State Of Contradiction Research Articles

GENERIC COMPETENCES OF THE PhD STUDENTS IN THE VIEW OF MODERN STUDIES

The article deals with the modern approaches of national and foreign researchers to the identification of important generic competences in the preparation of Doctor of Philosophy degree students. In modern society, the role of science is constantly growing. Science becomes a peculiar identifier of the society development, a guarantor of its sustainable progress, and a driving force of rapid changes in all spheres of human activity. Due to science, the world is changing rapidly, and with it, the demands to the specialists are also altering. The problem of determining important competences that employees need to master has become one of the most urgent not only for educators, but also for employers, businessmen, and politicians. It is well known that the competences that are part of the generic competences are interconnected, over time they may lose their significance or, on the contrary, become more relevant. The rapid development of modern society requires the identification of new important knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for a highly qualified specialist, and the constant analysis of the structure of generic competences, including the one in the context of their significance and relevance. The problem of identification and development of important competences that future PhD students need to master during their studies in an educational and scientific program is one of the most urgent not only for educators, but also for society as a whole. The development of transversal competences gives the future scientist universality and opens up opportunities for the implementation of their projects both in the academic and non-academic spheres, and enables complete realization in public, political, economic and personal life. The analysis of modern scientific literature proved that the issue of training doctors of philosophy in the context of developing the structure of the generic competences, has been given considerable attention in the modern scientific space by national and foreign scientists. The scientific results under the review, regarding the central vector of our research, convinced us of the presence of different approaches to the determination of the studied competences. Scientists have presented clusters of such competences that differ in number and structure. It has been established that when determining the relevant competences in the context of the preparation of candidates for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, researchers do not always use the names of competences for skills outlined in the List of general competences, based on the results of the Tuning project, which is recommended for use in the development of educational programs. As a result of it, there is a need for clarification of the semantic meaning of definitions and constructs chosen by scientists to outline the most significant competences in the training of students of the third educational and scientific level. Summarizing the presented approaches of scientists, we note that researchers most often emphasize the need to develop independence, the capacity to generate new ideas, skills in the use of information and communication technologies, the ability to communicate both orally and in writing in the native language, initiativity, the ability to work autonomously, and professional mobility. It has been found out that the competences which draw the attention of modern researchers as the most important ones are not in a state of contradiction with each other and do not exclude each other, but they can be considered as complementing each other, or even depending on each other. For example, academic mobility cannot be considered separately from the availability of knowledge and understanding of the subject area, understanding of the profession, the ability to apply knowledge in practical situations, skills in using information and communication technologies, the ability to conduct research at an appropriate level, the ability to be adapted and act properly in a new situation, the ability to work in an international context, etc.

Interpreting How Much Land does a Man Need: A Sartrean Existentialist Perspective

Jean Paul Sartre, one of the key figures in the philosophy of Existentialism, explores man and the world from the perspective of human consciousness and puts forward the concept of subjectivity, believing existence precedes essence. Leo Tolstoy, one of the heavyweights in the literary world, has produced a number of impressive short stories with philosophical wisdom, among which stands How Much Land does a Man Need. Pakhom, the protagonist of the story, totally gripped by his lust for land, meets the end of his existence after making a series of choices. From the perspective of Sartrean existentialism, this paper analyzes the tragic existence of Pakhom and holds that it is Pakhom who should and must bear full responsibility for the destruction of his existence which is resulted from his inner desire on one hand and the state of contradiction and opposition among people on the other.

A Modification to the Situation-based Scheme for Sorting Exposures Proposed in ICRP Publication 103.

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) issued its current recommendations in 2007, introducing an evolution from a previously process-based protection approach (practices and interventions) to a situation-based approach (planned, existing, and emergency). In most countries, radiation protection standards are generally in line with the new recommendations by the ICRP. Unfortunately, in many cases, situations involving sources of natural or artificial origin may be in a state of contradiction. Logical incompleteness and unsoundness in the framework of exposure situations can be found in current ICRP recommendations. There are situations that do not readily fall into any category. To contribute to a more reasonable situation-based approach for the radiological protection community, we recommend here a possible framework of exposure situations, i.e., planned, unplanned, and naturally occurring, that forms one coherent system. We believe this system will provide increased clarity that will help resolve possible sorting problems.

