State Hydraulic Works Research Articles

Data Mining Process for Integrated Evaporation Model

The purpose of this study is to develop an integrating evaporation estimation model using a data mining process for the Lakes District in the southern part of Turkey. Lakes Egirdir, Kovada, and Karacaoren Dam are located in the Lakes District. The proposed data mining process is applied on these lakes for evaporation estimation. The daily pan evaporation data used in the data mining process are taken from State Hydraulic Works in southern Turkey. These data cover an 8-year period between 1998 and 2005 inclusively for daily pan evaporation of Lakes Egirdir, Kovada, and Karacaoren Dam. It is known that a developed integrated daily pan evaporation model is necessary for these lakes, which are so important to the Lakes District. Therefore, a data mining model having two inputs and one output is developed. Input parameters used in the developed models for Lakes Egirdir, Kovada, and Karacaoren Dam were daily pan evaporation values of Lakes Kovada + Karacaoren Dam, Lakes Egirdir + Karacaoren Dam, and Lakes Egird...

Estimating daily pan evaporation using adaptive neural-based fuzzy inference system

Estimation of evaporation is important for water planning, management, and hydrological practices. There are many available methods to estimate evaporation from a water surface, comprising both direct and indirect methods. All the evaporation models are based on crisp conceptions with no uncertainty element coupled into the model structure although in daily evaporation variations there are uncontrollable effects to a certain extent. The probabilistic, statistical, and stochastic approaches require large amounts of data for the modeling purposes and therefore are not practical in local evaporation studies. It is therefore necessary to adopt a better approach for evaporation modeling, which is the fuzzy sets and adaptive neural-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) as used in this paper. ANFIS and fuzzy sets have been evaluated for its applicability to estimate evaporation from meteorological data which is including air and water temperatures, solar radiation, and air pressure obtained from Automated GroWheather meteorological station located near Lake Egirdir and daily pan evaporation values measured by XVIII. District Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. Results of ANFIS and fuzzy logic approaches were analyzed and compared with measured daily pan evaporation values. ANFIS approach could be employed more successfully in modeling the evaporation process than fuzzy sets.

Assessment of the irrigation performance of transferred schemes in Turkey: a case study analysis

AbstractEfforts to increase the amount of irrigation schemes transferred to irrigation associations (IAs) in Turkey have been motivated by the poor performance – in terms of cost recovery, equity, efficiency in operation and maintenance (O&M) and repairs – of many large irrigation schemes by government agencies, namely the State Hydraulic Works (DSI). The objective of this study is to assess the irrigation system performance of transferred irrigation schemes in the DSI Fifth Regional Directorate service area mainly for the year 2003 with benchmarking indicators.According to the findings of the study, relative water supply was recorded as 1.5–8.4 respectively. The financial performance indicators including cost recovery ratio, maintenance expenditure to revenue ratio, operating cost per unit area, total cost per person employed on water delivery, revenue collection performance and service area per personnel were found to be 1.0–10.6%, 0.7–12.5%, US$6.5–53.3 ha−1, US$636.0–7045.9 per person, 78–95%, 67–13 000 ha per person, respectively. As regards productive performance, output per unit command area, output per unit irrigated area, output per unit irrigation supply and output per unit water consumed were determined as US$325.2–2745.1, US$1028.03–5070.9 ha−1, US$0.2–0.7 m−3 and US$0.2–2.6 m−3 respectively. Water quality classes were found to be C3S1 in all schemes. The results of the case study show that following the transfer of irrigation schemes to the user organizations, significant improvements are recorded in irrigation water fee collection rates and financial cost reduction in the systems operated by the IAs. Mixed results are observed in terms of irrigation ratios. While there are improvements in two irrigation schemes, there are evident increases in the water supply ratio in six other irrigation schemes. Management, operation and maintenance (MOM) costs in general and the maintenance costs per se have increased compared to the collected water fees in the case‐study irrigation schemes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Water quality monitoring studies of Turkey with present and probable future constraints and opportunities

Resolving conflict situations in water resources management is possible only if solutions are properly denoted in all important aspects, from understanding of physical and chemical aspects to the implementation of sound institutional arrangements in order to formulate national and international policies. State Hydraulic Works (SHW), which is responsible for inland water resources development of Turkey, has great responsibility in a contemporary watershed based management among all stakeholders. At present, SHW is the only organization, which has regular systematic surface and ground water quality monitoring network all over Turkey. SHW operates 1150 stations, at which about 35 physical, chemical and bacteriological water quality parameters are measured. According to the outcome of water quality monitoring studies of SHW, water quality has deteriorated in most of the inland water resources mainly due to the lack of appropriate pollution control mechanisms, coupled with failure to enforce efficient legislation. In most of the basins, significant pollution increase is reported due to domestic and industrial discharges and agricultural activities. Furthermore, in some instances, deterioration has reached alarming level for surface waters situated in large metropolises. Resolving conflict situations within water resources management context is possible only if solutions are properly denoted in all important aspects. With this intention, it is the purpose of this paper to present water quality monitoring practices of SHW with present and potential future constraints and opportunities.

