State Higher Education Institutions Research Articles

PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN AND GIRLS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL SCIENCES IN TASHKENT CITY STATE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

This article sheds light on the invaluable contribution to science of some of the most mature women scientists working in the state higher education institutions in the field of agriculture and biology in Uzbekistan. Through a comprehensive analysis of their research, innovation, and experience, it sheds light on their remarkable achievements in the face of social challenges. Today, important initiatives are being put forward in the academic circles of the country to increase the place and position of women, to educate the new generation of young women scientists, and to encourage their promising projects. Ensuring gender equality in various aspects of public life, including in the field of education and science, is one of the priorities of the internal political concept of Uzbekistan. It aims to recognize the important role of women in the development of these areas by studying the historical context, current situation, problems and future prospects.

Unearthing the Influence of Work Environment on Innovative Work Behavior: Mediated by Organizational Learning and Employee Engagement

This study aims to investigate the influence of the work environment (WE) on innovative work behavior (IWB) in state higher education institutions while considering the mediating roles of organizational learning (OL) and employee engagement (EE). Academic and non-academic staff data were collected through a quantitative survey methodology and analysed using PLS-SEM. Results indicate that the WE significantly enhances OL and EE, with β values of 0.583 and 0.471, respectively. Additionally, OL and EE mediate the relationship between the WE and IWB with β values of 0.296 and 0.111, respectively, explaining 39.6% of its variance. The study suggests introducing novel mediators to understand this relationship more comprehensively within higher education institutions.

The Importance of System Transition in The Transfer of State Assets Management to Public Institutions: Analysis at The State Islamic University - Public Service Agency in Indonesia

State Higher Education Institutions in Indonesia have experienced a paradigm shift in their management, one of which is the State Islamic University. More than half of State Islamic Universities have Public Service Agency status. They focus on teaching, research, and community service as their primary business and must manage assets professionally and with economic value as potential income. This study seeks to uncover and assess asset management and management transformation of UINs with BLU status. This study uses a qualitative research paradigm with a multi-site approach. This research used in-depth interviews conducted naturally with key informants at three state Islamic universities in Indonesia that have had BLU status for more than ten years. These three universities are considered to have experience in managing assets and carrying out transformation. Data analysis approaches are Domain and Content Analysis. The research data is presented in four domains: cash management, tangible asset management, intangible asset management, and endowment fund management. Research data found that UINs with BLU status still manage assets in a normative and conservative manner. This finding is because UIN, which has BLU status, has yet to transform its university management fully. This study shows that there are demands for UIN with BLU status to transform from a government institution into an "agencification" and semi-autonomous system in line with the delegation of management of state assets from the central government.

Conceptual model of predicting employee performance through the mediating role of employee engagement and empowerment

PurposeConsidering the importance of employee performance in the changes in state higher education institutions, this study aims to conceptualize the mediating role of employee engagement and empowerment in predicting employee performance.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a quantitative survey method to collect data from staff members employed in higher education institutions and applies a partial least squares structural equation modeling to analyze the data. In addition, the study performs a systematic bibliometric analysis of contemporary literature on the factors influencing employee performance.FindingsThe study's results confirm employee engagement and empowerment's critical role in improving employee performance. Unexpectedly, the study also has found no supporting evidence of the relationship between work environment and employee performance. Further, the proposed model explains 51.6% of the variance in employee productivity.Originality/valueAmong the theoretical implications of this study are the importance of introducing new and theoretically sound mediators to explain how the relationship between a higher education institution's employee engagement and empowerment and its employees' performance unfolds.

Employment and Employability Skills of Graduate School Graduates in Tagudin Campus

Graduates' employability is vital in assessing higher education institutions’ performance. The results of tracer studies serve as a basis to identify graduates’ needs to succeed in the workforce. This undertaking aimed to determine graduate school graduates' employment and employability characteristics in a state higher education institution in the Philippines. Specifically, it determined the profile of graduates, employment status, employability characteristics, the extent of contribution and applicability of the skills gained, assessed the graduate program offerings, and recommendations to improve the services of the Graduate School. The study used a descriptive research design. The study gathered data from graduates of the two program offerings of the Graduate School. The questionnaire was used to gather the necessary data and analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency count and percentage and mean. Based on the results, the graduates have the necessary eligibilities, are employed in public schools, occupy permanent positions, and present employment relevant to the degree earned. In addition, there is high employability of graduates and a high application of the skills gained in graduate school. There is high satisfaction among graduates with the offering and services of the institution. With these conclusions, it is recommended that the existing curriculum shall be reviewed, the improvement of facilities and learning resources, and strong partnership with linkages may be strengthened to sustain the relevance and responsiveness of the existing graduate programs and curriculum.

