Process Of State Formation Research Articles

ECONOMIC AND LEGAL TRENDS OF EUROPEANIZATION OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW OF UKRAINE

Today, it is appropriate to talk about cooperation between Ukraine and EU member states in matters that are functional for their legal systems. The first is the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens; providing asylum to refugees from other countries; adaptation of legislation on the regulation of relations in the field of migration, both legal and illegal; fight against illegal employment; and others. It was found that the administrative law of Ukraine is developing in complex political-economic and social-legal conditions. Therefore, the use of European experience in the field of administrative and legal regulation of social relations in Ukraine should not imply mindless copying, which can negatively affect society and the state. The topic of the research should be the creation of national methodological recommendations on quality indicators of individual branches of law in accordance with the quality standards of legislation and law of the countries of the European Union. The introduction of European approaches to the regulation of social relations at the administrative and legal level in Ukraine must be balanced and adapted so that there is no negative impact on the development of society and the process of state formation. At the same time, the comparative legal study and rational use of foreign experience in the development of administrative law allows to significantly expand the so-called "legal field", enriching it with the experience of foreign countries. The current conditions for the development of administrative law in Ukraine depend on globalization, which affects all spheres of life, affecting the development of unified legal values and democratic principles of European administrative law, and the national administrative law system of individual European countries. In fact, there are two parties of subjects endowed with the corresponding rights and obligations in the field of administrative-legal relations.

VIEWS OF THE NATIONAL ELITE OF THE COSSACK ERA ON THE MONARCHICAL FORM OF GOVERNMENT

At the present time, when the Ukrainian state is going through a difficult process of defending its independence, it is important to study the historical origins of our statehood, which shows the process of state formation in Ukraine. Specifically, it is important to understand the historical experience of the Cossack statehood during the latter half of the seventeenth century, including the challenges it faced in terms of foreign policy and international relations. In the mid-17th century, Europe underwent a period of social and political development marked by the formation of national states and the establishment of bourgeois relations. Ukraine was not exempt from these pan-European processes. The Ukrainian liberation struggle aimed to create an independent Ukrainian state and introduce new social and economic relations based on small-scale (in fact, farmer-type) Cossack ownership of land. During the latter half of the 17th century, the Cossack state was divided between two forms of government due to the hetmans’ desire to establish a monarchy. However, the Cossacks’ senior officers (starshyna) firmly adhered to republican principles, primarily defending their own class interests. This article aims to elucidate the unique characteristics of the political culture of the Cossack officers and their inclination towards establishing a monarchical form of government. The article’s methodology is grounded in general scientific principles and methods of cognition, with the aim of providing an objective and comprehensive coverage of facts, events, and phenomena. It is based on the principles of historicism and objectivism in scientific research, which prioritize factual material and avoid subjective evaluations. The topic was approached using general scientific and specific-historical research methods. Sources and literature were analyzed and synthesized, research was structured using periodization, historical material was presented using problem-historical method, and similar indicators and facts were compared using comparative- historical method in the same historical conditions. Result: Yet even the monarchical tendencies were essentially democratic: the legitimacy of power, the public-law rights of Cossack officers, the preservation of local self-government bodies and legal procedures give all the reasons to assert that there were prospects for the development of the European-like monarchical form of government in the Ukrainian Cossack state of the second half of the XVII century. Conclusions: The knowledge gained from studying this topic can be used to prevent, forestall, or overcome various crises that inevitably arise during the determination of public policy in various areas of public life.

Postmistresses and the state, 1660–1715

ABSTRACT Women’s place in the post-Restoration Post Office has been overlooked in the existing literature on the mail, 1660–1715. Historians and historical geographers have explored the bureaucratic and administrative history of the Post; the expansion of postal routes; and the importance of change in the postal network to the delivery of letters. There has, however, been no social history of the post. This article reveals the positions occupied by women within the early modern post but focuses principally on postmistresses in the period 1660–1715. It explains why women, particularly widows, were considered suitable for the office. The article defines the role of postmaster and explains the behaviour required of officeholders, combining hospitality, logistics, administration, and the provision of intelligence. The functions and legitimation of postmasters developed considerably from the mid-seventeenth century alongside similar offices within the early modern state. As important cogs in an increasingly complex machine of communication and administration, postmistresses were part of the process of state formation, and their work legitimised the state in the provinces. This article argues for the first time that postmistresses were a significant, and yet unnoticed, presence in the early modern British state at a key stage of its development.

