State Governments Research Articles

Pengaruh Dukungan Sosial terhadap Stress Kerja pada Anggota Polri di Polres Karanganyar

The police are a civil intermediary who regulates order and law. The function of the police is a state government function in the field of maintaining and securing public order. Therefore, the police's job is quite difficult, the challenges and pressure at work cause work stress. Social support from various parties is very effective in reducing work stress for police officers. This research aims to determine the effect of social support on work stress among police officers at the Karanganyar Police Station. The hypothesis proposed is that there is an influence between social support and work stress among police officers at the Karanganyar Police Station. This research uses quantitative methods with data collection techniques using questionnaires distributed to members. The conclusion of this research is that there is a significant influence between social support on work stress among police officers at Karanganyar Police. The higher the level of social support, the lower the level of work stress and conversely, if the social support is lower, the level of work stress will be higher. Therefore, social support can reduce or prevent work stress.

Learning for collaborative action: learning domains and processes in place-based climate adaptation workshops

Communities facing complex social and environmental challenges may benefit from opportunities for collaborative learning. Place-based climate adaptation workshops, which help stakeholders to incorporate climate projections into site-specific adaptation strategies, are one space where learning can occur. We studied learning in eight facilitated climate adaptation workshops held in-person (n = 2) and online (n = 6) in the United States between 2021 and 2023. Workshops averaged 24 participants and included state and local government employees, representatives from non-governmental organizations, interested citizens, academics, and others. We examined declarative, procedural, and relational learning and the processes through which knowledge was created and shared. We found evidence for learning across domains. Participants linked learning to a range of workshop elements, including collaborative workbooks, plenary presentations, and handouts. We found no meaningful differences between online and in-person workshops, suggesting that a range of workshop formats support meaningful learning. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications for understanding and fostering learning.

Peran Inspektorat Daerah Dalam Rangka Pengawasan Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan di Semarang

Implementation of Village Law no. 6 of 2014 had a positive impact by disbursing quite large funds to villages throughout Indonesia. As a village head, a village head must be able to carry out management functions, namely planning, organizing, implementing and supervising so that his village progresses. This research uses a literature study method looking at various journals and other reading sources. Based on the research results found, the Semarang City National Land Office knows and understands the positive fictitious rules, but they cannot be fully implemented because the office has standard operational rules (SOP) which must also be obeyed. followed. obeyed. The application of positive fictitious provisions in practice is still not very effective in improving the quality of public services. The effect of positive fictitious orders seems to be to make state managers leave because they conflict with institutional SOPs. There are several obstacles in implementing this provision, including that state institutions and/or government officials and the public do not understand this provision properly and correctly, and court decisions that grant the petition cannot be trusted in practice. This decision offer again contradicts the SOP of each institution. The solution to the various obstacles is the need to deepen understanding of positive fictitious regulations for both the authorities and the public, and the need to design government regulations that provide more detailed and more enforceable implementation guidelines.

KPHA 2023 should explicitly include state accountability: Response to Fernandez et al.

The commentary "Public health ethics and the Kerala Public Health Act, 2023" published on January 27, 2024 in the Indian Journal of Medical Ethics (IJME) has received a response from members of the State Health Systems Resource Centre and Government Medical College, Malappuram, Kerala. They explain that the Kerala Public Health Act (KPHA) is a legal document and not required to explicitly include accountability mechanisms and social obligations of the state. Given the very real danger of state over-reach as was evident during the Covid pandemic, these checks and balances should, in fact, be non-negotiable. The position of KPHA on healthcare of migrant workers and patients with tuberculosis goes against existing public healthcare principles. There is therefore a need to revisit the Act to explicitly include state accountability.

