State Investment Research Articles

The Prevention Cycle: State Investments in Preventing System Risks over Time – CORRIGENDUM

The Prevention Cycle: State Investments in Preventing System Risks over Time – CORRIGENDUM

Community response to microgrid development: Case studies from the U.S.

Microgrids could improve grid reliability and resiliency, while decentralizing, decarbonizing, and democratizing electricity provision. Recent federal and state level policies and investments have sought to encourage their development. Yet, little research has been done to understand how communities respond to microgrid proposals. We conducted case studies of community response to four different community microgrid proposals in the U.S. – two successful (Hot Springs, NC; Panton, VT) and two unsuccessful (Albany, NY; Carson, CA) – examining relevant media coverage and policy documents (n = 533) and conducting semi-structured interviews with active stakeholders (n = 28). Findings suggest that community leaders and local citizens initially viewed microgrids favorably, particularly those utilizing renewable energy as their primary generation source. Backup generation via fossil fuel sources appeared less problematic. Utility-backed proposals providing multiple component benefits in addition to resiliency – such as peak shaving and/or cost savings for utilities and transmission owners – proved more successful than those proposed by other entities without such benefits. Early, sustained, and responsive community engagement by the developer was also critical to project success – and will likely only become more so as microgrids scale up (both in numbers and size) and touch multiple stakeholders.

The multiplier effect from the development of a long-term care system for elderly citizens

Lately, the demand for long-term care for the elderly as well as the requirements to its quality have been increasing worldwide. The annual growth in the volume of state investment in the system of long-term care for the elderly generates multiplier effects for the development of certain types of activities in the services sector. The article aims to devise a method for calculating these effects. The methodological basis of the study is the Keynesian multiplier and institutional theory. Statistical and economic methods are applied. The paper performs calculations using the own method based on the Keynesian approach and including a system of linear equations. The data comes from twelve pilot social welfare institutions of the Stavropol krai (Russia). The authors formulate the own definitions to the concepts “multiplier effect in the long-term care system” and “multiplier of the development of the long-term care system (for services)”. According to the results of testing the suggested method, the annual increase in state investment funds allocated for the long-term care system leads to an increase in the expenditures of pilot institutions on various types of services (transport, utilities, education, communications, catering, cultural events, health resort treatment). The findings expand theoretical and practical knowledge about the peculiarities of determining the multiplier effect.

State management and financial support of innovations: the example of Ukraine

The article discusses the current trends in innovation in Ukraine, their financial support and features of public management on the example of the defense and agricultural sectors, which are vital in the field of national security. The goal is to study the impact of new economic realities caused by systemic reforms and crisis processes on the innovative development of Ukraine in order to substantiate promising areas of innovative national security in terms of highlighting the conceptual foundations of financial support for innovation as a component of Ukraine's national security. To achieve the goals of the study, scientific tasks are defined: analysis of the regulatory regulation of state investment management, statistical analysis of financing costs and correlation analysis of macro indicators, the policy of forming an innovative economy in the countries of the world, industry specifics of individual sectors of national security. Methodological tools used in the research are methods of economic theory, the method of comparisons and statistical analysis for the disclosure of innovative analysis and its components; formalization method for work on direct strategic development. According to the analysis of the dynamics of funding of scientific and scientific and technical activity during 2010-2020, an increase in the specific weight of external funds, other sources and, accordingly, a decrease in the specific weight of budget financing, domestic and foreign customers, which calculated the results of the core of the innovative ratings of the country. The data of the econometric analysis of 2010-2021 show the dependence of the view on innovations and the increase of the main macroeconomic indicators. This will be confirmed by the ranking positions for the global innovation index. Foreign experience was analyzed and recommendations are made for its possible application in the national economy. Research will contribute to the further development, emphasis and coordination of governmental and international programs for innovative development being developed for it. The results of the study may be useful for the formation of a strategy for the innovative development of individual industries.