Formation and propagation characteristics of pseudo-wavefronts of optical polarization states signal inside OPGW under lightning strikes

Lightning strikes on Optical Fiber Composite Overhead Ground Wires (OPGW) result in a phenomenon where the current traveling wave along the OPGW’s outer stranding propagates faster than the optical signals inside the fiber. This leads to the emergence of pseudo-wavefronts ahead of the optical polarization state signal after lightning strikes OPGW, introducing errors in lightning point localization based on the optical polarization state. This paper investigates the formation and propagation characteristics of pseudo-wavefronts. The study employs theoretical analysis and simulation to examine the process of optical polarization state formation during OPGW lightning strikes. Additionally, it conducts comparative analyses between laboratory-simulated OPGW lightning strikes and field measurements obtained from OPGW lightning monitoring systems. The results affirm the existence of the proposed pseudo-wavefront phenomenon, which substantially impacts the precision of lightning point localization. Notably, the duration of pseudo-wavefront effects increases with greater distance from the lightning point and higher lightning current amplitudes. These findings raise questions regarding the suitability of traditional wavefront calibration methods based on the traveling wave approach. This research contributes valuable insights for the practical implementation of lightning point localization methodologies relying on OPGW self-sensing technology.

The Origin of the State: The Formation of the Metatheory

The paper analyzes the main classical theories of the origin of the State: theological, patriarchal, organic, psychological, social contract, internal and external violence, class theories. The author makes an attempt to identify doctrinally reliable and mythological elements in each theory and describes the alleged causes of the occurrence of this mythological element. Based on the results obtained, the author elucidates the classification of theories of the origin of the State that, in turn, became the basis for the systematic integration of verified scientific facts about the process of state formation in order to form the primary theoretical basis of a special metatheory of politogenesis. Thus, the concept of metatheory acts as an alternative to the unsystematic integration of the state and law doctrines of the origin of the state, allowing the researcher to embark on the path of their methodologicaland structural consolidation. The main properties of the metatheory of politogenesis as a method are described, namely: universality, consistency and dynamism. The paper also provides an interpretation of this meta-theory.

Swedish income inequality in 1613

AbstractIn this paper we present the first estimate of the full income distribution in pre‐industrial Sweden (including present‐day Finland). We draw on the schedule and the individual assessments devised by the authorities to distribute the 1613 Älvsborg ransom taxation to estimate income inequality, as well as the income shares of the top quantiles and of various social groups. We find that Sweden was relatively equal compared with other early modern European societies, for two main reasons: first, because the nobility, the clergy, the burghers, and other middle‐rank social groups all held relatively small shares of the total income, and second, because the landless groups were less numerous in Sweden than in other societies. This resulted in a large share of the total income going to the relatively homogeneous group of landed peasants, who made up the majority of the population. Our study thus speaks to the political historiography of early modern Sweden, within which negotiation and collaboration between the landed peasantry and the state has been seen as pivotal to the state formation process.

