Function Of State Research Articles

Analysis of the impact of introspective therapy on the psychological state and family functioning of cervical cancer patients with anxiety.

Analysis of the impact of introspective therapy on the psychological state and family functioning of cervical cancer patients with anxiety.

Entropy and Thermodynamic Temperature in Nonequilibrium Classical Thermodynamics as Immediate Consequences of the Hahn–Banach Theorem: I. Existence

The Kelvin–Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics is a stricture on the nature of heat receipt by any body suffering a cyclic process. It makes no mention of temperature or of entropy. Beginning with a Kelvin–Planck statement of the Second Law, we show that entropy and temperature—in particular, existence of functions that relate the local specific entropy and thermodynamic temperature to the local state in a material body—emerge immediately and simultaneously as consequences of the Hahn–Banach theorem. The existence of such functions of state requires no stipulation that their domains be restricted to equilibrium states. Further properties, including uniqueness, are addressed in a companion paper.

Integrative Probabilistic Design of River Jetties by 3D Numerical Models of Transport Phenomena: The Case Study of Kabakoz River Jetties

Various methods are employed to investigate the effects of coastal structures in coastal areas on marine environments and transport phenomena. These methods can be categorized into physical models and numerical simulations. Due to the lack of long-term wave height data in Türkiye, numerical models are utilized to estimate wave heights generated by wind based on long-term measured wind speeds. These wave heights generated in deep sea conditions can be transported to the coast by wave transformation and interactions between coastal structures and waves, turbulence, currents induced by wind and breaking waves, coastal sediment transport rates, and changes in the coastline can be successfully predicted with the assistance of numerical models. In the scope of this study, the new “Integrative Probabilistic Design Approach of River Jetties” was developed. 3D numerical models were used for the optimum design, considering the sediment transport near the jetties and aiming to protect the coastal environment in the long term. 3D numerical modeling has been conducted to investigate the transport phenomena occurring at the outlet of the Kabakoz River in the Şile District of İstanbul Province to acquire the optimum layout and design of the coastal structures. The study presents the “Integrative Probabilistic Design Approach” for coastal protection structures by wind and wave climate, wave transformation, coastal sediment transport, shoreline change, and coastal structure probabilistic design sub-models. Monte Carlo Simulation of Hudson Limit State function conducts probabilistic design for the jetties. The greatest advantage of probabilistic design (Monte Carlo Simulation) is the prediction of uncertainties, such as wave height changes under design conditions. Following the completion of the construction of groins, the effect of probabilistic design on both design and coastal morphology can be evaluated precisely. In conclusion, in the study area, 146,237.55 m3 of sediment is transported annually from west to east and 221,043.49 m3 from east to west. In the absence of coastal structures, sediment transport from east to west is approximately 1.5 times greater than from west to east. The annual net coastal sediment transport from east to west is approximately 74,805.94 m3, while the total transport is estimated to be 367,281.04 m3. The coastline is expected to reach sediment balance within approximately two years. In this study, the coastal structure of a jetty is designed from an innovative probabilistic design perspective. The aim is to ensure the reliability of the structure and, at the same time, protect the morphology of the coastline where the structure will be constructed. The region’s wind and wave climate were initially determined using Hydrotam 3D software. Following this procedure, the length of the jetty is predicted considering the closure depth. The model parameters were calibrated from coastline morphology using satellite images and Google Earth over the past twenty years. These parameters are defined to Hydrotam 3D as input data; a trial-and-error model application procedure calibrates the coastline’s accumulation and erosion. Finally, the probabilistic design is conducted with Monte Carlo Simulation using the Hudson Equation as the limit state function. Det Norske Veritas developed a design code for marine structures in 1992, where the target reliability is 10-3 for structures with less serious failure consequences. This reliability level validated the Level IV model presented in this paper. The class of failure depends on the possibility of timely warning, and these standards can be revised by the model presented to address the effects of climate change on the design of maritime structures.

Open-Circuit Voltage Variation in LiCoO2 Battery Cycled in Different States of Charge Regions

Open-Circuit Voltage Variation in LiCoO2 Battery Cycled in Different States of Charge Regions

Entropy and Thermodynamic Temperature in Nonequilibrium Classical Thermodynamics as Immediate Consequences of the Hahn–Banach Theorem: II Properties

In a companion article it was shown in a certain precise sense that, for any thermodynamical theory that respects the Kelvin–Planck second law, the Hahn–Banach theorem immediately ensures the existence of a pair of continuous functions of the local material state—a specific entropy (entropy per mass) and a thermodynamic temperature—that together satisfy the Clausius–Duhem inequality for every process. There was no requirement that the local states considered be states of equilibrium. This article addresses questions about properties of the entropy and thermodynamic temperature functions so obtained: To what extent do such temperature functions provide a faithful reflection of “hotness”? In precisely which Kelvin–Planck theories is such a temperature function essentially unique, and, among those theories, for which is the entropy function also essentially unique? What is a thermometer for a Kelvin–Planck theory, and, for the theory, what properties does the existence of a thermometer confer? In all of these questions, the Hahn–Banach Theorem again plays a crucial role.