Governança eletrônica nas instituições de ensino superior públicas de Alagoas

This article aimed to analyze electronic governance in public Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Alagoas, particularly regarding the level of publicizing the information available on their websites. The electronic portals of the Federal University of Alagoas (Ufal) were analyzed; the Federal Institute of Alagoas (Ifal); from the University of the State of Alagoas (Uneal) and from the University of Health Sciences (Uncisal) regarding the electronic governance of their information made available to the public, using the methodology of Biderman and Puttomatti (2011), in which scores are established and a ranking among HEIs. The research results showed that federal HEIs have a higher level of electronic governance: Ufal has 95.80%, followed by Ifal, which has 86.70%, while state HEIs have a lower score in the analyzed index, which demonstrates the need to improve the detailing and availability of information on their websites, so that civil society can monitor the use of resources more effectively.

Leadership styles and HEI performance: relationship and moderating factors

ABSTRACT The growing attention paid to the performance of state Higher Education Institutions (HEI), caused by the growing demands and changes in these institutions’ ways of acting, has contributed to valorization of leadership as an instrument guiding their line of action, able to stimulate their success and with positive impacts on HEIs’ performance. This study has the twin objective of analyzing the relation between the different leadership styles and performance in Brazilian and Iberian HEIs, and the possible moderating effects of culture and autonomy on that relation. A questionnaire was completed by rectors, vice-rectors, pro-rectors and leaders of HEIs. The data collected were analyzed through descriptive statistics and application of the PLS-SEM method. Adaptive integrative, cybernetic, knowledge-oriented, strategic and transformational leadership styles were found to have a positive and significant influence on the performance of Brazilian HEIs, but this was not the case in Iberian HEIs. In addition, staff autonomy was seen to have a positive and significant moderating effect on the relation between leadership styles and performance in Brazilian HEIs. The study also contributes by identifying the types of culture and autonomy that have a positive and significant influence on HEI performance.

Study of the Development Processes of the Modern Russian Market of Higher Education Services

Relevance. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the changing environment, the development of forms and methods of providing educational services in the higher education market. This market is characterized by an increase in the level of competition, the development of distance learning. Currently, the most significant criterion for choosing an institution providing educational services in the field of higher education is the quality of these services, their compliance with the high level of information technology development, the requirements of the digital economy, and integration into the international labor market.The purpose is concludes in the study of the parameters of the market of higher education services, as well as an analysis of the dynamics of these indicators.The objectives of the study are presented by: developing an algorithm for analyzing the development of the higher education services market, studying the dynamics of the development of the higher education services market in the context of digitalization and identifying trends.Methodology. Includes an overview of the Russian Federation expenditures on the development of education, the dynamics of the number of institutions of higher education, the quality of education and the dynamics of the higher education distance market in Russia.The results of the study show that the main trends in the market of higher education services are a decrease in the number of higher education institutions and an increase in the share of state institutions of higher education. One of the main trends in higher education in modern conditions is the development of educational services provided in a distance format.Conclusions. The development of the digital economy has determined the main trend in the market of higher professional education services in Russia, which is characterized by the growth of implemented distance learning programs, the development of digital educational platforms, and the implementation of innovative technologies for providing e-learning services.

What research tells us about leadership styles, digital transformation and performance in state higher education?