Shiʿi Activism and British Imperialism in the Making of the Iraqi State

ABSTRACT This article addresses the question of Iraq’s emergence as a state in the context of the First World War with a special focus on the interplay between British imperialism and Shiʿi activism. By the twentieth century, the majority of people who lived in the territory that would become the Iraqi state were Shiʿi Muslims. Largely ignoring the activism of Iraqis, there is a line of thinking in English-language scholarship which suggests that the process of state formation in Iraq was completely driven by British imperialists. Indeed, Britain established a military presence in the Ottoman vilayets of Basra, Baghdad, and Mosul during and after the First World War, and the empire was awarded an internationally sanctioned mandate for this territory in 1920. In an effort to decolonize the history of Iraq, this paper argues that the inhabitants of Iraq, especially Shiʿi activists, played a significant role in the formation of the new state. Research for this paper is based on the writings of Shiʿi activists with a special focus on clerical leaders, as well as British government officials. Challenging historical accounts that reflect British imperialist narratives, this paper argues that Shiʿi activists (and British responses to them) significantly influenced the course of state formation in Iraq. This is not to say that Britain was not influential in the creation of Iraq; in fact, British imperialists clearly had the upper hand. However, they did not operate in a vacuum, unaffected by the inhabitants of the Iraqi state that they wished to create. Instead of assuming that British imperialists single-handedly created Iraq or that ethno-sectarian divisions are the natural order in Iraq, this paper suggests that the relationship between Britain and Shiʿism played a critical role in the formation of the Iraqi state. Although many scholars consider Islamic sectarianism and Britain’s colonial legacy in Iraq to be at the heart of the country’s socio-political system, the relationship between Britain and Shiʿism in Iraq has not received ample scholarly attention. The intersection of British imperialism and Shiʿi activism resulted in several foundational threads that were woven into the fabric of the Iraqi state. The 1920 Shiʿi revolt against the British mandate for Iraq and the British counter-revolt became the outward manifestation of the British-Shiʿi divide. British officials installed a Sunni-run government in Iraq for fear of Shiʿi dominance, which could have resulted from democratic institutions. Anti-British resistance led by Shiʿi clerics completely changed the calculus of Iraq’s emergence as an independent state and alienated much of the Shiʿi community from Iraq’s political establishment. This process radically altered the roles that Shiʿi and British leaders hoped to play in post-Ottoman Iraq. This state of affairs was not inevitable given that the continuation of British-Shiʿi alliances that began to emerge during the First World War would have produced a profoundly different state.

The efficient triplet states formation of Se-modified PDI dimers and tetramers in solvents.

The triplet excited states of molecules play an important role in photophysical processes, which has attracted great research interest. Perylene diimide (PDI) is a widely studied material closely associated with the generation of triplet states, and it is highly anticipated to become an electron acceptor material for improving photovoltaic conversion efficiency. In this work, we prepared dimers and tetramers composed of selenium-modified PDI-C5 (N,N'-bis(6-undecyl) perylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide)) units. We investigated the photophysical processes of these dimers and tetramers in chloroform and toluene using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Both the dimers and tetramers undergo efficient triplet state formation processes in the solvents. Solvents with higher polarity facilitate charge transfer thereby promote the triplet states formation. The differences in the configurations of the dimer and tetramer molecules lead to variations in triplet states generation. The twisted angles in the tetramer restricted the intramolecular electronic coupling, posing certain hindrances to exciton coupling and lowering the intramolecular CT characteristics. The emission of excimer in tetramers also competes with the triplet states formation. The research demonstrates the influence of various factors on the generation of triplet states of PDI oligomers.

Interaction of political power and civil society: theoretical and legal aspect

The article is devoted to the analysis of the theoretical and legal aspect of the interaction between political power and civil society. It was found that the interaction between political power and civil society is constantly gaining political sharpness and relevance, because the government cannot function effectively without mutual understanding and constructive interaction with civil society. Law-regulatory functions in relations between political power and civil society are defined. It has been found that currently in Ukraine the processes of both the formation of a democratic legal state and the institutionalization of civil society are taking place almost simultaneously, mutually complementing each other. The interaction between political power and civil society consists of two mutually responsible influences - the state on civil society and civil society on the state. Scientific views on the specificity and relevance of the interaction between political power and institutions of civil society are analyzed. It was established that the relationship between political power and civil society can be balanced only under the condition of "maturity" of civil society. Political activity of the public is a sign of a developed civil society and, accordingly, the foundation of democracy. It is theoretically substantiated that the main principles of interaction between political power and civil society include social partnership, ensuring equal opportunities, mutual responsibility, openness and transparency, non-interference, recognition by state authorities of various types of activities of public associations, increasing the effectiveness of the interaction process. The concept "vigorous civil society always weakens rather than strengthens democracy" is analyzed. The main reasons that prevent the proper interaction of the political authorities with the public are highlighted. It is substantiated that it is the effectiveness of the interaction between political power and civil society that determines the quality of the existing model of state-public administration, which has a direct impact on the process of state formation.