Optimum embedment depths for CFST column-to-foundation connections: Analytical and reliability-based approach

In the present study, the pullout capacity models were developed to derive analytical expressions for the minimum required depths of embedment for conventional and two recently published schemes of connection for circular and square concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns. The models were developed by equating the pullout strength of the tube with the pullout capacity of the reinforced concrete (RC) footing. The pullout capacity of the RC footing was a function of the strength of cement grout, footing concrete, and RC footing reinforcement. The analytical expressions derived for the minimum required depths of embedment were utilized to deduce limit state functions. These limit state functions were then employed for the reliability calculations by means of the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) technique. The reliability calculations provide optimum embedment depths for CFST columns for the given reliability level. It was shown for the required reliability index of 3.0, the requirements of nominal embedment depth for the second column-to-foundation connecting scheme for circular and square CFST columns are 37.3% and 45.2% less than their corresponding first schemes of connection. This outcome proves the superiority of the second scheme (as a result of mechanical interlocking) over the first scheme. A few parametric studies were also conducted to obtain results of practical value.

Multi-Debris Capture by Tethered Space Net Robot via Redeployment and Assembly

This paper presents an advanced multiple pieces of debris capture method for the tethered space net robot. A novel capture strategy that integrates redeployment and self-assembly techniques is introduced. With this strategy, the net robot self-assembles to close the net pocket and quickly maneuvers to nearby target debris. Upon reaching its target, the robot redeploys the net for debris capture. Central to this approach is the development of a capturing model that accurately describes the state function of the deployed net and incorporates an effective dragging method to counteract debris bouncing. To enable this multiple pieces of debris capture, an attitude consensus controller and a capture controller are designed using a finite-time scheme and terminal sliding mode, respectively. Numerical simulations reveal limitations in capturing multiple pieces of debris by existing design of tethered space net robots, where debris has the propensity to bounce out of a fully deployed net during multicapture attempts. The proposed strategy effectively mitigates these challenges, minimizing debris bounce and ensuring dependable multiple pieces of debris capture. Overall, the findings offer valuable insights to enhance the efficiency of active space debris removal missions.

The right to freedom of speech: theoretical and legal aspect

The article defines the right to freedom as a vital role in the existence of humanity, as it allows citizens to take an active part in the country's political life and shape public opinion. The author notes that the right to freedom of speech has ancient historical origins. Documents were analyzed in which the principle of freedom of speech was declared, in particular the Great Charter of Freedoms (1215), Bill of Rights (1689), Declaration of Independence (1776), Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789), Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) and other acts. It is emphasized that these documents became the basis for developing the right to freedom of speech in modern democratic countries and provided an opportunity to freely express one's opinions without being persecuted by the authorities. The article pays special attention to domestic regulation of the right to freedom of speech. The author notes that freedom of speech is one of the critical components of human and citizen rights in many legal systems. The theoretical aspect of this issue includes the analysis of different approaches and concepts to understanding the essence and scope of this subjective legal right. Philosophical foundations and legal methods for understanding "freedom of speech” are described. It was determined that the right to freedom of speech is not absolute and may be limited. The work lists the circumstances under which the outlined right may be limited. The author emphasizes that possible restrictions must be legal, necessary in a democratic society, and comply with the principle of proportionality. The article summarizes that freedom of speech is historically an essential human right, which forms the basis of the legal status of an individual. Without it, the functioning of a democratic state is impossible at all. But at the same time, it should be taken into account that freedom of speech is not only a right but also a responsibility that rests on those who use this right. Ensuring its adequate protection requires a combination of international standards, national legislation, and constant adaptation to modern realities.