Purpose Considering the current importance of leadership, digital transformation and performance in the changes state higher education institutions (HEIs) have been subject to, this study aims to present an analysis of how these three concepts have been related in the literature.Design/methodology/approachThis study proposes to study the state-of-the-art of research on leadership styles, digital transformation and performance in a single study, through a systematic literature review using two major databases, ISI Web of Science and Scopus.FindingsThe results reveal that the most common leadership style in the articles analysed is transformational; the most studied dimension of performance is the one representing teaching and learning activities; and the most discussed aspects of digital transformation are those concerning online learning systems and various types of technology. Identifying gaps in the literature, a future research agenda is formulated.Originality/value Amongst the theoretical implications of this study are the importance of understanding leadership styles and digital transformation for better understanding of state HEIs' performance as well as its dimensions, considering the relations found between these constructs. Therefore, there is greater theoretical advancement in the study of transformational leadership, diverse educational technologies, online teaching systems, global performance and teaching/learning.

Higher Teacher Education: Raising Awareness toward Constructing Teaching Philosophy Statements

This article focuses on exploring whether teacher educators and teacher students at higher teacher education programs have constructed their teaching philosophy statements, how they implement such philosophy statements, and how they develop and evaluate the contents of the teaching materials related to the courses they are instructing. By following the qualitative case study methodology, the author employed semi-structured interviews with twenty teacher educators and fifteen teacher students from one state higher education institution in Yemen. With the employment of thematic network analysis techniques, the findings report on the lack of awareness concerning the teaching philosophy statements construction, the random process of designing and evaluating teaching materials, and the lack of teaching aids for realizing the teaching philosophies of those with developed teaching statements. For practical implementation, university leaders and administrators are recommended to establish a program that focuses on the professional development of the teaching faculty with a focus on highlighting and providing useful knowledge on the ‘teaching philosophy statements’ construction and ‘materials design and evaluation’ processes. Keywords: teaching philosophy, teacher education, higher education, curriculum design, Yemen

Directions for reforming accounting and reporting of state institutions of higher education in Russia

Directions for reforming accounting and reporting of state institutions of higher education in Russia

MONITORING THE QUALITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AS A PRIORITY FOR EFFECTIVE EDUCATION IN UKRAINE

The research problem. The experience of implementing monitoring in the activities of higher education institutions suggests that it is a necessary element of ensuring the quality of education in today's conditions, so this topic is extremely important and needs to be researched. The aim of the article is to analyze the monitoring of the quality of higher education as a priority task of ensuring effective education in Ukraine. Methods used during the research are the search on the available methodical and scientific literature with the analysis of the found material, systematization and concretization. The main results of the study. The article examines the concept of monitoring, its role in the educational process and the features that characterize it. Monitoring is one of the most important means of changing the information space, as it increases the efficiency, objectivity and accessibility of information. Therefore, the purpose of monitoring is to promptly identify all changes taking place in the field of education. The concept and essence of the quality of education are analyzed, its main components are indicated. The functions of educational monitoring at the university level are listed. The regularities, on the basis of which the quality management of the educational process in the higher educational institution is managed, are indicated. The tasks of internal control of state institutions of higher education are also outlined and the role of internal control in the system of management of higher educational institution is analyzed. Analyzing the place of internal control in the management system of the higher educational institution of the public sector, it can be noted that it is responsible for conservation of material resources and efficiency of their use; adequacy and effectiveness of management decisions; compliance with current legislation, prevention and detection of violations; sufficiency, accuracy and relevance of information created and transmitted for management decisions; and preservation of confidential information. The tasks of the State Service for Education Quality are listed. The directions of improving the quality of education in Ukraine are studied. In order to improve the quality of higher education in Ukraine, the following areas are outlined: strengthening the links of educational institutions with industry and business; improving the tender ratio and security; use of the latest technologies and innovations; defining conditions for exchanges of students and teachers within the EU, etc. The quality of higher education depends on a clear, balanced state management of the education sector and effective management of the higher education institution, its clear and coordinated work in accordance with state standards and requirements for the content of educational services. The scientific novelty of the research results lies in the possibility of outlining new ways to assess the quality of higher education. Conclusions and suggestions. In order to improve the work on increasing the quality of education, the following measures should be taken: to develop recommendations for the implementation of national standards and recommendations for ensuring the quality of higher education in the European area; to increase the international level of Ukraine's participation in the external quality assurance system of education; to increase the level of student participation in the national quality assurance system; to introduce criteria for determining the ongoing monitoring of the quality of higher education, taking into account world, European and national experience, etc.

