Jalisco Research Articles

First detection of orchid fleck virus in orchids in Mexico.

For the first time, an isolate of the dichorhavirus orchid fleck virus (OFV, family Rhabdoviridae) was found infecting an orchid plant in Mexico. The infected sample of Epidendrum veroscriptum was collected in a nursery in Lagunillas, municipality of Zihuateutla, Edo. Puebla. Mites gathered on this plant were analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy, which consistently indicated the presence of adults of the species Brevipalpus californicus, the common vector of OFV. Viral identification was based on symptoms, cytopathology, and reverse transcriptase-PCR/sequencing of genome fragments of the RNA1 and 2 molecules. Since isolates of OFV causing citrus leprosis have been previously detected in the Mexican states of Chiapas, Querétaro, and Jalisco, we promote a pertinent discussion and thought-provoking questions regarding the epidemiology and putative evolution of OFV.

Retraction to: Molecular phylogenetic and taxonomic status of the large-eared desert shrewNotiosorex evotis(Eulipotyphla: Soricidae), with the designation of a neotype

Abstract Notiosorex is the only genus of shrews in North America with particular adaptations for arid habitats such as deserts. Five species currently are recognized in the genus, one of which, Notiosorex evotis, lives in deciduous rain forest from northern Sinaloa to the state of Jalisco in Mexico. Notiosorex evotis originally was described as a subspecies of N. crawfordi; however, it was recently proposed as a valid species based on a discriminant function analysis of craniodental characters. Morphological differentiation between N. evotis populations and sympatric occurrences with N. crawfordi in northern Sinaloa have been recognized. Here, we used a phylogenetic analysis of a mitochondrial gene (Cytb; 1,140 bp) and the nuclear beta-fibrinogen intron 7 (β-fib I7; 385 bp), as well as cranial geometric morphometrics, to assess the taxonomic status of N. evotis. We found sequences of N. evotis forming two main subclades: one that includes the populations of the state of Sinaloa, the other including populations of Nayarit and Jalisco. The boundaries between the two groups seem to be related to the ecotonal cline between the Pacific Lowlands province and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt province, which acts as a geographical barrier. The discriminant function analysis revealed clear differences in skull shape between the three species of Notiosorex to the northwest of its distribution. Considering these multiple lines of evidence from our data set, we confirm that N. evotis is a monotypic species. Our results suggest that geometric morphometrics can be used successfully to identify sibling species by shape, especially in groups where determination by craniodental measurements is not possible.

How does a populist government interpret and face a health crisis? Evidence from the Mexican populist response to COVID-19

Abstract In 2020, governments were faced with addressing the health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, without certainty about what would work best to reduce the health crisis without ruining the economy. Through all the uncertainty, national governments based their responses to COVID-19 on beliefs and political ideas, which was reflected on the diversity of the responses: liberal, authoritarian, centralized, decentralized, transparent, or opaque. In this article we focus on one of these responses, populism, and seek to understand how populist beliefs drive bureaucratic actions taken by a populist government to handle the health crisis. We conducted a comparative case study between the Mexican populist federal government and the non-populist Jalisco state government. Our findings suggest that the administrative actions chosen by the Mexican populist government were based on negative beliefs towards expert scientific knowledge from outside the government; a disinterest in searching for more information from distant or unfamiliar sources; and a strengthening of flagship programs as the main way to address the upcoming economic crisis. We also found that the Mexican government shows a peculiar manifestation of populism, which we refer as downsizing populism. Our article advances our understanding about how populism may affect the form and function of bureaucracies.

Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds from Mexican Oregano (Lippia graveolens HBK) Hydroethanolic Extracts and Evaluation of Its Antioxidant Capacity

Plants have been used for thousands of years for various purposes because they have a wide variety of activities with biological significance. Mexican oregano is an aromatic plant of great importance to Mexico and north of Jalisco state as a spice with important economic value. Chromatographic identification and quantification of phenolic compounds and evaluation of their antioxidant activity were important tools to obtain a better characterization of this spice. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, triterpenes, saponins, quinones and tannins, the latter at high concentrations. Through chromatographic assays of Mexican oregano extracts, 62 compounds were identified, the major ones being quantified as: taxifolin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, phlorizin, eriodictyol, quercetin, naringenin, hispidulin, pinocembrin, galangin and genkwanin (compound for the first time reported for this species). The results can be useful as a precedent to establish the bases of new quality characterization parameters and they have also suggested that Mexican oregano contains a wide variety of compounds with untapped importance for the development of new high value-added products.