Impact of blue-shifted effective joint density of electronic states on the photoluminescence of nanostructured silicon

Light emission from nanostructured silicon has triggered tremendous research interest for three decades. Yet, the exact mechanism of photoluminescence from silicon-based nano-systems is still not completely understood. It is generally believed that quantum confinement and surface chemistry play a combined role in determining the luminescence characteristics of nano silicon. In this work, we show that the evolution of electron-hole effective joint density of states, resulting from the relaxation of k-selection rule, can account for the much-observed temperature dependent shift of the luminescence spectra of nanostructured silicon. Deconvolution of the emission characteristics reveals three distinct radiative recombination channels those can be attributed to band-to-band, band-to-trap and trap-to-trap transitions. At temperatures below ∼200 K, the peak due to band-to-band transition exhibit a nearly linear blue shift with increasing temperature while at higher temperatures, this trend is reversed. The rate of variation of emission peak energy with temperature is also found to be dependent on the effective crystallite size. These results are explained in terms of shift in the effective joint density of state function of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. The shift provides experimental evidence of the pseudo-direct transitions in the quantum-confined nanostructure of silicon.

Conformal field theory approach to parton fractional quantum Hall trial wave functions

We show that all lowest Landau-level projected and unprojected chiral parton type fractional quantum Hall ground and edge-state trial wave functions, which take the form of products of integer quantum Hall wave functions, can be expressed as conformal field theory (CFT) correlation functions, where we can associate a chiral algebra to each parton state such that the CFT defined by the algebra is the “smallest” such CFT that can generate the corresponding ground and edge-state trial wave functions (assuming that the corresponding chiral algebra does indeed define a physically “sensible” CFT). A field-theoretic generalization of Laughlin's plasma analogy, known as generalized screening, is formulated for these states. If this holds, along with an additional assumption, we argue that the inner products of edge-state trial wave functions, for parton states where the “densest” trial wave function is unique, can be expressed as matrix elements of an exponentiated local action operator of the CFT, generalizing the result of Dubail [], which implies the equality between edge-state and entanglement level counting to state counting in the corresponding CFT. We numerically test this result in the case of the unprojected ν=2/5 composite fermion state and the bosonic ν=1ϕ22 parton state. We discuss how Read's arguments [] still apply, implying that conformal blocks of the CFT defined by the corresponding chiral algebra are valid quasihole trial wave functions, with the adiabatic braiding statistics given by the monodromy of these functions, assuming the existence of a quasiparticle trapping Hamiltonian. Generalizations of these constructions are discussed, with particular attention given to simple current constructions. It is shown that all chiral composite fermion wave functions can be expressed as CFT correlation functions without explicit symmetrization or antisymmetrization and that the ground, edge, and certain quasihole trial wave functions of the ϕnm parton states can be expressed as the conformal blocks of the U(1)⊗SU(n)m WZW models. Finally, we discuss the relation of the ϕ2k series with the Read-Rezayi series, where several examples of quasihole braiding statistics calculations are given. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

The mechanistic origins of heterogeneous void growth during ductile failure

In 1969, Rice and Tracey proposed that the rate of void growth during ductile failure is a strong function of the hydrostatic stress state. Numerous in-situ x-ray computed tomography (XCT) studies demonstrated that the average rate of void growth is well-predicted by modified versions of the Rice-Tracey equation. However, recent in-situ XCT studies of void growth demonstrated that individual voids grow in highly heterogeneous manners in a way that is not predicted by Rice-Tracey or similar models. Model-based studies using crystal plasticity finite element (CP-FE) suggest that local effects of grain orientation play a strong role during void growth, but we lack experimental data to test this hypothesis. The present study leverages recent advances in laboratory-based diffraction contrast tomography (Lab-DCT) and in-situ XCT to systematically examine the effects of grain orientation on void growth experimentally in an Al-2219 alloy. CP-FE modeling was used to assess the local stress states associated with voids and their influence on void growth rates. These data indicate that void growth is not simply controlled by the local hydrostatic stress or stress triaxiality. Additionally, no clear relationship between void growth rates and grain orientation were observed. Instead, void growth rates were highly stochastic in ways that could not be directly linked to the local stress or strain states. The combination of experimental and modeling data suggests that our current assumptions regarding the mechanisms of void growth are flawed and that additional factors, which may include the local dislocation density, affect the rate of void growth.

Efficient reliability assessment of slope stability with insightful sensitivity analysis concerning the safety factor

The limit state functions (LSFs) of slope stability are nonlinear, implicit, or derived from numerical simulations, and additional surrogate models are usually used for its reliability problems. Alternatively, an efficient numerical procedure using a variant of the HLRF-BFGS algorithm is proposed to address this issue without additional surrogate models. This proposed procedure simultaneously conducts reliability assessment and sensitivity analysis concerning the safety factor by suggested calculations of partial derivatives using the finite difference method (FDM). Two highly nonlinear numerical examples are presented to validate its convergence and to investigate the step length of the FDM. Results show that the proposed procedure can get considerable accuracy while the HLRF algorithm cannot converge, and its required iterations are about 30% and 81% less than those of the limited step-size iteration algorithm. In addition, a step length not greater than 0.1 is suggested after investigations. Application to a classical two-layered slope is illustrated. Reliability results show that the proposed procedure can get the same accuracy as those of surrogate models after only 5 iterative steps. Sensitivity results show that the cohesion of the upper soil is the only sensitivity factor, and the most possible potential slide surface lies in the upper soil.