Statistical Modelling of Water Quantity in the Porsuk Dam

In this study, daily water quantity data in the Porsuk Dam which is taken from State Hydraulic Works (SHW) 3rd Regional Directorate, reaching during January 1992November 2005 was examined. Then, monthly average values were determined by using these daily data and analyzed through Box-Jenkins method. ARIMA (1,1,1) model was found appropriate to forecast the amount of water in the Porsuk Dam. A forecast related to water quantity which comes to the dam for 12-months is realized. In December 2004, monthly average water quantity reaching to the Dam was 256.000 m 3 and it is forecasted as 360.590 m 3 . In November 2005, monthly average water quantity reaching was 244.270 m3, and it is forecasted to be 206.560 m3.

Liquefaction analysis and soil improvement in Beydag dam

Beydag dam is under construction on Kucukmenderes River for irrigation purposes. Due to the scarcity of core material and liquefaction of alluvium at the dam site, the original design was changed to Roller Compacted Concete (RCC) from rockfill dam with claycore. Although the new design was safer, it nearly doubled the cost of the dam, so the owner, State Hydraulic Works of Turkey, (DSI) set out to find more economical but equally safe alternative. Since jet-grouting is a cheap ground improvement tool in Turkey, such an alternative was developed for the ground improvement against liquefaction together with concrete face rockfill dam sitting on top of improved ground. This paper presents a detailed discussion of how the new alternative was developed and evaluated: it discusses the determination of jet grouting pattern, the placement of jet grouted blocks, and the assesment of liquefaction. On one hand the soil cement strength of jetgrout columns, internal friction angle of alluvium and rockfill were important in determining the dimensions of the blocks, on the other hand the location of the blocks were highly affected by the areas where liquefaction occurred. One of the most important parameter that has a considerable influence in delineating the boundary betweeen liquefaction and non-liquefaction was the value of stress reduction coefficient (r d), being primarily sensitive to the weight of overburden, which is calculated by the height from the face of dam to the depth where the calculation was made. This approach is justified by two-dimensional ground response analysis. Most importantly, this paper shows that there exists an alternative solution for building dams on the liquefaction prone sites without removing alluvium by using a well known jet grouting technique for improving ground at only selected places.

A sensitivity analysis for the design of small-scale hydropower plant: Kayabogazi case study

In this study, the feasibility of hydroelectric power generation from the Kayabogazi dam, which was built by The State Hydraulic Works of Turkey (DSI) in 1987 in the town of Tavsanli, Kutahya, for irrigation and flood control purposes is investigated. Since a certain amount of water is supplied from the dam to the town of Tavsanli as drinking water, that amount is deducted from the total and is not allowed to be used in the process of electric power generation. By evaluating the amount of incoming water to the Kayabogazi dam in the period of 1995 and 2003 years, the most agreeable turbine type and size is decided for a small hydropower plant (SHP). In this purpose, seven different cases have been taken into consideration. As a conclusion, the case used three turbines which one of them is installed to utilize from the higher flow rates has been determined as the best configuration. In this study, a power generation ranging between 0.313 and 4.997 MW has been achieved in the viewpoint of installed capacity for Kayabogazi dam. Hence, it has been estimated an electricity generation up to 10,579 MWh per annum.

Assessing the financial performance of water user associations: a case study at Great Menderes basin, Turkey

Management, operation and maintenance services of about 1.7 million ha irrigation areas, constructed the scheme by State Hydraulic Works (DSI) were turned over to Water User Association (WUA) in Turkey. The number of the WUAs is 330 in Turkey for 2005. There is therefore an urgent need to study methods of measurement and evaluation of financial performance of WUA in order to improve the financial performance and raise the management level of WUA. This paper proposes 12 financial indicators in order to measure and evaluate the financial performance of WUAs. Based on the results in four irrigation schemes and WUAs in Great Menderes basin, Turkey, the methods of measurement and calculation of financial performance indicators selected, and difference factor value related to each indicator are presented. Several financial performance indicators and difference factor values varied widely 1999 to 2004. Therefore, these financial performance indicators should be carefully evaluated and monitored for financial sustainability of WUAs.