Agricultural insurance system: review of the experience of developed countries

This review article is aimed at getting acquainted with the experience of developed countries in insuring the risks of agricultural producers. The creation of a reliable mechanism for their insurance protection is currently one of the aspects of ensuring food security of the republic and a special sphere of state interests. The purpose is to show common insurance practices and countries' policies in dealing with this issue. Methods – in the process of analyzing and evaluating the international level of state support for agricultural insurance, the author used the following research methods: content analysis, which allows to identify the main areas related to state financing of agricultural sector; on the basis of a systematic approach, the degree of state participation in insurance operations was determined; graphical interpretation made it possible to visualize this process on the basis of information received. Results – the article presents aspects of state investment of insurance premiums in agricultural sector. The author identifies and graphically displays three main categories of state assistance in agricultural insurance. The results of the review can be used to conduct research in all regions of the republic. Conclusions – world experience shows that subsidizing insurance payments is the most effective way to support small and medium-sized businesses and ensure economic sustainability of the industry, reduce negative consequences, including loss of income in production of products associated with the onset of adverse natural events. A coordinated and strategic approach to managing the insurance market, government support and effective mitigation methods are important, while direct government reimbursements are ineffective in the long run and do not contribute to the prevention of risk situations.

МІЖНАРОДНИЙ ДОСВІД ПОВОЄННОГО ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ПРОМИСЛОВОСТІ

Розкрито історико-економічні передумови, окреслено контури політики макроекономічної стабілізації і промислового розвитку, що була імплементована для повоєнного відновлення країнами Європи, Азії, Африки, які переживали війни і конфлікти у ХХ–ХХІ ст. Виокремлено чинники, які визначали траєкторію промислового відродження в кожній країні: глобальні, інституційні, макроекономічні, ресурсні, інноваційно-технологічні тощо. Оцінено результати впровадження «плану Маршала» в європейських країнах і Японії, а також інших видів міжнародної допомоги для постраждалих країн. Відзначено множинність поведінкових патернів держави, які обумовлювали обрання конкретного напряму промислового відродження: реструктуризація промислового сектору (Європа), інноваційно-технологічна модернізація (Ізраїль, азійські країни), великі промислові проєкти (Єгипет) або відстороненість держави від суттєвого втручання в структурні трансформації економіки (країни Західних Балкан). Виявлено визначальну роль формування сприятливого бізнес-клімату в повоєнний період для стимулювання припливу інвестицій у промисловий та інші сектори економіки, а також позитивний вплив державних інвестицій у розбудову фізичної інфраструктури та інноваційної екосистеми. Визначено, що повоєнне відновлення промисловості відбувалося швидко і мало стабільні результати в країнах, де було сформовано ринкові засади господарювання і стійкі інститути (Західна Європа); у азійських країнах процес відновлення мав короткострокові успіхи після Другої світової війни, але промислова модернізація фактично тривала десятиліттями внаслідок відмінностей у стратегіях економічного розвитку різних урядів. Недостатня увага держави до промислового сектору часто була причиною деіндустріалізації і слабкого інноваційного розвитку держави (країни Західних Балкан). Встановлено, що очікувана міжнародна фінансова і технічна допомога рідко направлялася безпосередньо на підтримку промислового сектору, що спонукало держави акумулювати власні ресурси, зберігати державну форму власності на великі промислові об’єкти всупереч цілям приватизації або створювати умови для залучення іноземних інвестицій, формуючи експортоорієнтовану модель економіки.

What the Ecuador–US award tells us about the potential for more state–state investment arbitration

Journal Article What the Ecuador–US award tells us about the potential for more state–state investment arbitration Get access Andrea K Bjorklund Andrea K Bjorklund andrea.bjorklund@mcgill.ca Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Arbitration International, Volume 39, Issue 2, June 2023, Pages 191–202, https://doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aiad036 Published: 19 June 2023

Governance by Uncertainty: Changing Patterns in China’s Environmental Enforcement