Reliability analysis of rolling bearings considering failure mode correlations

AbstractAs an essential mechanical component, a rolling bearing can exhibit multiple failure modes that may occur independently or in correlation with one another. A reliability analysis method that meticulously accounts for the interdependencies among various bearing failure modes is presented in this paper. The examination of wear and fatigue failure mechanisms in rolling bearings is carried out using the Physics of Failure (PoF) approach. By considering the influence of uncertain variables, the limit state functions for individual failure modes are formulated through the application of stress‐strength interference theory. In the context of wear failure, the limit state function is derived using working clearance as the characteristic quantity. On the other hand, the limit state function for fatigue failure is constructed with a focus on fatigue damage accumulation. The Copula function is used to characterize the relationship between wear failure and fatigue failure, and a reliability calculation model for rolling bearings is developed, considering the correlation between these failure modes. Ultimately, the proposed method is utilized to assess the reliability of bearings under two different sets of test conditions. The feasibility of this method is confirmed through test data, demonstrating its effectiveness in predicting bearing reliability. Through the application of this method, engineers can optimize bearing size parameters, select appropriate initial clearances, and enhance the reliability design of bearing.

Studies of the barrier function of the acid-base state of the skin using a potentiometric method

Studies of the barrier function of the acid-base state of the skin using a potentiometric method

Implementation of the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger Model in the Self-Assembly Si-In Atomic Chains on the Si(553)-Au Surface.

Indium-decorated Si atomic chains on a stepped Si(553)-Au substrate are proposed as an extended Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model, revealing topological end states. An appropriate amount of In atoms on the Si(553)-Au surface induce the self-assembly formation of trimer SSH chains, where the chain unit cell comprises one In atom and two Si atoms, confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy images and density functional calculations. The electronic structure of the system, examined through scanning tunneling spectroscopy, manifests three electron bands within the Si-In chain, accompanied by additional midgap topological states exclusively appearing at the chain's end atoms. To elucidate the emergence of these topological states, a tight-binding model for a finite-length-extended SSH chain is proposed. Analysis of the energy spectra, density of states functions, and eigenfunctions demonstrates the topological nature of these self-assembled atomic chains.

Ultra-high ON/OFF ratio with low set voltage for a Pt-Nb2O5-Pt resistivity switching device

The limited ON/OFF ratio constrains the quantity of available resistance states and the multi-level storage capability, a high ON/OFF ratio (>103) is essential for implementing multi-level storage in a resistive device. Through annealing processes for Nb2O5 films prepared by magnetron sputtering, we successfully achieved an ultra-high ON/OFF ratio of 106 and a four-order higher resistance compared to conventional binary oxide resistive random-access memory. Results confirm that annealing can effectively modulate the content of oxygen vacancies within the resistance-switching layer and the formation path of oxygen vacancies. At the same time, we observed a gradual decrease in the set voltage of the device with increasing annealing temperature, which is beneficial for the low power consumption characteristics. Therefore, appropriate annealing is a novel and effective approach to optimize device performances for better information storage applications, and its core mechanism is to modulate the concentration of Vo for constructing fixed conductive paths.

Negative Differential Resistance in Conical Nanopore Iontronic Memristors.

Emerging ion transport dynamics with memory effects at nanoscale solution-substrate interfaces offers a unique opportunity to overcome the bottlenecks in traditional computational architectures, trade-offs in selectivity and throughput in separation, and electrochemical energy conversions. Negative differential resistance (NDR), a decrease in conductance with increasing potential, constitutes a new function from the perspective of time-dependent instead of steady-state nanoscale electrokinetic ion transport but remains unexplored in ionotronics to develop higher-order complexity and advanced capabilities. Herein, NDR is introduced in hysteretic and rectified ion transport through single conical nanopipettes (NPs) as ionic memristors. Deterministic and chaotic behaviors are controlled via an electric field as the sole stimulus. The NDR arises fundamentally from the availability and redistribution of the ionic charges during the hysteretic and rectified transport at asymmetric nanointerfaces. The elucidated mechanism is generalizable, and the drastically simplified operations enable tunable state-switching dynamics with higher-order complexity besides the first-order synaptic functions in multiple excitatory and inhibitory states.