Efficient water use in agriculture in Turkey: The need for pressurized irrigation systems

: Making irrigation more efficient in Turkey is both necessary and highly desirable. The DSI's (General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works) plans to convert open channel systems and raised canals into closed conduits or pipeline systems which are vital for efficient land and water use. More efficient and environmentally sound technologies such as pressurized irrigation systems (sprinkler, drip, mini‐sprinkler, etc) exist that could reduce water demand and increase irrigation efficiency. If pressurized irrigation systems were extended to the whole country, 25.85 million additional hectares of land may be opened to irrigation. To ensure wider use of those systems, the scattered land holding structure should be eliminated.

Engineering geological assessment of the Obruk dam site (Corum, Turkey)

Engineering geological properties of rock masses, such as discontinuities, degree of weathering, strength and hydraulic conductivities along the dam axis, and the excavatibility of diversion tunnels, power tunnels and spillways, were investigated in order to determine probable problems and necessary precautions to be taken prior to construction. In this study, the Obruk dam site, constructed on the Kızılırmak River to the north of Çorum, central Anatolia, was investigated from the standpoint of the aforementioned engineering geological aspects. Quaternary alluvium at the dam site has a thickness of about 65 m and overlies the Eocene basalt basement. Diversion and power tunnels were constructed in the basalts. In order to determine the distribution of the basalt, both horizontally and vertically, core samples were collected from preliminary geotechnical boreholes drilled by the General Directorate of the State Hydraulic Works (DSI), and the depth to groundwater was measured in these boreholes. The geological and geomechanical properties of the basalt are controlled by tectonism and weathering, and these properties vary over short distances. The mineralogical, petrographical, and geomechanical properties of the basalt core samples were determined. Based on these test results, the rock mass cropping out at the dam site has been classified for tunneling, and possible support systems suggested.

Financial Performance of Irrigation Associations: Selected Cases from Turkey

The objective of the study was to trace the performance of selected irrigation associations after the transfer of operation and maintenance (O&M) activities from the state to the farmers. Four irrigation associations were selected according to the regional and cropping pattern diversity. The area of the selected associations made up slightly more than 5 percent of the total transferred area. The data for the different types of revenues and expenses of the associations were obtained from the annual reports of the associations to the State Hydraulic Works. Results suggest that irrigation associations are able to fulfill irrigation tasks to a large extent using enhanced equipment. Fee collection rates are at improved levels, despite delays in payments, mainly due to the mismatch of the financial and production calendars. Dominant cropping patterns for cotton lead to higher and increasing O&M expenditures compared to cereals. Although the transfers increased the adjustment ability of farmers to exogenous factors, the findings suggest that it is still too early to decide on the sustainability of the transfer program.

Analysis of registered floods in Turkey

Objective: The aim of this article is to emphasize the impact of floods in Turkey. Methods: A registration‐based, descriptive study was conducted. The data were obtained from annual flood reports published by the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works. Results: Between 1970 and 1996, 624 floods were recorded. In 83 floods (13.3%), 539 people died (mean = 6.4). Statistically significant relationships were found to exist between material losses and the total number of deaths (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.53, p = 0.00). The floods happened mostly in the summer season (n = 286, 45.8%) with a peak in July (n = 115, 18.4%). Most of the floods and deaths occurred in the Black Sea Region (n = 158, 25.3% and n = 200, 37.1%, respectively). When all the floods were analysed together, a single flood cost US $2 708 461. Conclusion: These results should serve as the basis for future studies regarding floods including analytical epidemiological studies to determine risk factors for death and injury. The c...

Electric Energy Demand of Turkey for the Year 2050

Hydro electrical energy is the most important renewable energy resource in Turkey. Both environmental suitability and low unit energy cost are the principal reasons of its frequent use for energy production in the world, as well as in Turkey. According to the statement of DSI (State Hydraulic Works) and EIEI (Electrical Power Resources Survey and Development Administration) for the year 2002, Turkey will develop its whole hydro energy potential until the year 2050. In this study, the energy use projection of Turkey for the period of 1980–2050 is calculated based on the population increase and energy consumption increase rates per capita. The study also includes the evaluation of energy requirement in the year 2050 in the case of whole hydro energy potential usage.

