and also have master degree in Urdu, English, History, Pakistan Studies and Kashmiriat were population of the study. Only textbooks published by AJ&K Text Book Board of four subjects (Urdu, English, History and Pakistan Study) taught at elementary and secondary levels were reviewed. Nine (09) experts were selected as a sample of the study to seek their opinion. Self-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. It was found that Kashmir and Kashmir issue were not given due weightage in the curriculum of elementary and secondary levels of education. Majority of the experts suggested that curriculum may be revised and minimum three lessons may be included in primary level text books. Separate book about Kashmir and Kashmir issue may be introduced at middle and secondary levels.

Economics and Production Pattern of Maize Crop under Rainfed Conditions in the Jammu Region of Jammu & Kashmir State

Economics and Production Pattern of Maize Crop under Rainfed Conditions in the Jammu Region of Jammu & Kashmir State

Digital entrepreneurship and emancipation: exploring the nexus in a conflict zone

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the emergence of digital entrepreneurship in a conflict environment to explore the emancipatory potential of digital technology in a rare context. The purpose of this paper is to take a micro-level investigation of digital entrepreneurs operating in a violent in-conflict area.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis is based on multiple case studies from a violent conflict zone in India. This study used interview data from 10 digital entrepreneurs from the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Field data was collected with progressive rounds of interviews with the entrepreneurs, supplemented by published statistics and secondary data sources, and analysis was done with the help of qualitative data analysis software NVivo.FindingsThe context directed entrepreneurial behaviour and the motivation to start digital ventures. Entrepreneurs realized the potential of technology but its successful use was contingent upon their social positionalities. The digital entrepreneurial engagement of the entrepreneurs is classified into four dimensions: social digital entrepreneurship; business entrepreneurship; knowledge entrepreneurship; and institutional entrepreneurship.Originality/valueThe findings of the study contribute to the digital entrepreneurship literature by illustrating how a rare context influences venturing into technology sectors. The study advances the creative technology use, these in-conflict entrepreneurs with their existing resources maneuvered to create socially ingrained digital ventures. The study provides evidence to “conditional emancipation” attributable to digital entrepreneurship owing to the conflictual context in question.

An Analysis of Historical and Political Evolution of Kashmir State

The innocent people of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) continuously struggled for the protection of their lives. In most of the areas which are under the administrative control of Indian Military, the survival of Kashmiris is becoming more challenging due to the imposed social, political and economic sanctions posed by the Indian government. The first part of this paper examines the historical legacy of Kashmir and the middle of the paper attempts to highlight how the people are demanding their rights as well as freedom from the Indian troops. Even thou, the international media has highlighted and unveiled the true picture of Indian brutality and the open murder of Kashmiri public. But, unfortunately the world community is still salient and watching the cruel actions taken by the Indian forces in the valley. Overall, this paper attempts to highlight the analytical approach about the history, status, equity and struggle of freedom of the Kashmiris.

INDIA-PAKISTAN RELATIONS AFTER ABROGATION OF ARTICLES 370 AND 35A

This research paper talks about the abrogation of article 370 and article 35A of the Indian constitution.Article 370 and 35A talks about special status to resident of Jammu and Kashmir. Government of India abrogation the enforcement of article 370 of the constitutions, which since 1950 has autonomy to the special state of Jammu and Kashmir. This paper will analyze political contrast in the narratives of political oppositions and supporters and how to each side discursively the abrogation to legitimatize their respective versions of reality.The Central objective of this paper is to discuss about India-Pakistan relations after abrogation of article 370 and 35A also it is studies reactions from affected areas leaders and reactions in India and neighbour’s countries. This paper also analysis social, trade, bilateral relatiuons, cultural relations and political implications of abrogation of article 370.

Evaluating the Influence of Consumer Demographics on Online Purchase Intention: An E-Tail Perspective

The article is aimed to investigate the influence of an individual’s demographic characteristics such as gender, age, income, marital status and family type on online purchase intention. For accomplishing objectives, the study has adopted a survey by questionnaire methodology for collection of data from a sample of 234 respondents in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Quota sampling technique was adopted for drawing a sample from a population of consumers with some experience and knowledge about online shopping. Hypothesis testing was performed by employing multivariate regression. The results depict that there exists a significant difference in the perception of consumers across various groups of gender, age, marital status and family structures towards online purchase intention. Young, male consumers who are single were found to have a higher score for e-shopping intention than old, female-married consumers. Further consumers belonging to joint families were found to have a positive intention towards online shopping than nuclear family consumers. Online retailers can apply present research findings to renovate their business operations, consumer support services and marketing tactics. Positioning and segmentation strategies require clear understanding about consumer’s needs, characteristic and requirements. Demographic characteristics of an individual have scarcely been studied in the internet shopping literature. Therefore, it is crucial to understand various drivers which compel Indian consumers to shop online in order to frame various marketing strategies that cater their changing needs.