La población en riesgo y la calidad del agua al sur de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara (Jalisco, México)

El presente artículo muestra la problemática ambiental al sur de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara, en el Estado de Jalisco, México. El objetivo es conocer las afectaciones ambientales en que se encuentran los habitantes de este territorio. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y hemerográfica de los distintos estudios de calidad de agua superficial, efectuados por parte de autoridades estatales, universidades y organizaciones no gubernamentales, enfocados al arroyo y presa El Ahogado. Además, se hizo una proyección socio espacial de los habitantes que están expuestos a los contaminantes en el agua superficial: bario, cromo, hierro, mercurio y zinc. El Estado ha tenido conocimiento de la degradación ambiental desde hace 40 años. Esto nos habla de una re-victimización del espacio socioambiental: la industria no ha sido sancionada, el crecimiento urbano es desordenado y las exigencias de la población en materia de salud no han sido atendidas.

Heavy-metal resistance mechanisms developed by bacteria from Lerma-Chapala basin.

Heavy-metal (HM) contamination is a huge environmental problem in many countries including Mexico. Currently, microorganisms with multiple heavy-metal resistance and/or plant-promoting characteristics have been widely used for bioremediation of HM-contaminated soils. The aim of the study was isolated bacteria with multiple heavy-metal resistance and to determinate the resistance mechanism developed by these organisms. A total of 138 aerobic bacteria were isolated from soil and sediments surrounding the Lerma-Chapala basin located in the boundary of the States of Michoacán and Jalisco states of Mexico. One hundred and eight strains showed at least 1 plant growth-promoting features. The Lerma-Chapala basin bacteria were also resistant to high concentrations of HMs including the metalloid arsenic. Sequence analysis of 16S RNA genes reveled that these bacteria were mainly affiliated to the phyla Proteobacteria (38%), Firmicutes (31%) and Actinobacteria (25%), covering 21 genera with Bacillus as the most abundant one. Among them, at least 27 putative novel species were detected in the genera Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Agrobacterium, Dyadobacter, Enterobacter, Exiguobacterium, Kluyvera, Micrococcus, Microbacterium and Psychrobacter. In addition, these bacteria developed various heavy-metal-resistance mechanisms, such as biosorption/bioaccumulation, immobilization and detoxification. Therefore, the bacteria isolated from soils and sediments of Lerma-Chapala basin could be used in bioremediation strategies.

"La Brecha quedo abierta”: Soledad de Orozco Ávila y el activismo femenino en México

¿Cómo una sociedad conservadora y religiosa de la región de Los Altos, escenario privilegiado de la Cristiada en el estado mexicano de Jalisco, vio nacer y produjo una mujer revolucionaria, anticlerical, anarcosindicalista y libre pensadora?, según ella se autodefinía mientras ayudaba a crear una de las secciones de la Casa del Obrero Mundial, en 1924. La Cristiada fue un movimiento armado en los años 20, entre el gobierno y las milicias de católicos que resistían a la legislación y políticas públicas.
 Partiendo de esa problemática propongo una aproximación, desde la Historia Cultural, a la vida y activismo político y social de Soledad de Ávila Orozco, también pionera del sufragio femenino en México, cuando se postuló en 1937 como candidata independiente para diputada local, en el estado de Guanajuato. Ganó, con un amplio margen de votos, pero como había previsto, no le permitieron desempeñar el cargo. Tampoco era eso lo importante, según decía, y sí “abrir brecha y sentar un precedente”. ¿Sus electores? Eran de las más diferentes filiaciones e ideologías, desde católicos, anticlericales y anarquistas, pero, principalmente, miembros del Frente Único Pro-Derechos de la Mujer, del que Soledad Ávila Orozco será una de las fundadoras. Siguió luchando hasta los 84 años, cuando murió en 1985.