A Ten-Year Review of Neonatal Tetanus Seen in a Tertiary Health Facility in Sokoto North-Western Nigeria: Before and During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Background: Neonatal tetanus (NNT) remains among the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality among neonates in Nigeria. Nigeria remains among the countries carrying the global NNT burden. At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, reports have predicted that the pandemic will significantly impact on the health system globally, and low-resource countries where vaccination programs fared even worse are likely to see a surge in vaccine-preventable diseases during and after COVID-19 pandemic. Aims: To determine the prevalence, yearly trend, risk factors, and outcome of NNT cases seen in the Special Care Baby Unit (SCBU) of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto, Nigeria over a ten year period: before and during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective study. Data was retrieved from all the case notes of neonates admitted with a clinical diagnosis of NNT into the SCBU of the UDUTH, Sokoto from 1st January, 2013 to 31st December, 2022. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: During the 10 years period of the study, NNT accounted for 0.4% of admissions. The majority 15(57.0%) of the mothers of the neonates with NNT were from rural areas, 15(56.0%) had no antenatal care (ANC), and only 10(37.0%) of the mothers received vaccination against tetanus. All the mothers were from lower socio-economic classes. Most 17(63.0%) of the neonates were delivered at home by traditional birth attendants. The umbilical cord was the portal of entry in 26(96.0%) of cases, while 1(4.0%) followed traditional uvulectomy. Cord care was done using hot water fermentation in more than half of the neonates 17(63.0%), while only 1(4.0%) of the mothers used chlorhexidine gel for cord care. The case- fatality rate was 6(22.0%). the yearly trend showed an increased incidence of NNT admissions in 2022. Conclusion: The study showed that NNT is still a public health problem, with an increased scourge during the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be tackled through health education of mothers via mass media, improving the quality and access to ANC services, tetanus toxoid vaccination, hospital delivery and avoidance of traditional uvulectomy particularly in rural areas by the Sokoto state government. Antenatal and vaccination services should be given priority in response to future pandemics to sustain gains of the SDG 3.

Money and cooperative federalism: evidence from EPA civil litigation

Abstract The federalism structure of the US government requires active cooperation from state governments to successfully enforce federal environmental regulations. What explains the variation in state governments’ participation in lawsuits against firms that are accused of violating major environmental statutes? We argue that firms’ political connections with state politicians affect a state government’s decision to join the litigation process. By constructing a novel dataset on the EPA’s civil cases and settlements for the period 1998–2021, we show that state environmental agencies are less likely to join the EPA in court when the defendant firms contributed to Republican state legislators. We do not find the same pattern when firms have connections with Democratic legislators. We present various mechanisms of how state politicians influence behaviors of state bureaucrats. Our findings highlight how state politics can be an avenue for firms to exert influence on federal environmental regulations.

Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia Among Pregnant Women Attending Primary Health Care Center Malala Dukku Local Government Area of Gombe State, Nigeria

Iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy is an important health issue resulting in high maternal morbidity and mortality. The purpose of the current study was to identify the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women attending primary healthcare center malaladukku local government of Gombe state, the researcher pick interest on the topic as a result of high rate of anaemia in pregnancy in the research setting primary healthcare center malala, a cross sectional descriptive non-experimental design was adopted by the researcher. Questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection various literature were review which include conceptual review, theoretical review, and empirical review of prevalence, causes and preventive measures. The study assesses the prevalence iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women, causes of iron deficiency anaemia, and the preventive measures of the condition. The result of the study shows that the prevalence of iron deficiency was high at (74.9%) many factors were considered responsible with the condition as revealed by the research work which includes previous history of the condition, imbalanced nutrition 66.6% () and malaria in pregnancy. Supplementary iron therapy during pregnancy 83.3% (), antenatal services as soon as pregnancy is confirmed, sleeping under mosquito treated net (58.3%) s and chief alternative of healthy diet (46.6%) are the preventive measures of iron deficiency anaemia as revealed by the study. There is also need for further studies on ways of preventing and reducing the rate of iron deficiency anaemia. The research work will help in enlightening the midwives, healthcare providers on the disease and its preventive measures wsith regards to clinical practice and it will also add to the body of knowledge in the medical field and the researcher’s knowledge on the condition.

An Empirical Study on Taxation and Revenue Generation in Nepal

This study investigates the impact of taxation on revenue generation in Nepal. It further aims to elucidate the theoretical underpinnings of taxation, including its objectives, classification, and key components within the Nepalese context. Employing both primary and secondary data sources, the research analyzes and evaluates the relationship between taxation and revenue generation. The secondary data were taken from the Economic Survey Report of the Government of Nepal and 200 eligible primary responses taken from tax administrators and tax payers respectively. The findings demonstrate a significant influence of taxation on Nepal's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and total revenue. Additionally, the study sheds light on the negative impact of tax evasion and avoidance on revenue generation. To address these issues, the research recommends the implementation of stricter penalties for tax evasion and avoidance, along with the establishment of a comprehensive taxpayer database across federal, state, and local government levels. This database would facilitate the identification of all potential taxable income sources, thereby enhancing tax compliance.