Education Scenario in India: Conflict-Ridden States of Jammu and Kashmir (Pre-370 Abrogation) And the North-East

Conflict impinges on the every-day lives of those impacted. It slowly creeps into the vital institutions of the society and withers away the system’s ability to absorb its ill-effects further and as a result, the system sometimes breaks down completely. The deep impact conflict has on the educational institutions can be gauged from the fact that in the ongoing conflicts around the world, educational institutions have deliberately been targeted. Not only this, education as a whole is also impacted by the displacements and migrations forcing many students to drop out of the system losing a lifetime opportunity of bringing positive changes in their lives. The state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) has been witnessing the situations of conflict for the last few decades and as a result, border skirmishes are frequent which forces the communities to flee for safety away from their native places. A similar kind of situation, but with a different nature, exists in the North-Eastern states of India. The conflict there has been ethnic in nature and adversely impacts the education. This article is an attempt to study the interplay of conflict and education in the conflict-ridden states in India and to put forward a comparative analysis.

STUDY ON MARKETING PATTERN OF APPLE CULTIVATION IN KASHMIR VALLEY, INDIA

An attempt has been made in this paper to evaluate the price spread of apple in the state of Jammu and Kashmir; the study is confined to Baramulla and Pulwama district with 35 growers, who were selected randomly from six selected villages considered to collect the required information. The primary data were collected from the apple growers through personal interview method with the help of well prepared pre tested schedule for the year 2019-20. For the present study 4 marketing channel were identified for the transaction of apple i.e.; Producer - Aratiya - Wholesale - Retailer - Consumer; Producer - Pre-harvest Contractor - Wholesaler - Retailer - Consumer, Producer - Post-harvest - Contractor -Wholesaler - Retailer - Consumer and Producer - Commission Agent - Wholesaler – Retailer - Consumer. Thus it can be concluded that the apple business in Kashmir is more remunerative. This enterprise is not only profitable and financially viable but also provides employment to large number of people in the valley area. The area and production of the apple is increasing at the fast rate, but the various defects of the existing marketing system results in the least share to the producer. Net return from the apple business can further be increased if the problems and defects of existing marketing system as stated above are taken care of. It can also be concluded that apple growing is more beneficial on all producers.

Http://habibiaislamicus.com/index.php/hirj/article/view/192

This research paper examines the attitude of People’s Republic of China towards Kashmir conflict. Chinese leaders have been evolving their own strategy towards the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Chinese concentration was focused basically to oppose the United States and the United Kingdom in the United Nations. Even when the Soviet Union began to favour the Indian stand, China remained neutral. China cooperated with Pakistan in every field including the Kashmir issue but the United States, Soviet Union and the Western block opposed Chinese efforts in the United Nations. That’s why China remained unsuccessful in resolving the Kashmir dispute.

KASHMIR POLITICAL LANDSCAPE AND CHANGE IN PAKISTAN’S POLICY

Kashmir was a princely state, outside the orbit of the united India two major political parties; All India Muslim League and All India National Congress. The level of political mobilisation was considerably lower than in the India’s mainland. However this political isolation was eventually broken by a youth group, the Young Men’s Muslim Association, spearheaded by a school teacher and charismatic leader Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah, graduated from the celebrated institution, the Aligarh Muslim University, created All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference (MC) in October 1932. It major objective was to liberate Jammu and Kashmir from the tyranny of the Maharaja Hari Sing. Later on, the politics of united India extended to the state of Jammu and Kashmir. National Conference with its socialist leaning was inclined toward the Indian National Congress due to its ideological affinity and personal relationship (Sheikh Abdullah and Nehru were friends). Whereas