Correlation between axial length, anterior chamber depth, and other biometric measurements with iol master 700 in normal eyes, short eyes, long eyes, and extremely long eyes in latin american population

Background: Several studies have shown the correlation between ocular biometry with refractive errors. Since these parameters can be influenced by race, ethnicity, and genetics, their differences between different populations can probably explain the differences in refractive errors. We present the biometric values measured in 431 eyes with normal, short, long, and extremely long axial length (AL) from the Latin American population. Patients and Methods: All eye measurements were performed using optical biometry with IOL Master and stratified according to AL and anterior chamber depth (ACD) and evaluated in relation to each other. Symmetry between right eye (RE) and left eye (LE) was also analyzed. Setting: The study was conducted at Private practice, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Results: ACD, white-to-white (WTW), and average keratometries (K) increase as AL increases in normal, short, and long eyes, but this correlation is not maintained in extremely long eyes. Most of the short eyes and eyes with normal AL have a normal ACD, but most of the long and extremely long eyes have an ACD >2.5 mm. In normal and short eyes, the AL and WTW are symmetric in both eyes, but in long and extremely long eyes, there are significant differences between RE and LE. ACD is symmetric in RE and LE regardless of AL. Conclusions: The importance of the ocular biometry in Latin American eyes relies on clarifying the assumptions of biometric measurements commonly used in various areas of ophthalmology including intraocular lens calculation formulas.

Influencias climáticas, regionales y cantidad de cría en el comportamiento higiénico de Apis mellifera

The hygienic behavior of honeybees (Apis mellífera) is a mechanism highly influenced by genetic effects that confers resistance against diseases and parasites. The objective of this study was to determine whether climatic, regional and brood quantity influences are related to hygienic behavior in beehives in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. A total of 142 colonies were evaluated by freezing pupae with liquid nitrogen in two climatic zones (mountain and valley). Colonies located in the municipalities of the low zone removed significantly more frozen brood than the colonies located in the municipalities of the higher zone (p 80%). This degree of cleanliness is acceptable for initiating selective breeding projects for highly hygienic bees to improve colony health, which would benefit the beekeeping industry.

A new species of Austinixa Heard and Manning 1997 (Decapoda: Pinnotheridae) and new records of A. felipensis (Glassell, 1935) from the Mexican Pacific

Abstract A new species of the pinnotherid crab genus Austinixa from La Cruz de Huanacaxtle, Nayarit, Mexico is described. The new species is closely related to Austinixa roblesi Palacios Theil and Felder, 2020, however these can be distinguished mainly by the shape of the male pleon and telson, gonopod and chelae. In addition, four new records of distribution of Austinixa felipensis Glassell, 1935 are added. The species is known previously from the type locality to the north of the Gulf of California and the Pacific coast of El Salvador and Nicaragua. The new collection sites are located on the eastern coast of the Gulf of California and the states of Nayarit and Jalisco, Mexico.

Prototipo para el análisis del crecimiento vehicular y de estaciones de monitoreo atmosférico

There is a universal recognition of the importance and need to establish more ambitious and effective climate actions in all the sectors involved; government, private sector and society with the aim of acting together to decrease and stop the increase in global temperature in the present century and thereby avoid devastating and irremediable effects on climate change. In this sense, the implementation of atmospheric monitoring systems has made it possible to identify the emissions of particulate and polluting gases directly related to gasoline and diesel engine vehicles; therefore, the objective of this project is to design a prototype system for mobile devices with the Android operating system, which allows projecting the increase or decrease of polluting gases using statistical data on vehicle growth and atmospheric monitoring stations in the State of Jalisco, Mexico, therefore it constitutes a valuable technological tool whose main contribution focuses on keeping the population informed about the importance of the reduction of contaminants that can deteriorate health.

Potential Distribution of Plestiodon copei (Squamata: Scincidae), an Endemic and Threatened Lizard of Mexico

Species distribution models are increasingly important in herpetological studies of spatial ecology and conservation. In this paper, we estimate the potential distribution of an endemic and threatened Mexican lizard, Plestiodon copei. The presence of this skink was estimated using the maximum entropy algorithm, and the most relevant environmental variables for the model were identified. Additionally, the specialization of the species was evaluated, the coverage of natural protected areas throughout its distribution was estimated, and the priority areas for the conservation of this lizard were delimited. The model shows that the optimum areas of distribution extend from the southeastern state of Jalisco within the Faja Volcanica Transmexicana (FVT) to the limits of the states of Puebla and Veracruz, covering an area of approximately 12,300 km2. The distribution of P. copei was associated with high mountains and temperate forests, ecosystems strongly affected by human activities. The model predicted previously unrecorded populations, some of which were corroborated in the field. It was also found that 53.08% of the species' distribution is within natural protected areas along the FVT. These observations emphasize the urgent need to propose conservation strategies for this endemic lizard and its habitat.