Советское редактирование в 1970-е гг. (на примере романа Владимира Короткевича «Христос приземлился в Городне: Евангелие от Иуды»)

Branches of editing (field of scientific knowledge and a sphere of practical activity) in the 1970s were often in the state of contradiction. On the one hand, freedom of the author’s expression and the editors’ careful attitude to authors’ manuscripts were claimed; on the other hand, publishing saw numerous facts of intervention of ideological party bodies and censorship: without their approval no book could be published. To reveal the degree of intervention into a literary text, the author compares two (1972 and 1980) editions, with preserved typewriting, of the novel Christ Landed in Grodno: The Gospel of Judas by the Belarusian writer Uladzimer Karatkievich. He analyzes the reasons for deleting separate fragments, erasing and replacing words and parts of sentences, and suggests the possible motivation for the editors’ activities. The author pays attention to the novel’s complexity for editorial analysis, to the necessity of reference to the texts of the Holy Bible and different reference materials on religious history when editing. The research revealed numerous corrections. The main reason for deleting separate fragments was the revealing of the author’s position, which was extrapolated on the Soviet society and did not correspond to the formation of Marxist-Leninist ideology with its expressive atheistic orientation. Editors often showed arbitrariness and leveled the author’s style, destroyed the author’s intention, and groundlessly replaced words and expressions uncomfortable for them. The author found differences in the editions of 1972 and 1980. They testify to the lack of the editors’ professionalism. The author mentions the fact that Karatkievich’s novel became a phenomenon in the Belarusian literature of the second half of the 20th century, and it was only in 2015 that the original text of the novel was published in the Republic of Belarus. The research proves that all the writer’s heritage published in Soviet times needs a rigorous study, including comparison of manuscripts and typescripts (if available), and the publishing of the heritage in the author’s edition. This will entail the need for new translations which will acquaint foreign readers with Karatkievich’s original texts.

The effect of modeling style in reducing bullying middle school students


 
 
 
 Behavior of bullying: Behavior of bullying, aims to impose control, and inflict physical, verbal and psychological harm to others, and has psychological, social and economic effects on the individual and society because it reflects the state of contradiction in the human personality, Hence, the research problem arose, and the researcher sought to find an answer to the following question:
 What is the effect of the modeling technique on reducing the behavior of bullying among middle school students?
 The research gains its importance by putting the method in the handbook of educational counselors to benefit from it.
 The current research aims to:
 1 - measuring the behavior of bullying among middle school students. 
 2 - to identify the effect of modeling in reducing the behavior of bullying
 And to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher formed a null hypothesis which states that there are no statistical differences between the experimental and control groups
 The current research is determined for intermediate secondary and middle school students in Diyala / Baquba city center.
 To achieve the research goals, the researcher adopted a benign scale and the specialists in this field who confirmed that it was applied to a sample of (400) students of the second grade to restore the truth and stability, from the ground up, the re-evaluation (0.85) and error with stability (0.83) and then the scale is ready for implementation and the total number of paragraphs (44) paragraph and thus assumed by (87).
 Two schools were chosen from the community schools in a deliberate manner, measuring (100) students randomly selected and (50) students from each school (32) students were selected from students who scored above the average, after ruling out the students who didn’t want to participate, the rest of the students were not evaluated then they were grouped into two groups, an experimental group and control group as (10) students in each group. The researcher chose the design of the experimental and control groups with post-test, while the control group didn’t receive any processing, the program has been built according to the planning, programming and time system, and may have a number of sessions (14) as (2) sessions per week. earch results shown the modeling technique effect in reducing the bullying behavior and thus the researcher came out with a number of resolutions and proposals
 
 
 

ФЕНОМЕНОЛОГІЯ КАТЕГОРІЇ "ПСИХОЛОГІЧНА ГОТОВНІСТЬ ОСОБИСТОСТІ ДО ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ" У НАУКОВИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯХ

Introduction. There is a lot of theoretical and practical material in understanding psychological psychology about understanding psychological readiness, views, structures and minds, which can be used to dynamism, practice and style. As soon as the problems of psychological readiness and special readiness are reached, they give respect as much as they did so. Having shown the analysis of literature, the problem of psychological readiness for specialties before different authors in different aspects, however, a single sign of psychological readiness for psychological literature is not given. Understanding the “readiness” to become victorious for the description and vivchenny of the roznih stanіv, namіrіv people and її health, that is to be seen as bagatoaspektna that integratnee.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to actualize the problem of the psychological readiness of the individual for the activity, to familiarize with the psychological views of prominent domestic and foreign scientists who have developed in the course of historical development and understanding of this phenomenon.Methods. Review and analytical study of literature.Originality. The problem of the readiness of the individual for a particular activity is reflected in the studies of the setting in the school of D. Uznadze and the social setting (attitude) in foreign social psychology. The scientist proves that the direct readiness of a person for any activity is the installation that arises at the entrance of the interaction of human needs and the influence of external factors.This phenomenon is a holistic formation that characterizes the personal state of the subject, on the basis of which there is a characteristic activity of a particular orientation. Attitude is something that is born, preparatory, initial; it's not a behavior, it's a prerequisite. Attitude - the willingness to perform some action. A social setting (attude) is a state of a person's psychological readiness for action, as determined by his or her previous experience. In his writings, D. Myers reports that the setting affects the behavior of a person - when it is significant and is mentioned. In the 1980-1990, an active exploration of the concept of “readiness” began in the national psychology and pedagogy. Willingness is characterized as a qualitative indicator of self-regulation at various levels of the passage of physiological, mental and social processes, which are human behavior.Considering long-term and situational readiness, researchers have come to the conclusion that long-term readiness has the following structure: positive attitude to a certain type of activity, ability, character traits, temperament, motivation, knowledge, skills, ability, thinking, attention, emotional and volitional component Situational readiness is as follows: sustainability, effectiveness in influencing the course of action, compliance with optimal conditions for achieving the goal.Conclusion. Thus, by summarizing the different approaches to the problem of psychological readiness in the context of defining its characteristics, essence and structure, we can conclude that they are not in a state of contradiction and do not exclude each other. Moreover, they deepen and expand the understanding of the complexity and versatility of this phenomenon. Willingness is a holistic manifestation of the individual, not his individual individual psychological characteristics and socio-psychological qualities.