Nutritional Diversity and Antioxidant Activity of Two Indigenous Quince Ecotypes from Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Quince fruit is mostly used to produce functional products. Recently, the value of this crop has increased due to demand as industrial raw material. The state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and specifically Rawalakot, District Poonch, is blessed with climatic conditions which are very much suitable for quince production, and therefore, a huge plantation could be found in wild. In this regard, this study was designed to collect two different accessions of quince (apple-shaped quince (ASQ) and pear-shaped quince (PSQ)) from three different locations (Dhamni (elevation: 5431 ft), Shamsabad (elevation: 5374 ft), and Drake (elevation: 3378 ft)) of Rawalakot, District Poonch, and analyze their physicochemical and mineral nutrients of fruit and the soil. Correlation coefficients were established pairwise. Results showed that physicochemical nutrients were significantly ( P ≤ 0.05 ) higher in ASQ fruits as compared with PSQ fruits. Further, fruits collected from location at higher elevation (Dhamni) showed better results as compared with fruits collected from lower elevations. Moreover, increased amount of nitrogen contents in the soil resulted in increased fruit weight. Similarly, fruit quality indices and bioactive compounds showed a positive correlation with the increased soil nutrient contents. These prediction models for quality of quince could be useful in guiding plant nutrition status and for enhancing fruit production in this region.

Ethnobotanical and Biochemical Study of Berberis lycium Royle Collected from Different Areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

Berberis lycium Royle has a long history of medicinal uses to treat different diseases. It naturally grows on the mountains of Indian subcontinent. Its ethnobotanical and biochemical study from the state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K) was not previously explored. So, the objective of the current study was to explore the ethnobotanical and biochemical properties of the B. lycium Royle population of AJ&K. For this purpose, samples of B. lycium Royle were randomly collected from five districts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, including thirty-five locations. Demographic features of informants such as plant part used, methods of preparation, modes of administration, conservation status, and ethnomedicinal uses were documented. It was used for treating different diseases such as diabetes, arthritis, joint pain, and stomach ulcer. This plant is very famous for providing medicinal roots, leaves, and fruits which are extensively used in many parts of the world. The biochemical analysis was conducted for total phenolic contents (TPC), chlorophyll contents, and antioxidant activity. The highest level of TPC found was 88.66 ± 1.07 µg/g of gallic acid equivalent phenolic (GAE) from leaves collected from Patikka (Chanjhal), Muzaffarabad District, AJ&K. The highest total chlorophyll contents (3.75 ± 0.53 µg/ml) were found in samples collected from Sathrian, Neelum District. The highest antioxidant activity with lowest IC50 value (33.26 µg/ml) was obtained from the root of sample collected from Bakreyali, Muzaffarabad District, as compared with other districts. The concentration of berberine was found to be 4.76 percent in the root bark of B. lycium Royle, estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In syrup composition, 0.95 mg/5 ml of berberine was used. Hence, it is concluded that amongst the five districts, the plant parts (stem, fruits, and root) collected from Muzaffarabad District, AJ&K, showed the highest medicinal potential due to its unique climatic conditions.

Rethinking South Asian Media Historiography: Excavating Princely India’s Media Cultures with Reference to Jammu and Kashmir State

This article, while attempting to rethink the media historiography of South Asia, traces the early origins of press systems in princely India. Focusing on Jammu and Kashmir state, it offers an assessment of socio-political and historical factors which contributed to the trajectory of growth of the press in the state while tracing its relationship with the princely politics, indigenous politico-religious movements, and the British colonial state vis-a-vis an emerging colonial public. The larger aim of the article is to shift focus to media cultures of princely India and bring them onto the centre stage of postcolonial historiography. We argue that such a study of the press systems—which existed in princely states but have hitherto remained a neglected subject—will not only complement the current understanding of postcolonial media studies but substantially offer an alternative reading of the dominant discourse within postcolonial studies. The article maps the webs of patronages, loyalities, struggles and resistance that marked the coming of the periodical press in the state and how they differently shaped its practices, aspirations and outcomes.