Governance in China is often characterized as dualistic. On the one hand, the state invests in stable, rule-based institutions to support effective policy implementation. Yet the state also engages in sudden regulatory campaigns, overstepping its own laws to implement rapid changes in key sectors. Businesses in China have developed coping mechanisms to weather these uncertainties; they cultivate political ties or learn to accommodate unexpected disruptions. Yet in the sphere of environmental policy implementation, businesses across the spectrum are starting to complain that local environmental enforcement feels unpredictable, even arbitrary. What constitutes unpredictable enforcement in an environment already characterized by high levels of regulatory uncertainty? What changes in environmental enforcement are driving these complaints? Using original data on nine years of city-level enforcement measures, I show that both campaign-style and rule-based enforcement have been increasing in intensity and frequency since the mid-2010s. Through qualitative evidence, I show how these two approaches work at cross purposes, generating mixed signals on which strategies businesses should use to reduce pollution or to mitigate regulatory uncertainty. Data shows that this is a nationwide pattern, which explains why business—even experienced, well-connected businesses—are complaining about arbitrary state action. This study draws attention to emerging stress tests of China’s dualistic governance, while delving into what these changes portend for state-business relations in China.

Geo-economic factors of foreign direct investment movement and strengthening of national security of Ukraine

Methods. The methods used as the methodological basis of the study were: logical – when describing the cause-and-effect relationships between internal and external factors that contribute to the improvement of the investment environment and the growth of foreign direct investment in Ukraine, or, on the contrary, create significant risks and prevent the attraction of such investments in the country; general and specific – when assessing the influence of the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators of the development of the national economy on the attraction of international investments by companies; analysis and synthesis – in the study of the main risks for foreign investors and the development of recommendations to reduce their negative impact on investors, aimed at increasing the investment attractiveness of Ukraine in the medium and long term. Results. The prospects of Ukraine in attracting foreign direct investments were considered, the dynamics of the volume of foreign direct investments were analyzed. The possibility of improving the geo-economic situation of Ukraine in the post-war economy is indicated, provided that significant amounts of foreign direct investments are attracted. Novelty. The geo-economic factors that can affect the movement of direct foreign investment in Ukraine were studied, and a SWOT analysis of these geo-economic factors of the movement of direct foreign investment for Ukraine was conducted. Weaknesses and strengths of Ukraine's investment attractiveness have been identified. Directions for adjusting investment risks are proposed. Practical value. The conducted analysis gives us an understanding of the state of the state's investment climate and directions for improving the investment attractiveness of the national economy.

Early post-Keynesian journeys from Cambridge into development: Bridges and boundaries

AbstractThis synthetic commentary offers a handful of observations. First, it highlights structural differences between the advanced market/capitalist economy that forms the theoretical scaffolding of Keynesian theory, as against the diverse range of structural and institutional configurations that characterise contemporary developing economies. Second, bearing these distinctions in mind, how far does the notion of “full employment” hold relevance in the context of developing economies? Third, the focus shifts to the central Keynesian policy prescription: reflating economic activity through injecting additional demand into the system, in extremis through pump-priming, digging and filling trenches – would this perform in a poor agrarian economy? Would the multiplier work and deliver in the realities of developing economies? Fourth, the central policy agenda in the South was that of launching industrialisation, leading to a sustained structural transformation of the economy – a la the Kaldorian industrialisation paradigm, which is scarcely visible in the (post-)Keynesianism template. Fifth, it queries the investment function and the role of state investment, and/or of “animal spirits” of capitalist entrepreneurs and agents, whether of domestic or foreign origins. Sixth, there is need to widen the focus, as well argued by Hans Singer, Amiya Bagchi and others, from Keynes-I of The General Theory, to Keynes-II of Bretton Woods, thereby substantially widening the interface with the agenda of development. Finally, there is the inevitable question concerning the nature and role of the state in the contrasting developed-vs-developing-economy, then-and-now scenarios. This discursive commentary is largely a Cambridge dialogue, not inappropriate in a tribute to Geoff Harcourt.