Recommending Career Transitions to Job Seekers Using Earnings Estimates, Skills Similarity, and Occupational Demand

This paper describes a career recommendation algorithm that uses government administrative data to help job seekers discover new careers that similar job seekers have successfully switched to in the past. Algorithm development was motivated by workers and contractors who were displaced by the COVID-19 economic crisis and by workers in declining industries seeking new careers in growing ones. Traditional job boards available through state government websites list all available jobs but do little to remove uncertainty associated with moving to a new industry or occupation. Our recommendation algorithm can lower this uncertainty. It uses causal machine learning techniques and administrative data on the universe of individual-level employment histories and earnings to identify career transitions that have resulted in increased earnings and employment for previous job seekers. We combine these estimates with measures of skill similarity across occupations, derived from natural-language processing of millions of full-text job descriptions, and with occupational demand, as measured by nightly job posting volume. The algorithm parses applicant resumes and returns recommended careers that use similar skills, have available jobs, and are estimated to lead to higher earnings and employment. We have implemented our algorithm in production workforce development systems in five U.S. states.

Ineffectiveness of phosphorus-containing amendments to reduce Pb bioaccessibility in an urban alkaline soil.

Urban soils contaminated by historical and current anthropogenic activities present an alarming human health risk requiring redress. Federal and state governments continue to lower residential soil lead (Pb) screening standards, which will likely require new risk-based approaches to address urban soil Pb contamination. Phosphorus (P) soil amendments have long been presented as a solution to sequester Pb, thereby reducing exposure risk. In this study, P-containing sources (biosolids incinerator ash, poultry litter, biosolids compost, and triple superphosphate) of varying solubilities were assessed as soil amendments to reduce Pb bioaccessibility and serve as an inexpensive remediation strategy for urban soil. Contaminated soil (1624mg kg-1Pb, pH 7.43) from Cleveland, OH, was treated with the four P-containing soil amendments at a 1:5Pb:P molar ratio and two combination treatments at 1:10Pb:P molar ratio and incubated for 3 months. A batch equilibration analysis was also conducted to assess reduction in in vitro bioaccessible Pb (IVBA Pb). Pb bioaccessibility was evaluated using US EPA Method 1340 at pH 1.5 and the Physiologically Based Extraction Test pH 2.5 at 1 and 3 months. In general, treatments were ineffective in reducing IVBA Pb regardless of IVBA extraction method, incubation duration, batch equilibration analyses, or P source. The results of this study suggest P-containing amendments are not suitable to address Pb exposure in the study soil. Site-specific efficacy testing to determine reductions in IVBA Pb from P-containing amendments should be performed before making recommendations for remediation of Pb-contaminated urban soil.

EFFECT OF SUBNATIONAL PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON STATES’ FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY IN NIGERIA

Objectives: The study examined the effect of subnational public expenditure on states’ fiscal sustainability in Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined the effect of capital expenditure and recurrent expenditure on states’ fiscal sustainability in Nigeria. Methods Ex-post facto research design was adopted to carry out the research for the period 2016-2022. The panel data were collected and sourced from Audited Financial Statements of subnational, CBN statistical Bulletin, CBN Annual report and accounts, other CBN publications, publications of the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), and Ministry of Finance (MOF) Medium Term Fiscal Framework and other publications of 36 states. Panel regression was used to analyse the hypothesis significant effect between subnational public expenditure and states’ fiscal sustainability in Nigeria with the aid of E-views 12. Results: The study found that capital expenditure has a significant effect on states’ fiscal sustainability in Nigeria. The study also found that recurrent expenditure negatively affects states’ fiscal sustainability in Nigeria. Conclusion: The study recommends that the state governments of Nigeria should adhere strictly to the implementation of capital expenditure so as to increase the level of infrastructural and productive base in Nigeria which will have the capacity to stimulate economic growth and create employment. Also, state governments should decrease spending, particularly regarding recurrent expenditure, to reduce the cost of governance in the country. This is because our results indicated that an increase in government recurrent expenditure reduces the level of the sustainability index.

Unemployment and Security Challenges in Southern Axes of Nigeria

This study examines the relationship between unemployment and insecurity in Ukwuani Local Government Area of Delta State, 2000-2023. This period witnessed high youth and security challenges in the local government and neighboring University town of Abraka. Something needed to be done by the state government. This study is part of the response to provide a framework to deal with the problem. The research method employed in this study is the quantitative research method. The questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection. To achieve the objective of the study, three hypotheses were formulated and tested using the cross-sectional research design. A sample size of 200 was drawn from a population of 48,000 residents in the area. The statistical tool used for testing the formulated hypotheses in this study is the Chi-square (χ2). Based on the analysis, it was discovered among others that youth unemployment predisposes young ones to crime leading to insecurity in the area. Based on the research findings, it is therefore recommended among others thus; entrepreneurship training scheme as a development study should be inculcated into the educational curriculum and made more practical irrespective of the course of one’s area of study.