Thesis and dissertations examining tuberculosis in Brazil between 2013 and 2019: an overview.

ABSTRACTBackground: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious public health problem, with approximately 10 million new cases reported annually. Knowledge about the quantitative evolution of theses and dissertations (T&Ds) examining human TB in Brazil can contribute to generating strategic planning for training professionals in this field and disease control. Therefore, this study highlights the role of T&Ds on TB in national scientific disclosures. Methods: An integrative review related to TB was performed, including T&Ds produced in Brazil and completed between 2013 and 2019. Results: A total of 559,457 T&Ds were produced, of which 1,342 were associated with TB, accounting for 0.24% of the total number of T&Ds in Brazil. This was evidenced by a predominance of themes such as attention/health care, epidemiology, and TB treatment, and 80.2% of the T&Ds on TB were related to the large areas of health and biological sciences. Only 19.7% of T&Ds were associated with groups of patients considered at risk for TB, and 50.9% were produced in southeastern Brazil. The 1,342 T&Ds on TB were developed in 416 postgraduate programs linked to 121 higher education institutions (HEIs). We highlight that 72.7% of T&Ds on TB were produced in federal HEIs, 27.4% in state HEIs, and 8.5% in private HEIs. Conclusions: Strategic themes, such as TB control, require public policies that aim to increase the number of doctors and masters with expertise in TB, with geographic uniformity, and in line with the priorities for disease control.

STRATEGY OF PUBLIC SERVICE TO IMPROVE SERVICE QUALITY AT THE INSTITUTE OF LEARNING DEVELOPMENT AND PROFESSION (LP3) STATE UNIVERSITY OF SURABAYA

The implementation of a clean and effective government is a constitutional obligation and the hope of all citizens. In reality, these rights have not been fully obtained by the community. This is reflected in the number of complaints or public reports to the Ombudsman Institution to help handle complaints related to the performance of public services by government agencies. Based on the incoming reports, it can be seen that State Higher Education Institutions are ranked 12th based on the number of reports. One of these State Universities is the State University of Surabaya (Unesa). Unesa has an institution, one of which is called the Learning and Professional Development Institute (LP3) which has 7 (seven) centers, namely the Teacher Professional Education Center, Training Development Center, Professional Certification Center, Learning Strengthening Center, Core and Institutional MPK Management Center, Character Development Center and Counseling Services and Psychological Service Centers. The purpose of this study was to obtain an overview of the Public Service Strategy to Improve Service Quality at the Institute for Learning and Professional Development (LP3), State University of Surabaya. This type of research was developed using qualitative research. Sources of data from informants, events and documents. Data collection techniques through interviews, observation, documentation and triangulation. Data analysis is done by collecting data, reducing data, displaying data and drawing conclusions. Empirical data is needed to improve public services through LP3 Unesa. The information obtained can be used as a basis for establishing strategic policies that will help improve the quality of public services. The theory used in the opinion of Osborne (2001) there are 5 (five) strategies to improve the performance of public services. The strategies are Core Strategy, Consequences Strategy, Customer Strategy, Control Strategy, Culture Strategy.

Determinants of Presenteeism: A Study on Non-Academics in State Higher Educational Institutions in Sri Lanka

Presenteeism was defined in this research as the extent of engaging in personal works while being at work by non-academics. Existing literature reveals a deficiency in theoretical and empirical knowledge on antecedents of presenteeism. This study explores the determinants of presenteeism of non-academic staff in State Higher Educational Institutions in Sri Lanka. Participants were university administraive officers and they were asked to report on the presenteeism behaviour of non-academic staff, as supervising officers. A technique called Nominal Group Technique was applied for determining the factors which contribute to presenteeism of non-academics and prioritizing the identified factors. 15 experienced university administrative officers were participated. 24 factors were identified and they include Lack of work, Family commitments (Childcare/Eldercare), Inadequate supervision, Long distance of travelling between home and workplace, No punishment/restrictions imposed for engaging in personal work, Family/Personal problems, Bad office culture, Job stress, Unavailability of performance-based pay scheme, Conflicts with supervisor, etc. Prioritizing resulted in Lack of awareness on ethics being the most important determinant of presenteeism of non-academics, Unavailability of performance-based pay scheme being the second most important determinant, and Wrong attitudes about the work being the third most important determinant. Implications were discussed.