The Prevention Cycle: State Investments in Preventing System Risks over Time

AbstractThe policy drivers for preventing system risks – risks that threaten vital parts of society – represent an as-yet understudied subject. A fundamental characteristic of an effective prevention policy for system risks is long-term investment. This article presents evidence that long-term investment in prevention follows a cyclical rather than a stable pattern, which implies large costs to the welfare of future generations. This cycle is usually triggered by a shock that shifts the set of preventive policies that are acceptable to or even demanded by society. After a rapid rise in preventive investment, however, attention often wanes, and the downturn of the prevention cycle sets in. While policy shocks from crises and disasters are commonly studied, their policy legacies rarely have been. This article offers a theoretical framework for this “prevention cycle”, demonstrates its applicability in understanding policy investment in several system risks and offers suggestions for its fundamental causes.

Legacies of a martial race: Sikh investment and implication in the US police state

British colonization in India had devastating social, psychological, and political consequences for Sikhs in nineteenth-century Punjab. Still, much of the diasporic community remains nostalgic for this era of the Sikh “martial race”—a British-crafted racial category through which Sikhs were constructed as biologically and culturally suited for imperial service and consequently received privileged status within the colonial hierarchy. Today, this nostalgia emerges as a commemorative mechanism in US Sikh advocacy projects to incorporate the Sikh turban and unshorn hair into US military and police uniform. Through an analysis of community narratives around publicized Sikh deaths, this article explores the impact of martial race commemoration on Sikh subjectivity formation. Delineating when and how private grief is transformed into public remembrance, I argue such commemorative frameworks in US Sikh advocacy projects inform which Sikh bodies are worthy of collective mourning by suturing Sikh bodies’ value to their service to US imperialism.

Cross-listing dynamics and labor investment efficiency: International evidence

This paper investigates the dynamics of cross-listing in the United States and labor investment efficiency. Using a sample of 11,780 firm-year observations from 44 countries over the period 2000–2019, we found that cross-listing is positively associated with labor investment efficiency. This result suggests that cross-listing is associated with lower deviations in labor investment at the level explained by economic fundamentals. We also found that cross-listing reduces both overinvestment and underinvestment problems. The positive impact of cross-listing on labor investment efficiency is more prevalent for firms from countries with weaker institutions and higher liabilities due to foreignness and for those operating in industries with low litigation risk. Further evidence shows that labor investment efficiency following cross-listing in the United States translates into high firm valuation. Our findings are robust to endogeneity concerns and have important policy implications.

The Impact of Voter Education on Voter Confidence: Evidence from the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election

In this article, we assess whether voters who live in states where state election officials (EOs) invested in voter education have higher levels of confidence in vote counting. We argue state investment in voter education strengthens voter confidence by improving voter experiences and creating a culture of voter education, both of which facilitate transparency in elections. We measure state election official investment in voter education during the 2020 U.S. Presidential election by merging a unique dataset of EO social media communications during the last months of the 2020 election cycle with various election administration data sources. We find EO use of Facebook bolsters confidence in vote counting at the personal, local, and state level. Importantly, voters predisposed to question election integrity living in these states—those highly skeptical about the occurrence of fraud and who supported Donald Trump in 2016—express higher confidence at the personal, local, and state level in states where EOs were active on Facebook in 2020. Findings are mixed for measures of resource investment in voter education through federal and private funding. Our study is the first to establish a positive relationship between voter education and voter confidence. However, our findings also underscore the pervasive effects of partisanship and national narratives about stolen elections.

The Implementation and Evolution of Helicopter Emergency Medical Services in the Republic of Ireland

Introduction:Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) have formed an integral component of the Irish healthcare system for the past decade, yet the factors leading its commencement, its evolutions over this time, the current model of service delivery have not been widely published.Aeromedical service provision may vary significantly from country to country and may also vary regionally within countries. Health systems necessities, capacity and maturity, the level of state, corporate, private or community investment and capacity of the contracted service provider are all factors that influence the service provision.Method:This research provides a descriptive analysis of the historic factors leading to the implementation of HEMS during an era of healthcare reform, its key evolutions and current model of service delivery.Results:Health system reform in a time of global financial recession led to a unique collaboration between the Irish Defense Forces and civilian Emergency Medical Systems (EMS) to provide a sustainable foundation of primary scene landing Helicopter Emergency Medical Services for the Irish state. This sharing of professional knowledge, logistics and operational experience lead to many further system reforms and will inform future aeromedical service provision.Conclusion:Over the past decade the Irish health system has undergone significant reconfiguration and centralization of services, leading to increased demands on emergency medical ground and aeromedical services. Future advancements in aeromedical service provision require an innate understanding of the current model.This research will add to the knowledge base and inform policy makers and support decision making surrounding Helicopter Emergency Medical Services reform and enhanced service provision in the Irish state.