The difference multiplicity makes: The American Civil War as passive revolution

Abstract This article examines and further develops the relationship between the theory of uneven and combined development (UCD), recently taken up by International Relations (IR) scholars to furnish a social theory of ‘the international’, and the Gramscian concept of ‘passive revolution’, which refers to a molecular process of top-down revolution and state formation that preserves ruling-class power by transforming its social base. To this end, the paper: (1) advances a productive distinction between ‘societal’ and ‘(geo)political’ multiplicity, increasing the transdisciplinary potential of UCD and challenging dominant state-centric approaches to IR; (2) demonstrates that UCD is central to creating the conditions for passive revolution; and, (3) argues that UCD illuminates the distinct spatial dimensions of passive revolution, for which the succession of ‘classes’ in time requires the expansion of capitalist social relations in space. To illustrate these claims, the article demonstrates how the American Civil War is best understood as an inter-societal conflict, exacerbated by the coexistence of two social formations within a single state, leading to war. It then shows how, upon victory, the North’s abolition of enslaved labour and the subsequent attempt to re-subsume the South within a single sovereign polity constituted a radical instance of passive revolution.

Social Stratification, Genealogical Distance, and State Formation in Early Hawaii and the Central Andes: Steps, Slopes, and Off-Ramps in Social Evolution

Henri J. M. Claessen proposed that the early state came into being by a process of social stratification that led to the creation of genealogical distance between a ruler and the ruled. This article evaluates Claessen's proposition by comparing the development of early large-scale polities in Hawaii and the central Andes. The process of state formation in Hawaii largely followed Claessen's proposed ‘slope’ of political development – by the end of the sequence, kings were seen as gods in the protohistoric Hawaiian state. The central Andean Wari polity, in contrast, took an ‘off-ramp’ from Claessen's slope to a more heterarchical political structure of competing elite-led corporate groups. We explain some of the possible reasons for the differences between our case studies and emphasize that there are many branching pathways to greater political complexity in the ancient world.

Infrastructure and the integral state: Internal Relations, processes of state formation, and Gramscian state theory

AbstractInfrastructures are central to processes of state formation. The revival of materialism in International Relations has made an important contribution to our understanding of states through careful analysis of the politics of infrastructure and state building. Yet, to date, engagement with the state-theoretical tradition associated with the work of Antonio Gramsci, Nicos Poulantzas, and Bob Jessop has been absent. Through comparison with the external-relational ontology of Bruno Latour and actor-network theory (ANT), this article argues that state theory and its internal-relational ontology avoids reifying the state while providing an analysis of infrastructure and state formation sensitive to the historical reproduction of social orders over time. Developing Gramsci’s concept of the ‘integral state’, it emphasises the necessary interpenetration between civil society, the state apparatus, and the creation of infrastructure. These conceptual arguments are illustrated through an analysis of the United States’ development of nuclear infrastructures during the early Cold War period, in the internal relations between infrastructure and the integral state are explored through Civil Defense Education programmes. Clarifying the internal relations of past, present, and potential future forms of socio-technical order is an important task for rethinking the politics of technological design in International Relations.

Inter-state and Intra-state Wars and Conflicts in the Horn of Africa

For the last five decades, there have been extensive, continuous, and challenging intra- and inter-state wars and conflicts in the Horn of Africa. As a result, the peace and stability of the region as well as the socioeconomic development and livelihood of the population have suffered greatly. This study explores the reasons for the frequent conflicts in the region, analyzing the different types of conflict that frequently take place in the region. On the basis of a systematic probe of individual studies the conflicts in the region are categorized as state-society conflicts, state-state conflicts, and society-society conflicts. In addition, regardless of how the stake-holders of the region perceive the situation, intra-state and inter-state conflicts in the region have their roots in the long and complex history of state formation processes and struggles, identity conflicts, political economy, competition for scarce resources, and external intervention.

Leadership in the Emergent Baekje State: State Formation in Central-Western Korea (ca. 200–400 CE)

Abstract The process of state formation is a social phenomenon closely connected with a polity’s external relationships. During peer–polity interactions, polities undergo social reorganization as they mutually influence each other. This study examines this process and argues that in central-western Korea, around 200–400 CE, hostile interactions among multiple polities weakened the power of ingroup members to level social differences and increased social complexity. When confronted with unfriendly outgroups, potential rulers could assume different social roles (e.g., diplomat, war leader, or trader) and utilize new social threats to demand and legitimize higher social status. Archaeological data from central-western Korea illustrate the community’s efforts to build a defense system and prepare for war. Autonomous agricultural communities rapidly realigned into a state system in response to external threats, presumably from historically documented hostile groups such as the Lelang commandery and Goguryeo. The decision to oppose neighboring polities likely enhanced the leaders’ ability to consolidate power, while the rulers of the Baekje (also spelled “Paekche”) state could employ various other means for self-aggrandizement throughout its history.