THE CONJUNCTURE OF THE EDUCATIONAL SERVICES MARKET IN UKRAINE IN THE FIELD OF BACHELORS MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT

The socio-economic development of the region and the country depends on many components, one of which is the provision of all levels of management with highly professional and competent personnel capable of making timely, informed and high-quality decisions. The training of such personnel is a strategically important function of higher education, its verification of its competence and competitiveness. That is why the work is devoted to the study of trends in supply and demand for training bachelors of management in Ukraine. The information base of the study was formed on the basis of official information on the results of the admission campaigns of higher education institutions of Ukraine, conducted for the period 2010-2015, 2021. based on the data presented in the information system Competition. The research area is formed by data on the full-time form of education at the bachelor's level in the specialty 073 "Management" within the basic state institutions of higher education. In the course of the study, a tendency was established for a reduction in the total licensed volume in the country for training bachelors of management, while maintaining a fairly stable demand of applicants for a specialty for all twelve years, which indicates its relevance in the labor market. It has been proven that the upward trend in the number of universities that prepare bachelors of management in the context of a reduction in the total licensing volume leads to an excessive fragmentation of the supply and a reduction in opportunities for ensuring the quality of educational services. A decrease in the basic level of preparedness of applicants is envisaged due to a significant drop in the volume of state orders in the country for training bachelors of management. Institutions of higher education were identified, which in different years of the study period had the highest and lowest number of applications for training bachelors in management; the largest volume of government orders; the highest and lowest number of enrolled applicants for training; the highest and lowest number of applications submitted per enrolled applicant; the highest and lowest levels of actual use of the licensed volume. It has been established that Kiev National University of Trade and Economics and Lviv Polytechnic National University are the leaders among the universities of Ukraine providing services for the bachelor's educational level in the specialty of Management. The effectiveness of the strategies used by universities in determining the cost of training under a contract is analyzed.

ПРО ПІДГОТОВКУ І ПІДВИЩЕННЯ КВАЛІФІКАЦІЇ ФАХІВЦІВ У ДЗВО «УНІВЕРСИТЕТ МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ ОСВІТИ» НАПН УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ЗМІШАНОГО НАВЧАННЯ

У доповіді представлено реалізацію змішаного навчання в ДЗВО «Університет менеджменту освіти» НАПН України, що зумовлено пріоритетними завданнями формування інноваційного середовища підготовки та підвищення кваліфікації фахівців. Зосереджено увагу на впровадження он-лайн технологій, ґрунтовних змін у підходах до організації навчання в Університеті з відповідними методичними підходами та моделями. Розглянуто складові організації освітнього процесу: організаційну (нормативна база, технологічне забезпечення, матеріально-технічна база, створення цифрових робочих місць, опанування викладачами та здобувачами освіти цифровими технологіям, оволодіння науково-педагогічними працівниками необхідними компе-тентностями, створення контенту курсів та навчальних дисциплін); методичну (модель «перевернутого навчання», використання он-лайн курсів, навчально-методичне забезпечення, авторські курси, академічна мобільність); технологічну (навчальні платформи, цифрові інструменти). Проаналізовано підготовку та підвищення кваліфікації фахівців в умовах змішаного навчання в системі формальної, неформальної та інформальної освіти шляхом створення єдиної освітньо-цифрової екосистеми. Охарактеризовано організацію підвищення кваліфікації в «Українському відкритому університеті», що реалізується на основі хмарних технологій в системі неформальної освіти. Представлено результати моніторингу ключових показників освітнього середовища.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF STATE INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN UKRAINE: THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES AND GENERAL METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical issues of determining the effectiveness of state higher educational institutions of Ukraine and the development of theoretical and methodological principles, as well as general methodological approaches to its evaluation. To implement it, the authors formed and proposed a supplement to the thesaurus of management of the concept of «key performance indicators» (Key Efficacy Indicators, KEI), which, in the context of the object of study, is proposed to understand a set of numerical indicators of public higher education. nature, which are the central element of the system of evaluation of its activities in terms of its effectiveness and efficiency in order to achieve certain goals of the state institution of higher education. In order to form a stable basis of the evaluation methodology, a classification of key performance indicators was formed according to 16 features, according to which the corresponding groups were identified and their characteristics were given. The outline of the methodology is based on the basic classification features of key performance indicators, in particular by: types (efficiency and effectiveness), degree of importance (major and minor) and areas of coverage (educational, research, financial, contingent, infrastructure, socio-ethical); it provides for the final definition of an integrated key performance indicator through the sum of complex indicators of efficiency and effectiveness or the sum of complex indicators of educational, research, financial, socio-ethical spheres, as well as areas of contingent and infrastructure. The final formation of the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of state institutions of higher education will optimally and deeply assess the activities of these entities, which will contribute to the actual implementation of all management functions in time and space to fulfill their mission, objectives and development goals. Keywords: key performance indicators, key еfficacy indicators, effectiveness, efficiency, public higher education institutions. JEL Classification M41, I23 Formulas: 11; fig.: 0; tabl.: 1; bibl.: 25.