Star Faces and Star Bodies in an Age of Atrocity: Alain Cavalier’s L’Insoumis and Mark Robson’s Les Centurions

Abstract Often physically flawless to the point of perfection, cinematic stars are frequently metaphorized as gods, or mirrors, of our own collective desires. But why would the iconography of stardom be mobilized to narrate a socio-political phenomenon defined by absolute violence — for example, the war that raged between the French army and Algerian nationalists from 1954 to 1962? Through detailed analysis of Alain Cavalier’s 1964 polar, L’Insoumis, and Mark Robson’s combat film, Les Centurions (1966), this article will trace connections between the history of decolonization and political engagement, and theories of identification, gender, stardom, and spectacle, before examining how the contradictory values embodied by stars in these films mirrored the ideology of a society in a state of contradiction: split between a desire to know the truth about the war and a desire for ignorance.

Criminological Characteristics of Drug Addiction in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Basic Concepts, Signs and General Approaches to Their Assessment

The relevance of the study is due to the need to consider such antisocial social phenomenon as “narcotism”, which includes two components - “drug addiction” and “drug business”. The researchers came to the conclusion that the concept of narcotism itself has not yet acquired an unambiguous or more or less well-established semantic status, and does not have wide recognition in international legal acts and documents of authoritative international organizations. In foreign vocabulary, the concept of "narcotism" is difficult to differentiate and separate from the concept of "drug addiction". Therefore, it is necessary to achieve the highest possible consistency in approaches to understanding the essence of this phenomenon.
 
 The content of the article is aimed at identifying the key point denoting the main core around which complex processes are taking place in the desired field related to the concept of drug addiction. Reflecting and arguing, the authors, in essence, were based on an analysis of a well-known range of historical, theoretical information, international legal and national regulatory documents, using the methods of critical analysis, synthesis and comparison of theoretical and legal sources. This made it possible to consider the phenomenon under study from the standpoint of different conceptual approaches.
 
 The article revealed that drug addiction affects the widest range of social problems - from deviant social behavior to national security issues. The attention is focused on the fact that drug addiction from the position of law is characterized as an antisocial social phenomenon associated with the illegal consumption and distribution of drugs, their appearance and the existence of goods and services in consumer circulation. A basic definition has been formulated that outlines the scope or distribution of narcotism. It was concluded that “narcotism” should be a differentiated designation of a negative social phenomenon and contain a description of the whole diversity of social manifestations and processes that are directly related to drugs that are in a state of contradiction with the interests of society. In turn, drug trafficking, while remaining the largest component of drug addiction, is its most dynamic part. The last sign is largely associated with a direct effect - the drug business, which is a generating or producing principle in narcotic drugs. The materials of the article are of practical value for researchers and law enforcement officials dealing with the problems of drug addiction and narcotism.

“Coaching” Queer

This article argues that Northern responses to, and recognition of, LGBTQ refugees bind queer organizations in Lebanon and Turkey, which support such refugees, in a state of contradiction. This contradiction is defined both by the failure of Northern LGBTQ rights discourses to account for Southern ways of being queer, but also by the categorical imperative of hospitality, which asks that the “right” refugee appears in line with the moral, political, raced, and gendered assumptions of Northern host states. In recognizing this imperative, this article observes how queer organizations in Lebanon and Turkey navigate this contradiction by simultaneously “coaching” their beneficiaries on how to appear “credible” in line with Northern assumptions about sexual difference, while working to accommodate the alterity of those they support.