Total Organic Carbon Assessment in Soils Cultivated with Agave tequilana Weber in Jalisco, Mexico

The Agave tequilana Weber is an important commercial crop in the State of Jalisco, Mexico. However, the agave cultivation generates significant soil loss. For that reason, knowledge about the implementation of the agriculture management practices, such as manure application and the combination of inorganic fertilizers and manure, are relevant. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of agricultural management practices on the total organic carbon (TOC) in the soil in three study locations: Arandas, Tepatitlán, and Acatic in the Altos Sur region of Jalisco. A random sampling was carried out in each study location, 12 samples were obtained for each location at 0–30 cm deep, and a total of 36 samples were analyzed. The evaluated parameters were the potential hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density (BD), soil-water saturation (SWS), total nitrogen (TN), and total organic carbon (TOC). Basic statistics and correlations between parameters were generated. In addition, to estimate TOC from a multivariate analysis, models were developed based on the lowest Akaike information criterion (AIC) and of the classification and regression trees (CART). ANOVA and Tukey test were determined. Results demonstrated a significant difference in the TOC percentages between the study locations. The Tukey test showed that there is no difference in TOC content between the Tepatitlán and Arandas sites, but there is a difference between these two sites and the Acatic. The latter resulted with the lowest values of TOC. Long-term studies are recommended to develop crop management strategies.

Condiciones que favorecen la construcción de un ambiente propicio para el aprendizaje de la lectoescritura inicial en niños con dificultad en esta área

The objective of this study was to describe some of the conditions that intervenein the construction of a favorable environment for the teaching of boys and girls withliteracy difficulties. To achieve this, a qualitative study was carried out in a communitycenter in Guadalajara, Jalisco (Mexico). Data were collected through the observation ofthe classes between August 2019 and January 2020. A group of boys and girls -aged 7and 9- received educational support twice a week, as an after-school activity. From theanalysis, it is concluded that the display of the environment, the social organization ofthe classroom, the cooperation among peers, the positive feedback, and thecommunication of the meaning and purpose of the activities act as mediators in thelearning of literacy of boys and girls with said difficulties.Keywords: school environment, learning conditions, reading difficulty, teachingresources.

Resistencia antimicrobiana de Salmonella spp aisladas de canales de cerdo obtenidas de dos tipos de rastros en Jalisco, México

Salmonella es una de las principales bacterias que originan enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. El estudio de la resistencia mostrada por Salmonella a diferentes antimicrobianos ha cobrado importancia en los últimos años debido a las complicaciones en el tratamiento de las infecciones causadas por cepas resistentes. Este estudio muestra el perfil de resistencia de cepas de Salmonella aisladas en dos rastros que se diferencian en los procesos de sacrificio y faenado del ganado porcino. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que el rastro que ha implementado y cumple con los procesos sanitarios de obtención de la carne tiene una menor cantidad de aislamientos de Salmonella (1.3 %), que aquel cuyas prácticas de higiene son menos rigurosas (46.8 %) (P<0.05). Los principales serotipos de Salmonella encontrados fueron London (44.7 %), Anatum (15.8 %), Agona, Muenchen y Typhimurium (7.9 %). La resistencia a los aminoglucósidos (100 %), tetraciclinas (73.7 %) y ciprofloxacina (44.7 %) fueron predominantes en los aislamientos evaluados. El 66.6 % de las cepas evaluadas fueron resistentes a 3 ó 4 clases diferentes de antimicrobianos, y se encontró la presencia del gen que codifica para la integrasa 1. Los resultados muestran que Salmonella ha adquirido diferentes elementos genéticos que la vuelven resistente a diferentes clases de antimicrobianos, complicando el tratamiento de una infección causada por este patógeno. Así mismo, sugieren que la implementación y cumplimiento de los procesos sanitarios de obtención de la carne del ganado porcino disminuyen los aislamientos de Salmonella en las canales.

The invalidity of the wills for lack of suitability of the witnesses. (testaments granted until september 13, 1995)

The Civil Code of the State of Jalisco until 1995 provided for the need for the appearance of three witnesses to the granting of an open public testament (Will); the failure of the witness presen-tation or their suitability was a cause for the probate provision to be null the testa-ment. From the Civil Code which entered into force in September 1995, the legisla-ture abolished the witness requirement, because its presence was not indispens-able, since the notary’s public faith was sufficient, moreover, that many times, death occurred, witnesses were solemni- ty of the content of the will or the abil-ity of the testator, which created legal uncertainty. Thus, a will granted before September 1995 should not be nullified, even if no suitable witnesses were pre-sented, since the requirement has been abolished.