Implications of Financial Distress on Tertiary Education in Nigeria

The study examined the implications of financial distress on tertiary Education Nigeria. The financial distress in tertiary institutions in Nigeria today can be attributed to poor management and leadership problems. This has tremendously affected the operations of higher institutions in Nigeria. The university system requires a lot of funds for effective administration to be able to achieve its goals. The inability of the government to stick to the UNESCO 26% of national budget for education has seriously affected the management of Nigerian universities. Most of Nigerian tertiary institutions today face a lot of problems due to financial distress. As many of them find it difficult to pay workers’ salaries, provide adequate infrastructure and teaching equipment. The causes and implications of financial distress on tertiary Education were examined. It was recommended that both federal and state governments need to collaborate more with the private sector to explore opportunities for raising non-traditional funds and participation in education financing. Also, government should stop the habit of diverting the funds meant for tertiary education projects to other sectors. In addition, funds disbursed for projects and programmes should be adequately supervised, monitored and evaluated to achieve effective implementation.

Universal Basic Education Implementation Issues in Nigeria: Options of Innovation for Improvement in the Administration of Basic Education System

The paper explored Universal Basic Education, UBE implementation issues in its systemic administration and management of basic schools in Nigeria. On a more specific note, it discusses: the roles of Universal Basic Education at federal and State government levels; beneficiaries of UBE; existing implementation issues of UBE; and other Basic Issues termed unique UBE implementation Programme. All these put together may work against innovative ideas that existed with the UBE programme as stipulated in the Basic Education Act of 2004. The paper concluded and recommended the following among others, the actual statistics of out-of-school children should be obtained and balanced provision of education resources to rehabilitate them should be done by the commission, and UBE teacher’s capacity building boost should be revisited to train many of them to acquire knowledge regarding UBE operations in addition to their existing academic qualifications.

Detailed CNEL/Ldn roadway noise calculations vs. estimation methods

Roadway traffic noise calculations of the community noise equivalent level (CNEL) and the day-night average sound level (Ldn) metrics are sometimes required for various federal, state, and local government permitting requirements. To complete calculations of these metrics, detailed hourly traffic data is needed and obtaining this data can sometimes be a challenge. This paper explores various estimation strategies that are sometimes employed for situations where this data is not available and compares the estimates against calculations using detailed hourly traffic data to assess their validity. Project examples are provided of various permitting efforts such as those in support of California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) documents, roadway projects at airports for Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documents, and other local permitting requirements.

Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Konsistensi Perencanaan dan Penganggaran pada Pemerintah Kota Kupang dengan Komitmen Organisasi sebagai Variabel Mediasi

The objective of this study is to comprehend the Kupang City Government's overall budget participation, planning and budgeting rules, opportunistic behaviour, consistency of planning and budgeting, and organisational commitment. Additionally, the study intends to assess the impact of budget participation, planning and budgeting regulations, opportunistic behaviour, and organisational commitment on organisational commitment. Finally, it seeks to ascertain whether these factors significantly affect the consistency of planning and budgeting in the Kupang City Government. This study also seeks to ascertain if organisational commitment acts as a mediating factor in the relationship between the consistency of planning and budgeting and budget participation, planning and budgeting laws, and opportunistic behaviour.The Kupang City Government's State Civil Apparatus (ASN) constitutes the study's population. Specifically, 114 ASN are actively involved in planning, budgeting, and reporting activities across all regional apparatuses. The SmartPLS programme is used for data analysis.The variables of budget participation, planning and budgeting regulations, opportunistic behaviour, and consistency of planning and budgeting in the Kupang City Government fall into the good category, according to the results of the descriptive statistical analysis, while organisational commitment is in the quite good range. Path analysis shows that organisational commitment, opportunistic behaviour, and budget involvement all significantly affect how consistently planning and budgeting occur. Regulating planning and budgeting, however, does not much affect how consistently planning and budgeting are done.While opportunistic behaviour does not significantly affect organisational commitment, budget participation and planning and budgeting requirements are proven to have a considerable impact. Additionally, the impact of budget participation and planning and budgeting regulations on the consistency of planning and budgeting is significantly mitigated by organisational commitment; however, the impact of opportunistic behaviour on the same is not significantly mitigated.