Despotism and the Destiny of the Chinese Lawyers : Reconsideration on the Theory of the Chinese Renaissance

This paper is for a comparative historical study to elucidate the legal structure and legal thought of the Chinese during the pre-modern era focusing the Chinese lawyer named ‘songshi(litigation master)’which presented itself in the Song era world-widely considered as the Chinese renaissance period in the circle of sinology. Being a parasitic status in the Chinese bureaucratic system, songshi could not be an elite class like the Western lawyers. In collusion with the petty-officials(xuli) who are in the similar status with the songshis in the Chinese bureaucratic system, songshis as Chinese lawyers in the legal actions seem to have a considerable role in making the Chinese ‘litigious society’. But the Chinese ‘litigious society’cannot be equivalent to the Western litigious society as the Chinese Songshi cannot be equivalent to the Western lawyer. Being comparatively studied, Western lawyer’s guild is a glorious powerful open elite guild which has made an indispensable role in making western modern state, but the Chinese songshi’s guild is an unglorious violent secret parasitic guild which has always been chased by the government as an illegal dangerous group.BR What made the Chinese lawyer as such as illegal is the Chinese despotic rulership and the Confucian moral idea of rule in which Chinese rulership rooted. In the Confucian moral rulership lega actions are in the state of contradiction. In principle they are open and everyone is free to go to act. But in reality not everybody is free to go to court, so someone is needed for one to go to court. Chinese law has kept this law for the people who are in need of someone to help one to go to court as early as Tang law. But the Confucian moral rulership historically being in the state of contradiction at last submitted to the reality of Chinese ‘litigious society’. Emperor Qianlong made the Tang law illegal in 1776. At this point it can be said more clearly that the Chinese ‘litigious society’ is not equivalent to the Western.BR As is shown by the edict of Emperor Dowager, Songshi was one of three evils in the Chinese bureaucratic society. This is to show that Songshi which was to be the fine fruit of the Chinese Renaissance could not become a good profession as Western lawyers which was also the fine fruit of Western Renaissance. In this respect the Chinese Song Renaissance Studies which has it’s own long history is need to be reconsidered.

Performing ‘La Mestiza’

ABSTRACT Even with the major movements in current gender studies that attempt to expand the simple notions of monolithic identity there are still major blind spots that perpetuate what they seek to disrupt. These blind spots are sometimes heterosexist, sometimes racist, or sometimes both. This essay analyzes how the lesbian of color is situated at the interstices of many fields of identity studies - gender, queer, and ethnic - and the specific difficulties she has with this position. By using the theories of Judith Butler and Gloria Anzaldúa, I describe how the lesbian of color can survive numerous sites of hostility by constructing a positive identity within her own ethnic/racial community through creative acts of cultural revision. After considering the power of these acts I call for the empowered performance of the mestiza state - the state of contradiction wherein the lesbian of color finds herself.

The Comparative Lawyer and the Middle East

If there be any criticism of Professor Hill's study, it is that it attempts an encyclopedic treatment within the confines of an article. The effort is prodigious, and its very breadth leaves gaps and questions still to be treated. An unfortunate result is that much of the force of the argument is thereby lost. A thorough review of Professor Hill's article would take as many pages as the original piece. Consequently, I shall make but a few brief comments on the major theme of her essay, namely, how the comparativist should approach the study of Middle Eastern law. Professor Hill urges a comprehensive and dynamic view of the state of in the Middle East. She suggests that the cannot be understood merely as the sum total of its foreign or domestic components, but that it must be seen as a living law, or, in her felicitous phrase, a in a condition of becoming. She suggests that only by understanding the interplay between Islamic law, European civil codes, and modern statutes can the mosaic of Middle Eastern be perceived as an intelligible pattern. Professor Hill particularly emphasizes the manner in which external is filtered through linguistic patterns, the jurisprudence of local scholars, and the customs of the people. Codified may not be a restatement of actual law. She demonstrates how taking a composite view of the can yield more meaningful conclusions regarding its nature than taking a narrow view can. Yet, at the same time, she discounts the application of this approach to Middle Eastern law. Professor Hill notes that many of the fundamental jurisprudential principles of Western and Near Eastern cultures are so different that there can be no synthesis of their laws. This was particularly true of the period in which parallel jurisdictions were maintained. Contradictory legal values continue to coexist in many Middle Eastern states today. The overlaying of legal systems in the Middle East has created tension between the old and the new, and full acceptance of modern has yet to be realized. Eclecticism is a stronger legal tradition in the Middle East than in any other area of the world, including sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, there seems to be no Islamic common law to fill in the gaps found in the modern codes. Taken as a whole, Professor Hill's essay leaves one with the impression that Middle Eastern is in a state of contradiction and flux.