The State and Development in Africa

Colonisation obstructed the internal process of state formation and development in Africa and left legacies of authoritarianism, corruption and political instability. Embodied in the post-colonial state and sustained by foreign aid, these colonial legacies constitute the main obstacles to development in postcolonial Africa. The only way to liberate Africa and ensure its progress is athree-stage process involving the repudiation of foreign aid, the restructuring of territorial boundaries in accordance with African realities, and the formation of an African continental government. The African academia should be in the vanguard of African liberation by educating and mobilising the populace.

Making Markets out of Vice: Gambling, Cannabis, and Processes of State Legitimation and Formation in Canada

The legalization of gambling and cannabis and the transformation of these practices/substances into consumer markets are processes of state legitimation, naturalization, and (re)formation in Canada. This article examines the moral-cultural transformation of gambling and cannabis over the last 50 years and analyzes these transformations in terms of state-culture dynamics. Where lotteries were legalized in the context of the welfare state, the expansion of gambling beyond lotteries in the 1990s has occurred as the federal state ceded jurisdiction of gambling to the provinces. The consequence has been the direct role of the provinces in the creation of gambling markets. Notwithstanding the monopolization of cannabis by some provinces, the opening of cannabis to private industry (e.g., sales) has occurred relatively quickly. In its central role in market making, the state, paradoxically, appears to disappear. However, the legalization and expansion of gambling and cannabis represent an increased positioning of the state at the nexus of civic and consumer cultures. State formation around consumption of gambling and cannabis centers on state entrepreneurialism and depends on retaining, yet reinventing, notions of harm with a shift from a generalized morality of nation and national spirit to individual risk calculation.

On the question of the electronic parliament essence: the ukrainian dimension

In view of the expediency and demand for the most effective ways to solve the challenges of globalization information processes, the determination of the foreign policy vector of our country's development in the direction of European and Euro-Atlantic integration, the need for high-quality modern tools for solving complex tasks faced by public authorities, Ukraine has determined the strategic development of electronic democracy and state policy of digital transformation of society. The article focuses attention on the main conceptual idea of e-democracy – the involvement of the public in the political processes of state formation, state administration, and local government through the wide application of information and communication technologies in democratic processes. certain topical problems of the implementation of the electronic parliament in Ukraine are clarified. It is emphasized that the e-parliament is among the strategically determined main components of the domestic process of establishing and developing electronic democracy. The relevance of the issue is primarily related to the expediency of a comprehensive constitutional and legal analysis of the activities of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine –the Parliament of Ukraine in the context of the introduction of forms and means of e-democracy, the implementation of digital transformation of state and social life, challenges and threats of today in the conditions of martial law for the development of Ukrainian parliamentarism as a whole. It is emphasized that the concept of e-parliament has become widespread, and the construction of such an institution has become an important trend in the development of modern world parliaments. The international legal principles of the studied phenomenon are analyzed from the point of view of its practical value and definition of the concept, essence. It was concluded that during the entire period of the existence of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine as a parliament, the only body of legislative power, the foundations of the development of the "e-parliament" were also laid (introduction and use ofmodern forms of ICT, information content of web resources, information support of various parliamentary activities, etc). After Ukraine's accession to the Declaration of the Open Parliament (2016), the intensity of the relevant processes is increasing. Emphasis is made on the fact that efforts to implement plans for the development of electronic parliamentarism are primarily aimed at improving the quality of the lawmaking process and the effective interaction of all its subjects and participants. Attention is payed to the fact that domestic constitutional and legal science has not yet formed a generally accepted concept of e-parliament as a legal category, a unified approach to understanding its essence, content. Various approaches to defining the concept, essence, content of the electronic parliament in the domestic literature are studied. Determining the essence of the definition, scientists consider it mainly from the point of view of technological aspects,the use of ICT in parliamentary activities. The author's definition of "E-parliament" is provided – it is information and communication, digital technologies for the implementation of parliamentary activities, the electronic infrastructure of the parliament, a condition for ensuring its open, transparent, accountable to voters functioning, expanding the development opportunities and strengthening democratic institutions, citizen participation in political processes. It is emphasized that the electronic parliament cannot be considered as a separate type of traditional democratic parliament, as well as the fact that it cannot be completely identified with the constitutionally defined parliament of Ukraine The conformity of the practical activities of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine with the concept of e-parliament is clarified. Key words: government reform, e-democracy, digital, form, mean, stools,information and communication technologies, e-parliament, e-parliamentarism, Declaration of the Open Parliament, Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine

Epigraphic Practice and the Making of State Society in Eastern Madhya Pradesh (Circa Fifth–Sixth Centuries ce)

The essay explores the process of state formation under the Parivråjakas and the Uccakalpðyas in eastern Madhya Pradesh (MP) during circa fifth–sixth centuries ce. A total of 14 epigraphic records inform us about the development of the institutional structures under these two local powers. We delve into the process of transformation of the a»avika-råjya into full-fledged monarchical powers. Besides the internal factors, an attempt has been made to understand the external Gupta and Våkå»aka influence, in relation to the spread of Sanskrit culture, state society and pattern of patronage in eastern MP. Like the well-known Malwa corridor on the western side of MP, the present essay finds the making of another corridor that formed under these two local powers to the eastern side of MP. It, therefore, suggests the existence of another route that connected north India and the Deccan via central India, which catalysed the state formation in the region.

The philosophy of law and its significance in the process of reforming the legal system of Ukraine

The article gives a deep-theoretical characterization of the philosophy of law and reveals the role of that significance in the process of reforming the legal system of Ukraine. The reform should be directed and carried out for the stable development of Ukraine in the future to the politically declared and constitutionally consolidated ideals and principles of freedom, justice, democracy, to create legal rethinks for further development of the sustainable development in the minds of political and economic freedom. The author notes that many other modern challenges need to be reviewed, in our opinion, both from the standpoint of philosophy and taking into account the current legal system of Ukraine and the prospective directions of its possible positive reformation.The study is aimed at developing a concept of a new perception of the functions and content of the philosophy of law, which should be based on the philosophy of the relevant branches of law and integrate the main directions of the further movement of the legal system into a single agreed model with the aim of protecting and protecting the rights and interests of a person and a citizen in Ukraine.The author proposed to highlight a new function of the philosophy of law - determination of the goal and systemic direction of the reform of the legal system of Ukraine, as well as ways of achieving the goal through the improvement of activities and the use of scientific potential. The study shows that the current trends in the development of the legal system of Ukraine are aimed at solving tactical tasks in various spheres of the state’s life, and the strategic goal of its reform has been determined - a self-sufficient state of Ukraine. It is this goal that should determine priorities in the development of the legal system of Ukraine as a sovereign, independent, democratic, social, legal state. The philosophy of law in Ukraine is a qualitatively new form of philosophical understanding of the processes of law and state formation in Ukraine and plays an important role in reforming the legal system of the state.

A bank in a monarchy: an early modern anomaly? The Swedish Bank of the Estates of the Realm

ABSTRACT This article aims to analyse credit as a core element in the political changes and processes of state formation that took place in Sweden in the second half of the seventeenth-century. The study focuses on discussions within the Council of the Realm and at the Diets about how to use the two Swedish seventeenth-century banks as creditors to the state. The two banks were essential parts of an elaborate attempt to the shift public debt regime from one based on private creditors and the personal credit of the king and the men in the government to a regime based on institutional creditors and the credit of the Estates of the Realm. The outcome of the procesess was contingent upon some of the core topics of early modern Europe’s political and financial discourses: the nature of the sovereign, the relationship between private interests and the public good, and the role and functioning of representative assemblies. This process marked the beginning of a development in which sovereign borrowing became a public concern, eventually strengthening the Estate’s position vis-à-vis the government, and is a significant example of the interconnectedness of politics and credit.