La impulsividad y sistemas BIS/BAS como factores de riesgo para el consumo de drogas en personas privadas de la libertad

El consumo de drogas y la impulsividad se encuentran asociados al comportamiento criminal. Objetivo: determinar el efecto de los sistemas BIS/BAS e impulsividad en el consumo de drogas en personas privadas de la libertad. Muestra: 175 personas privadas de la libertad en una cárcel de mediana seguridad del estado de Jalisco, México. Método: investigación cuantitativa, no experimental, transversal. Instrumentos: escalas BIS/BAS, de impulsividad y cuestionario exprofeso para variables sociodemográficas. Resultados: de la muestra, la media de edad fue de 36, DE = 9, estado civil, 35.4 solteros y 27.7 % concubinato. Escolaridad: 50.3 % educación primaria y 24.6 % educación secundaria. El 68 % reportó consumo de drogas antes de ingresar a reclusión. Las variables de estudio explican el 23.5 % de la varianza del consumo de drogas en personas privadas de la libertad. Las personas que vivieron violencia en la infancia (OR = 4.9) y con autoconcepto impulsivo (OR = 5.09) tienen mayor riesgo de consumo de drogas. Se descarta el efecto del sistema BIS sobre el consumo de drogas en personas privadas de la libertad.

Aechmea novoae (Bromeliaceae, Bromelioideae), a Novelty from the State of Jalisco, Mexico

Aechmea novoae Flores-Arg., López-Ferr. & Espejo, an epiphytic species distributed in the municipalities of Cabo Corrientes, La Huerta, and Puerto Vallarta in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, is described and illustrated. Morphologically, the new taxon resembles A. mexicana Baker and A. lueddemanniana (K. Koch) Brongn. ex Mez. A comparative table, figures, and a distribution map of the three species are included.

Health-Related Factors in Rural and Urban Mexican Adolescents from the State of Jalisco: The HELENA-MEX Study.

Mexico shows a high prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents. Geographical location and cultural environment could play a role in the promotion of healthy lifestyles in terms of physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB) and nutrition. The purpose of this study was to assess rural and urban differences in body composition (BC), physical fitness (PF), PA and nutritional status of adolescents from the state of Jalisco (Mexico). The study involved 469 students aged 13–17 years (55.0% girls) from eight high schools. BC was analyzed by bioimpedance and PF by standardized field tests. Objective measurements of PA and SB were taken in a subsample (n = 240). Energy intake (EI) was calculated from two 24h recalls. Rural residents presented a higher prevalence of overweight, waist circumference, trunk fat mass, regional fat free mass and muscle handgrip strength (all p < 0.05, η2p < 0.06). Cardiorespiratory fitness was similar among participants, whereas urban adolescents showed higher muscle power, speed-agility and flexibility scores (all p < 0.05, η2p < 0.07). Overall lifestyle behavior in urban adolescents was more sedentary (p < 0.05, η2p = 0.11). EI was similar in both locations. In conclusion, rural Mexican adolescents presented a generally lower sedentary behavior and a lower fitness and fatness profile than their urban peers.

Autosomal dominant early onset Alzheimer's disease in the Mexican state of Jalisco: High frequency of the mutation PSEN1 c.1292C>A and phenotypic profile of patients.

Mutations in three genes (APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2) are the main cause of the autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD-EOAD). In PSEN1, the A431E (c.1292C>A, rs63750083) mutation is suspected to have exerted a founder effect in the State of Jalisco, Mexico. In Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, this mutation was found in 46 index cases evaluated for AD-EOAD. In our genealogical analysis, 301 affected relatives of the mutation carriers were identified, 195 of whom were already deceased at the time of interview. Moreover, 560 descendants had a 50% risk of carrying the mutation, and 348 were potentially at risk. A systematic phenotyping was performed in 39 patients. The mean onset age was 42.5 ± 3.9 years, and no significant difference in onset age was observed between the male and female patients. Furthermore, a substantial clinical heterogeneity and high frequencies of spastic paraparesis, language disorders, and neuropsychiatric symptoms were observed. To our knowledge, the investigated families represent the second biggest population carrying a PSEN1 mutation in Latin America, offering a unique opportunity to study the genetic basis of Alzheimer's disease. Addressing AD-EOAD warrants an integral approach involving a deep understanding of its clinical behavior, as well as counseling protocols and prevention studies.