THE IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERVICE SECTOR ON THE EMPLOYMENT AND REAL INCOME OF THE POPULATION

This article researches the ways of improvement of the efficiency of investment policy in the service sector, formation of investment funds in the service sector, investment methods and tools for the development of the service sector on the basis of public-private partnerships, the network structure of business entities in the service sector within the framework of the state investment strategy, mechanisms for determining their effectiveness, ways to ensure the participation of the private sector in the management and financing of socially significant strategic projects, some restrictions on the implementation of the public-private partnership mechanism, criteria for systemic identification and classification of public risks, as well as effective ways to implement the public-private partnership mechanism.

Институциональная среда реализации инвестиционного поведения домашних хозяйств

The article examines the process of formation of the domestic institutional environment of investment activity of households. The author identifies three periods of the formation of this environment, each of which has its own qualitative characteristics. In particular, in the pre-revolutionary period, households with personal freedom showed investment activity, i.e. the vast majority of the population was unable to form an accumulation fund due to their dependent position. Despite the fact that during the Soviet period, citizens formally acquired the appropriate rights, the prohibition on owning private property significantly limited the possibilities of using investment instruments. In fact, the institutional environment made it possible to form an accumulation fund by investing deposits and, in particular cases, purchasing bonds. The modern period of development of the institutional environment can also be divided into two sub-periods – the period of formation (1991–2004) and the period of activation of investment activity of households (from 2004 to the present). It should be noted that neither at the stage of formation, nor at the present time, the relevant legislation has been formed, the purpose of which would be to stimulate the inclusion of households in investment processes, which, according to the author, is a significant omission, since it is the legal norms that are one of the foundations of the functioning of institutions. In this regard, the state investment policy is of particular importance. Based on the analysis carried out in the study, it was determined that in relation to the household, the state sets such related goals as improving living standards and forming a passive income fund. In addition, in the conditions of the sanctions impact on the national economy of the Russian Federation, the institutional environment should correspond to the goal of accumulating free funds of the population.

Rozwój administracji stosunków gospodarczych w PRL. Zagadnienia prawne

Rozwój administracji stosunków gospodarczych w PRL. Zagadnienia prawne

Counting Like a State: The Politics of Intergovernmental Partnerships in the 2020 Census

Abstract State and local officials played an almost unprecedented role in the implementation of the 2020 census. Given a variety of fiscal and political challenges, subnational governments collectively invested billions of dollars to motivate participation in the count, especially among historically undercounted populations. Nevertheless, state and local investments in the census varied substantially. This article examines the roots of variation in state and local census investments, drawing on a set of 76 interviews with public officials and nonprofit leaders, as well as quantitative analyses of state and local decisions. The results indicate that census investments depend on the salience of the 2020 count to public officials, the partisan identities and incentives of governing coalitions, and the availability of subnational institutional capacity for census operations. These findings have important implications for how we think about the role of intergovernmental relations in supporting critical governance tasks in an increasingly turbulent institutional context.

Infrastructure and authority at the state’s edge: The Border Crossings of the World dataset

The Border Crossings of the World (BCW) dataset explores state authority spatially by collecting information about infrastructure built where highways cross internationally recognized borders. This geolocated information is recorded using high-altitude imagery from 1993 to 2020. We describe how the data were collected, demonstrate the dataset’s utility, and offer advice and best practices regarding use of the data. These data present clear evidence of visible and long-term state investments in authoritative displays of states’ intention to ‘filter’ entry into and exit out of their national jurisdiction. Researchers can use these data to test theories on the causes and consequences of border hardening for security outcomes, border management cooperation, political violence, terrorism, trade and migration flows, transnational crime patterns, and human rights conditions. Because the data are precisely geolocated, they are easy to combine with existing spatial datasets.