Pemahaman Constitusional System of Indonesia (UUD) 1945

The 1945 Constitution is the highest constitution or law in the country of Indonesia, the Constitution has undergone changes or amendments 4 times, namely the first amendment in 1999, the second amendment in 2000, the 3rd amendment in 2001, and the 4th amendment in 2002, along with changes to the 1945 Constitution. The problem in this study is the lack of understanding of the 1945 Constitution, still not known by all Indonesian people at large. Indonesian people must know the 1945 Constitution as a written constitution that has the highest legal authority in the Indonesian state government system. The method of approach used in this research is normative juridical with a qualitative descriptive approach. The purpose of this study is to determine the understanding of the Constitutional System of Indonesia (UUD) 1945 as a written constitution that has the highest legal authority in the Indonesian state government system that must be obeyed by all Indonesian people.

Consumers’ knowledge and experiences of adverse drug reaction reporting in Australia: a national survey

This study aimed to investigate the current knowledge and experiences of consumers in Australia on adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting and their reasons for reporting or not reporting ADRs, with a focus on the use of digital tools for ADR reporting.MethodsA cross-sectional online survey was conducted among adults who had taken medicine in Australia. A structured questionnaire with multiple choice or Likert scale responses with an option for participants to provide free-text responses and pretested for face validity was used. Consumer characteristics, knowledge, and ADR reporting practices were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test.ResultsA total of 544 survey responses were included in the analysis. The majority of respondents were women (68%), and 22% were aged between 65 and 74 years. Fifty-eight percent (n = 317) of respondents knew that they could report ADRs to either the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), state or territory government health department, or healthcare professionals. Three-quarters (n = 405) of respondents stated that they had experienced an ADR; of these, 36% reported an ADR to either the TGA, state or territory government health department, or healthcare professionals. Among those who reported ADRs, 58% were unaware that they could use digital tools to report ADRs. The main reason for not reporting was that they did not think the ADR was serious enough to report (39%).ConclusionOver half of consumers knew that they could report ADR; however, improved consumer awareness about using digital tools for ADR reporting and increased ADR reporting is needed.

Diskursus Pembatasan Kekuasaan di Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Konstitusi dan Konstitusionalisme

The purpose of this research is to describe the constitution as the most important legal document. The constitution is a very important rule for every nation and state, both those that have been independent for a long time and those that have just gained their independence. Because the state is an organization of power that includes a very large number of people, it is necessary to have a system of control (an effective system of restrictions). This is done through law (both written and unwritten, namely the constitution or basic laws). This research method is legal research. This article is the result of research on the issue of limiting the power of state government in terms of the constitution and the underlying constitutionalism. The discourse regarding limiting power is an integral part in countries that base themselves on constitutional democracy, such as the Republic of Indonesia, where the constitution actually acts as an instrument or means for regulating and controlling power.The idea that government power needs to be limited because the State is run by humans and that humans are without exception inherent in many weaknesses. His proposition which later became famous reads as follows: "humans who have power tend to abuse that power, but humans who have unlimited power will certainly abuse it in an unlimited way (power tends to corrupt, but absolute power corrupts absolutely)

Health impact evaluation of Aspirational Districts Program in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey

The Aspirational District Program (ADP) is a unique initiative of Government of India launched in 2018 that aims to reduce inter-district multidimensional inequality. ADP aims to bring the least developed districts to catch up with the rest of the other districts in the country. The program is comprehensive in its scope as it targets improvement of several key development indicators spanning health and nutrition, education, agriculture and water resources, financial inclusion and skill development and basic infrastructure indicators. Aspirational districts (ADs) are eligible for enhanced funding and priority allocation of various initiatives undertaken by the central and the state governments. Our research estimates the causal impact of ADP on the targeted health and nutrition indicators using a combination of propensity score matching and difference-in-differences (PSM-DID). We use the fourth and fifth rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data collected in 2015–16 and 2019–21 respectively which serve as the pre and post-treatment data for our analysis. Moreover, we take advantage of the transparent mechanism outlined for the identification of ADs under ADP, which we use for propensity score matching for our PSM-DID. While we observe negative impact of ADP on early initiation of breastfeeding, we believe that the impact is confounded with the effects of Covid-19 since part of NFHS-5 data was collected during the pandemic. However, the negative impact of ADP on early initiation of breastfeeding disappears when we only use pre-covid data (i.e. data for districts from states surveyed before the pandemic). Additionally, using pre-covid data we find a reduction in the prevalence of underweight children younger than 5 years to an extent of 2 to 4 percentage points in ADs as an impact of ADP, which is robust across multiple specification. We do not find evidence of a positive or a negative impact of ADP on any other health and nutrition indicators. Future research efforts should be made towards impact evaluation of all the targeted indicators in order to get a comprehensive unbiased evaluation of ADP.