A extensão universitária no Brasil e seus desafios durante a pandemia da COVID-19

O cenário atual, permeado por desafios devido à pandemia da COVID-19, fez com que as ações extensionistas promovidas por Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) brasileiras tivessem que se readequar. O objetivo deste estudo é retratar os caminhos percorridos por tais instituições para adaptar ações já existentes e desenvolver novas que atendessem às necessidades encontradas. Esse trabalho caracteriza-se como pesquisa documental, descritiva, qualitativa e quantitativa sobre a extensão acadêmica durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Utilizou-se dados primários, em domínio público, como editais, regulamentos e notícias disponíveis nos websites das instituições, buscando-se responder variáveis pré-estabelecidas. A população (129) abarcou as IES federais e estaduais disponibilizadas no website do e-MEC, sendo a amostra 126. Como parte dos resultados encontrados, 87,5% das IES públicas optaram por continuar as ações de extensão durante 2020, com 87,9% sendo adaptadas e 71,8% com flexibilização das normas. As modalidades extensionistas, tais como projetos (90,3%), programas (75%), cursos (78,2%) e eventos (75%), foram expressivamente realizadas. Todavia, apenas 51% das IES apresentaram prestação de serviços. Ações destinadas ao enfrentamento da COVID-19 envolveram disponibilização de informações (34%), confecção/entrega de materiais destinados a prevenção (12%) e realização de atendimento aos casos (4%). 24% das instituições publicaram edital de extensão com vigência para 2021 com adequações à pandemia, enquanto 38% publicaram edital sem adequações. Conclui-se que a extensão foi adaptada às necessidades desencadeadas pela pandemia da COVID-19 e ações de enfrentamento foram desenvolvidas para amenizar o cenário pandêmico.

MODELING THE DIGITAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHER TRAINING

Over the past few years the processes of education informatization are tied with its digitalisation. The certain upgrades of electronic educational resources take place and the new era of learning tools – digital learning resources – is developing. The preference is given to the open educational resources that can work on any digital device, so they are digital educational resources. The article presents the experience of using the distance course “Digital Technologies for Teaching and Research” for primary school teacher training at State Higher Education Institution “Donbas State Pedagogical University”. The analysis of the practical use of the distance course and studying foreign scientific and methodological data sources proves the necessity of forming and developing the Next Generation of Digital Learning Environment (NGDLE). Five main functional domains of NGDLE are distinguished and analysed which ensure its full implementation: interoperability and integration; personalization; analytics, advising, and learning assessment; collaboration; accessibility and universal design. The model of digital learning environment for primary school teacher training is completely intuitive platform for integrating the virtual training of primary school teachers, conducting conferences and webinars, effective collaboration of scientists, university lecturers, university students and school teachers. The platform clusters are characterized (distance courses, digital teaching and learning resources, internet conferences, webinars, student and teacher e-portfolios, forum) which correlate with mentioned features of the Next Generation of Digital Learning Environment. It is proved that the Next Generation of Digital Learning Environment is developed due to evolving traditional learning management systems (LMS) and their similarity with the principles of open education and flexible personal learning environments.