Benchmarking performance of irrigation schemes: a case study from Turkey

AbstractBenchmarking can be defined as the identification and application of organization specific best practices with the goal of improving competitiveness, performance and efficiency.In this study, irrigation schemes of the State Hydraulic Works (DSİ) 10th Region were taken as material for benchmarking irrigation performance for the years between 1996 and 2000. Each system's performance is assessed using a number of indicators proposed by the IPTRID/World Bank study on benchmarking in the irrigation and drainage sector, and benchmark values for performance identified. Whilst further work is required, it is considered that this study provides a valuable starting point for benchmarking performance of irrigation systems in Turkey. This is seen as timely given the increasing demands being placed on the available water resources in the country. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Statistical evaluation of remotely sensed data for water quality monitoring

The primary objective of this study was to determine relationships between water quality parameters (WQPs) and digital data from the Landsat satellite to estimate and map the WQP in the Porsuk Dam reservoir. Suspended sediments (SS), chlorophyll a (chl-a), NO3-N and transmitted light intensity depth (TLID) were the parameters for water quality determination used in this study. Collection of these data, obtained from the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (GDSHW) was synchronized with the Landsat satellite overpass of the September 1987. The relationships between the brightness values (BV) of the TM data and WQP were determined. Using the TM data, we developed multiple regression equations to estimate the WQPs, and the validation of these equations was checked by using ANOVA. The effects of SS, NO3-N and chl-a on TLID were tested not only for ground data, but also for TM datasets. Regression equations were developed for two different datasets and the homogeneity of those equations was tested. Finally, these regression equations evaluated from digital TM data and ground data were applied to map TLID values.

Development of a phosphorus loading model for Sapanca Lake

The OECD adopted phosphorus loading lake response model of Vollenweider has been applied to Sapanca Lake. Data have been taken from the State Hydraulic Works of The Turkish Republic (DSI) and cover the measurements between the years 1986–1988 in Sapanca Lake. In the proposed model, the regression analysis between the normalized phosphorus loading and the eutrophication‐related water quality indicators like phosphorus and chlorophyl‐a have been made and tested. The application of the proposed model has demonstrated its viability.

Mathematical Model of Uluova Plain, Turkey A Training and Management Tool

ABSTRACTThe modelling of the Uluova Plain in southeastern Turkey was a part of training offered to Turkey's State Hydraulic Works' staff within a UNDP project. The modelling of the 341‐sq km plain started with the simple steady‐state version, but the model was gradually made more and more complex. At the end of modelling, the entire ground‐water system was subjected to various automatic controls. The interesting feature of the model was the interaction between surface water (Keban Reservoir) and ground water. Lake Keban started encroaching upon the plain in 1974 and by the middle of 1976 it occupied over 100 sq km of the plain. In its verification phase covering the period from 1967 through 1974, the model amended the conclusions from a previous hydrogeological study. In its prediction phase, the model simulated the ground‐water extraction plans for the 1976–1985 period. The modelling showed that the planned increase in ground‐water withdrawal from about 17 million cubic meters (MCM) in 1975 to about 30 MCM in 1976 was quite realistic and completely sustained by the aquifer. The maximum drawdowns in the 1974–1980 period are of an order of magnitude of 20 meters. Another sharp increase in ground‐water development from 30 to 58 MCM that was foreseen for 1981 would create drawdowns in some areas in excess of 35 m. The results of modelling pointed at several possible management alternatives.Several computation runs, which were repeated with Lake Keban removed from simulation as if it had not existed, made possible the evaluation of actual effects of the lake on ground‐water development potentials of the plain. It was demonstrated that the lake improved the situation appreciably over an area of about 48 sq km that was foreseen by planning for additional development.The Uluova model incorporates some advanced and new routines in integrated surface‐water–ground‐water simulation.

İÇ ANADOLUDA HAYMANA TUZGÖLÜ ÇEVRELERİNİN İKLİMİ HAKKINDA

Some research on the climate of the Central Anatolian Region, based on the meteorological observations, have been carried out and published, but some information about the climate of Haymana and Salt Lake far away from the meteorological station of the region is required to be cleared up, based on the field observations. Because of this necessity, in this paper, the results of the studies of the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works in the south of Haymana and the area of Salt Lake in the summer of 1960 have been discussed under the titles of temperature, wind, atmospheric moisture, evaporation, precipitation, drought, evapotranspiration and water demand.