Microtubules distinctly contribute to the performance of the healthy and pressure-overloaded RV

Introduction: Microtubules (MT) are a key contributor to cardiomyocyte contractility and mechanics. Recently, our group reported that acute depolymerization of MT reduces viscosity and elasticity and alters anisotropy of healthy and pressure-overloaded right ventricular (RV) tissues. While RV free wall viscosity and elasticity are distinctly upregulated with chronic pressure overload, how organ function is affected by viscoelastic contribution of the MT remains unknown. Our aim was to investigate the role of MT polymerization in RV function from its effect on RV tissue viscoelasticity. We hypothesized that the MT differentially contributes to healthy and pressure-overloaded RV function. Methods: All procedures and methods were approved by Colorado State University IACUC. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) was induced in 6-week-old male rats via 3-week monocrotaline treatment. Healthy age- and sex-matched rats served as control. Pressure-volume (PV) relationships were obtained by RV catheterization before and after intramyocardial injections of 0.3mM colchicine (COL) to acutely depolymerize the MT network and reduce tissue viscoelasticity. Functional impacts were evaluated by monitoring changes in RV end-systolic pressure (ESP), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF), dP/dt max and min, cardiac effciency (CE), and the end-systolic pressure-volume relation (ESPVR). Results: As expected, monocrotaline treatment induced marked PH and RV contractile dysfunction, indicated by a significant elevation of RV ESP with reduced CO and ESPVR. In the healthy RV, COL treatment led to marked reductions in all functional parameters, indicating that the MT network is critical to maintain RV performance and contractile function in the healthy heart. In the pressure-overloaded RV, COL treatment similarly reduced SV, CO, EF, and dP/dt max and min, but increased CE and ESPVR, indicating that MT depolymerization improved mechanical effciency and contractility. To rule out effects caused by bolus injections alone, we administered a similar quantity of saline and observed no effects on the PV parameters in healthy RV. Discussion: Our study is the first to investigate the acute effect of MT depolymerization on RV function in healthy and diseased states. We found distinct contributions of MT to the contractile function and mechanical effciency of healthy and pressure-overloaded RVs. These findings reveal a critical influence of tissue viscoelasticity on RV physiology and dysfunction, emphasizing the importance of considering myocardial viscoelastic behavior in future studies investigating cardiac remodeling and heart failure pathophysiology. This work is partially supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) grant 2244994. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Multiple heating loads participate in the system power regulation control strategy

With the addition of a high proportion of new energy and power electronic equipment, the power system has shown characteristics such as low inertia and significant energy output fluctuation, which has brought great challenges to power/frequency regulation and control of the power system. Therefore, this article uses the inertia characteristics of heat energy on the load side and exerts reasonable start-stop control to play a positive and beneficial role in the power regulation of the power system. Firstly, the room temperature variation process was transformed into a lumped parameter equivalent model. A lumped parameter heat transfer model of a single typical load was built in Simulink, and its dynamic characteristics were analyzed by symbolic calculation. Based on this, a time-domain simulation was carried out to explore the influence of the law of system parameters and external input on the change of system state quantity. Based on time domain simulation, the behavior of the heating load is analyzed. Then, the effects of typical and multiple loads on system power regulation at different outdoor temperatures are studied. It is found that when the average outdoor temperature decreases, the sustainable time of system power upturn will increase, and the sustainable time of downturn will decrease. The power curve of multiple loads simultaneously is more stable, and the adjustment ability is stronger. The reasonable and flexible control method of load switch setting, namely the coherent characteristic load power regulation strategy, realizes the sustainable power optimization of the load to the system in the specified period.

The Triple Product Rule and the Subtleties of the Mathematical Tools Used in Thermodynamics

We have clarified several formulas from mathematics and physics. Specifically, we have shown that several standard concepts from thermodynamics, which have been recently investigated and rejected in some papers, continue to be valid. Thus, we have studied the triple product rule, the first law of thermodynamics, Mayer's relation, work, function of state, the relationship between the coefficient of thermal expansion, coefficient of isothermal compressibility and thermal coefficient of pressure. We have used multivariable calculus and properties of Jacobians and other mathematical tools. Likewise, we have provided several didactic examples concerning the interpretation of thermodynamical and mathematical formulas. We have concluded that the basement of several thermodynamical formulas is correct but full of subtleties. Thus, those formulas continue to be valid despite some claims in the recent literature.