China’s Kashmir policy since the mid-2010s: ramifications of CPEC and India’s Kashmir reorganization

ABSTRACT Since the mid-2010s, China’s policy toward the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan has shifted away from its traditional contours, where Beijing distanced itself from the dispute and acted as a mere development partner in the Pakistan-controlled territory. Although the much-hyped China–Pakistan Economic Corridor itself did not significantly change the nature of China’s development and economic activities in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, after its launch in 2015, Beijing signaled its willingness to take a mediator role, conducted activities entailing the employment of the PLA in the area, and even nudged Islamabad to take steps that would affect the geographical scope of the Kashmir sovereignty question. Then, in the wake of India’s announcement of the abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution and the reorganization of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in August 2019, China’s Kashmir policy further drifted away from its traditional line. References to the United Nations Security Council resolutions on Kashmir reemerged in China’s public statements and Beijing took diplomatic actions to support Pakistan’s bid to internationalize the Kashmir issue. As a result, China’s Kashmir policy has been turning into a serious source of friction in Sino–Indian relations.

Indian-Pakistani Border: Historical Development and Contemporary Principles of Reconciling Contradictions

The article is devoted to the study of the issue of the historical foundations of the existing border conflicts between India and Pakistan and the latest efforts of these two states and the international community in relation of resolving them. The roots of the existing Indian-Pakistani border conflicts go back to the time when India was a part of British colonial empire. To a decisive extent, such conflicts were a consequence of the British authority’s policy, which, in an effort to weaken the liberation movement in India, incited enmity between the largest ethno-religious groups of the population – Hindus and Muslims. This policy eventually led to the formation of two separate neighboring states – India and Pakistan, and these countries inherited numerous border conflicts. The largest among them is Kashmir, due to the gap of this territory between India and Pakistan. For several decades, the state of Jammu and Kashmir, according to Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, had a special status and broad autonomy.However, the Indian government, headed by N. Modi, eliminated this special status by removing this article from the country’s constitution in August 2019.
 Over the past year, under the influence of serious geopolitical changes in the Indo-Pacific region and South Asia, the government of N. Modi initiated a return to the consideration of the status of the former state of Jammu and Kashmir, and also seeks to develop an updated format for his stay in India. On June 25, 2021 the prime minister of India held an important meeting with a group of prominent politicians from Kashmir, which was the first public event by the Indian government after the liquidation of the Kashmir autonomy. During the meeting, a number of issues were discussed about the preparation for the future elections in the region. N. Modi described the meeting as “an important step towards increasing efforts in the development and progress of the territory of Jammu and Kashmir”.

The Right to Education Act, 2009 in India after a decade: appraising achievements and exploring unkept promises

ABSTRACT The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 (hereinafter referred to as the RTE Act, 2009) came into effect since 1st April 2010, pursuant to the 86th Amendment to the Constitution of India (2002), which promises elementary education as a fundamental right. It makes legally binding on the State to ensure free and compulsory education to all children of the age of 6–14 years all over India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The 1st April 2020 marked the decadal anniversary of the RTE Act. The present study aims to examine the achievements and gaps in the implementation of the Act after a decade, with the objectives of gaining insights into the major hindrances towards its successful implementation, with a future roadmap based upon the recurring challenges.

Substance Abuse And Mental Health Disorder Among The Youth Living In Conflict Environment

Background: Substance abuse and mental health issue in conflicted environment zones is a major public health concern. Exposure to the climate of terrorism and conflict has been inextricably linked with growing phenomenon of mental health disorder and substance abuse. State of Jammu and Kashmir has witnessed long conflict for the past few decades, resulted disastrous consequence on the lives of population. Studies in this regard have been remained neutral to study conflict and psychiatric disorder and its association with substance abuse. Aims: The main aim of the study is to explore the link between substance abuse and mental health disorders among the people living in conflict zone of Kashmir. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in various departments of Counseling and Mental Health Assessments Clinic Centre in districts and sub district government hospitals in Kashmir region. For this study, 240 patients has selected through the purposive sampling of non-probability method. The interview schedule was main research tools used for this study. Results: The findings of the study indicate that people living in the conflict affected region are more vulnerable to develop mental health disorder like depression, anxiety and stress consequently leads them to induce in substance abuse behaviour. The study examines there is close association between mental health disorder and use of harmful substance such as, depressants drugs, opioid, cannabis and non-medicinal prescription of drugs. Further the study also found that harmful substances are mainly used to relieve the psychological disorder. Moreover the study finds that exposure of conflict related incidents such as socio-economic challenges; unemployment, family problem, killings, property destruction, torture and detention are the main cause of psychological disorder. Conclusion: There is a substantial relationship between the prevalence of psychological disorders and substance abuse in a conflict setting. When dealing with a population exposed to violence and terrorism, special attention should be paid to the detection, prevention, and treatment of these illnesses.